N atural phenomena
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The document discusses natural resources and the different spheres of the Earth. It describes the lithosphere as the outer crust comprising land, the hydrosphere as the liquid part comprising water, and the atmosphere as the air acting as a blanket around the Earth. The biosphere is defined as the life zone where the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere interact. It also discusses various causes of air movement including uneven heating of the Earth, its rotation, and the presence of mountain ranges, as well as the effects of air and water pollution.
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The greenhouse effect occurs when an earth warmed by the solar spectrum radiates invisible infrared light back, but, instead of going back to space, it is partly absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, making the atmosphere warmer. Substantial areas of North America are likely to have more frequent droughts of greater severity. Hurricane wind speeds, rainfall intensity, and storm surge levels are likely to increase. The strongest winter storms are likely to become more frequent, with stronger winds and more extreme wave heights. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster ReductionErosivity of rainfall
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The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. The sun's heat causes water to evaporate from oceans, rivers, and lakes. Water vapor condenses to form clouds and precipitation falls back to Earth as rain, snow, or sleet, completing the cycle. Most of the Earth's water is salty ocean water, while a small portion is fresh water found in rivers, lakes, glaciers, and groundwater. The movement of ocean water is driven by waves, tides, and currents which influence weather patterns and ocean life.
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The document provides an overview of key terms related to the hydrological cycle. It includes definitions of terms like evaporation, precipitation, infiltration and overland flow. Students are asked to match the terms with their definitions. They are also instructed to label a diagram of the hydrological cycle with the terms to fully explain the cycle. Finally, students are prompted to annotate the diagram to identify how aspects of the cycle could affect people's lives.
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2) Relief rainfall happens when air is blown over hills and forces to rise and cool, condensing water vapor into rain clouds.
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The document discusses the water cycle and the hydrosphere. It describes how water circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land through evaporation, condensation and precipitation in the water cycle. It also explains that the hydrosphere comprises of rivers, glaciers, oceans, lakes, groundwater and streams. Further, it provides details about the different states of water - solid (ice sheets, frost, glaciers), liquid (rivers, oceans) and gas (water vapor, fog) and where each of these can be found on Earth.
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1) Convectional rainfall occurs when warm air over heated ground rises, cools, and condenses into rain droplets.
2) Relief rainfall happens when air is blown over hills and forces to rise and cool, condensing water vapor into rain clouds.
3) Frontal rainfall results from the meeting of warm and cold air masses, where the warm air is forced up and cools to form rain clouds.
Factor Affecting Run off
The document discusses the main factors that affect runoff from a catchment area. It lists seven factors: 1) precipitation characteristics like intensity and duration, 2) the shape and size of the catchment, 3) topography such as slope, 4) geological characteristics of the surface and subsurface, 5) meteorological characteristics like temperature and humidity, 6) the character of the catchment surface such as whether it is cultivated or drained, and 7) the storage characteristics of the catchment including natural depressions or artificial reservoirs. Each of these factors can increase or decrease the amount of runoff from a catchment area depending on the specific characteristics.
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Three-fourths of the Earth's surface is covered in water, causing it to be called the blue planet. The sun's heat causes the water cycle where water evaporates, rises into clouds, condenses, and falls as precipitation onto land and sea. Most of Earth's water is salty ocean water, while a small portion is fresh water found in rivers, lakes, and glaciers. The ocean contains waves, tides, and currents that cause its waters to constantly move.
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This document discusses floods, including:
- Definitions of different types of floods such as flash floods, river floods, and urban floods.
- Causes of floods including heavy rainfall, soil saturation, and breaches of dams or embankments.
- Impacts of floods on both the environment and human life/property.
- Objectives of the study which are to identify causes of floods, describe impacts, gather knowledge on forecasting and control, and identify benefits of floods.
- Benefits of some floods such as recharging groundwater and increasing soil fertility.
Hydrosphere
The document discusses the hydrosphere, which is the total amount of water on Earth including oceans, ice, freshwater, and water vapor. It describes the major components of the hydrosphere like oceans, glaciers, freshwater, and atmospheric water vapor. Tables provide data on the volumes and percentages of total water contained in oceans, ice, underground aquifers, lakes, and the atmosphere. The document also outlines the different zones of the oceans from the epipelagic zone at the surface to the deepest hadalpelagic zone, and notes some characteristic animals found in each zone.
