The document discusses the Hornbostel-Sachs classification system for musical instruments. It describes the five main categories in the system - idiophones, aerophones, chordophones, membranophones, and electophones - based