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This document discusses soil and water conservation engineering. It notes that soil erosion is a major problem in India, with over 175 million hectares of land critically degraded or severely eroded. Proper soil conservation is important for maintaining agricultural productivity. The document then discusses the causes and types of soil erosion, including water erosion, wind erosion, glacial erosion, and gravitational erosion. It also outlines factors that affect the rate of soil erosion, such as climate, topography, soil properties, vegetation cover, and human practices like deforestation and overgrazing. The overall goal of soil conservation is to control soil erosion and maintain soil productivity for agriculture.
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Runoff occurs when the rate of precipitation exceeds the rate at which water can infiltrate into the soil. There are several key factors that affect the amount of runoff from a catchment area, including: (1) precipitation characteristics such as type, duration, and intensity of rainfall; (2) the size, shape, and topography of the catchment area; and (3) the geological, meteorological, and surface characteristics of the catchment area such as soil type, slope, temperature, and land use. These factors influence how much water is able to infiltrate versus flowing across the surface as runoff.
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The document discusses the water cycle and various methods for conserving water. It describes the three states of water as solid (ice), liquid (oceans, lakes), and gas (water vapor in air). The water cycle involves evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Methods to conserve water and recharge groundwater include rooftop rainwater harvesting, infiltration pits, drip irrigation, and reducing deforestation.
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Tropical storms form over warm ocean waters and move towards land, gaining energy from the heat of the ocean. They are known by different names like hurricanes, cyclones, or typhoons. Hurricanes form when rising warm air causes heavy rain, thunder, lightning and intense low pressure. The low pressure sucks in surrounding air which spirals inward and causes very strong winds. Hurricanes are a hazard due to their strong winds over 200km/h, heavy rainfall that causes flooding, and storm surges that push sea water inland and flood coastal areas. Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 was one of the most intense hurricanes on record, causing over $300 billion in damage and hundreds of deaths across the Caribbean.
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The Earth's hydrosphere consists primarily of oceans containing salt water, but also includes smaller amounts of fresh water in lakes, rivers, and groundwater. The hydrosphere participates in the global hydrologic cycle along with the cryosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Earth's water has played a major role in influencing climate, landscapes, atmospheric composition, and the evolution of life since the planet was formed. Oceans make up over 97% of the total water volume on Earth.
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Ocean currents are flows of ocean water that are driven by factors like wind, temperature, and salinity differences. Surface currents develop at the top of the ocean from wind friction and flow in circular gyre patterns in each ocean basin, while density currents form deeper down due to variations in water density caused by temperature or salinity changes. Upwelling of colder, nutrient-rich water is important for marine life and affects climate by transferring heat between latitudes in ocean currents.
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This document discusses flooding and river discharge. It provides background on hydrograph data and plotting. It then discusses several physical factors that can cause rivers to flood such as heavy rainfall, snow melt, soil conditions, relief, and rock type. It also discusses human factors like urbanization, deforestation, and building on floodplains that can exacerbate flooding. The document aims to explain these concepts and factors to know terms related to flooding and river discharge.
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The document discusses the water cycle and the hydrosphere. It describes how water circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land through evaporation, condensation and precipitation in the water cycle. It also explains that the hydrosphere comprises of rivers, glaciers, oceans, lakes, groundwater and streams. Further, it provides details about the different states of water - solid (ice sheets, frost, glaciers), liquid (rivers, oceans) and gas (water vapor, fog) and where each of these can be found on Earth.
The Hydrologic Cycle
The document discusses the water cycle and distribution of water on Earth. It begins by asking several questions about water on Earth. It then explains that the majority of Earth's water is contained in oceans as saltwater, while the majority of freshwater is stored as icebergs and glaciers. It provides an overview of the water cycle, including evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, saturation, groundwater, and surface runoff. It concludes by discussing the residence time of water in different sources like the atmosphere, soil, groundwater, glaciers, and oceans.
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The document discusses river drainage basins and flooding. It defines key terms related to the water cycle within a drainage basin such as precipitation, infiltration, interception, surface runoff, throughflow, evaporation, evapotranspiration, percolation, and the water table. It also explains the components of a flood hydrograph including the rising limb, falling limb, peak discharge, peak rainfall, storm flow, and normal base flow. Factors that influence the shape of a hydrograph are described such as land use, geology, soil, vegetation, and topography.
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The document discusses various geological processes that shape the Earth's surface. It describes how the lithospheric plates slowly move due to convection currents in the mantle, causing earthquakes and volcanic eruptions at plate boundaries. It also explains different erosional and depositional landforms formed by rivers, seas, glaciers, and wind. Weathering and erosion are defined as geological processes that break down and transport surface material.
Hydorologic cycle
The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It involves the processes of evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Water evaporates from bodies of water and transpires from plants into the atmosphere. It condenses to form clouds and precipitates as rain or snow. Precipitation that does not evaporate or transpire runs off into rivers and lakes and eventually flows back into the oceans, completing the cycle. The hydrologic cycle is essential for life and influences many geological and biological processes.
Surface water runoff
Runoff is that portion of the rainfall or irrigation water which leaves a field either as surface or as subsurface flow. When rainfall intensity reaching the soil surface is less than the infiltration capacity, all the water is absorbed in to the soil. As rain continues, soil becomes saturated and infiltration capacity is reduced, shallow depression begins to fill with water, then the overland flow starts as runoff.
Landslide
Landslides occur when heavy rain causes soil and rocks to collapse and flow down slopes. Water pressure in the soil increases during heavy rains, which can cause the soil and loose rocks to move downwards due to gravity. Streams form from the flowing water and soil, and can carve out landforms over time through erosion and deposition. Common causes of landslides include deforestation, unscientific construction, mining, and excessive rain. The recent landslides in Kerala were caused by heavy monsoon rains, deforestation, unscientific construction, mining, and high population density at foothill areas.
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Geography our changing earth notes class 7. Nityant Singhal
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This document provides an overview of physical geography concepts related to rivers and coasts. It discusses the key processes that shape river landscapes including erosion, transportation, and deposition. It explains how rivers form V-shaped valleys and meanders. It also covers coastal landforms such as deltas, spits and cliffs, and the processes of longshore drift and coastal erosion. Examples are given of river flooding including the Boscastle floods of 2004 and factors influencing storm hydrographs.
Weathering and Erosion
The document discusses various types of weathering and erosion processes that break down and transport earth materials. It defines weathering as the chemical or mechanical breakdown of rocks due to weather exposure. The main types of weathering are mechanical, chemical, and biotic. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces physically without composition change. Chemical weathering alters the mineral composition through processes like hydrolysis and oxidation. Biotic weathering involves living organisms. Erosion is then defined as the removal or transportation of eroded earth materials by agents like water, wind, ice, and gravity. The key erosional processes discussed are water erosion, wind erosion, glacial erosion, sea erosion, and soil erosion.
Geography power point presentation on atmosphere
The document discusses the structure and composition of the atmosphere. It is divided into 4 main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. The troposphere contains weather and is where temperature decreases with height. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer which absorbs UV rays and has increasing temperature. Planes fly in the stratosphere due to stable conditions. The mesosphere prevents space debris from entering lower layers and has decreasing temperature. The thermosphere absorbs solar radiation and has increasing temperature. Greenhouse gases and human activities are causing global warming and climate change.
Water and Soil: Hydrosphere 2 Energy in Water
1) The document discusses the distribution and chemistry of Earth's oceans. 70% of Earth's surface is covered by oceans, which originally formed as one ocean but are now divided into five major basins.
2) It also describes ocean temperatures, currents, and how thermal and saline gradients drive global ocean circulation. Surface currents are wind-driven while deep currents are driven by water density from temperature and salt content.
3) The water and carbon cycles are interconnected as oceans absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, regulating Earth's climate over long timescales. Chemical and physical weathering processes interact with oceans to shape the lithosphere.
Geography 7
The document provides information about the Earth's structure and composition. It describes the four main layers from outermost to innermost - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the thinnest layer and is composed of either continental or oceanic crust depending on its location. Beneath the crust is the mantle, which extends to a depth of 2,900 km. The outer core is made mostly of iron and nickel and the inner core has very high temperature and pressure.
Weathering and erosion
Rocks break down in place through various weathering processes including freeze-thaw action, water action, plant action, and acid rain. Rocks are also broken down and transported away from their original location through erosion processes such as waves, wind, and river flow. Weathering and erosion can have both positive impacts such as forming fertile soil and scenic landscapes, but also negative impacts like landslides, destruction of infrastructure, and reduced tourism.
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dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
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N atural phenomena
- 2. LAND,AIR,WATER ARE ALL PROVIDED BY NATURE ARE CALLED NATURAL RESOURCES…. ABOUT ??
- 3. HYDROSPHERE: THE LIQUID PART OF EARTH COMPRISING WATER IS CALLED HYDROSPHERE. LITHOSPHERE: THE OUTER CRUST OF EARTH COMPRISING LAND IS CALLED LITHOSPHERE. ATMOSPHERE: THE AIR ACTING LIKE BLANKET FOR THE WHOLE EARTH IS CALLED ATMOSPHERE. BIOSPHERE: THE LIFE ZONE WHERE ATMOSPHERE, HYDROSPHERE AND LITHOSPHERE INTERACT IS CALLED BIOSPHERE. Zones of earth
- 4. CAUSES :- • UNEVEN HEATING OF THE EARTH • ROTATION OF THE EARTH • PRESENCE OF MOUNTAIN RANGES MOVEMENT OF AIR : WIND THE MOVEMENT OF AIR FROM ONE REGION TO OTHER CREATES WIND…..
- 5. LAND BREEZE / SEA BREEZE
- 6. AIR POLLUTION AN INCREASE IN THE CONTENT OF THE HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN AIR…… EFFEC TS IT LEAD S TO MANY RESPI RAT- ORY PROB LEMS IT LEAD S TO ACID RAIN .
- 7. When the unburnt carbon particles, nitrogen oxide and sulphur oxide get dissolved in rain water, it gives rise to acid rain.
- 9. MAIN PROBLEMS OF POLLUTION IN THE COUNTRY THAT NEED TO BE ADDRESSED ARE :- o POLLUTION FROM DOMESTIC SEWAGE o HIGH RATES OF DRINKING WATER AND DRAINAGE GENERAL LACK OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS
- 10. SOIL FORMATION :- THE SUN : THE ROCKS EXPAND DURING DAY DUE TO HEATING BY SUN , AT NIGHT THE CONTRACT BY COOLING AT NIGHT. DUE TO THIS EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION ROCKS BREAK INTO SMALLER PIECES. WATER : • WHEN WATER GET INTO CRACKS FORMED DUE TO UNEVEN HEATING.IF THIS WATER LATER FREEZES, IT CAUSE CRACKS TO WIDEN AND THE ROCKS BREAK. • FLOWING WATER WEARS AWAY EVEN HARD ROCKSOVER LONG PERIODS OF TIMETHE ROCKS RUB AGAINST EACH OTHER AND IT RESULTS IN ABRASION OF ROCKS INTO SMALLER PIECES. • WIND: WIND ERODES THE SMALLER ROCKS JUST LIKE WATER AND THEY FORM SMALL PARTICLE, SOIL. • LICHENS GROW ON THE SURFACE OF ROCKS AND EXCRETE A SUBSTANCE THAT CAUSE ROCK SURFACE TO POWDER DOWN AND WHEN PLANTS GROW ON ROCKS THE ROOTS FORM CRACKS AND LATER BREAK DOWN.
- 11. NITROGEN IN ATMOSPHERE NITROGEN FIXATION PROTOPLASM (GREEN PLANTS) NITRATES PROTOPLASM (ANIMALS) AMMONIA NITRIFICATION ATMOSPHERIC AND INDUSTRIAL FIXATION NITRITESNITRIFICATION DENITRIFICATION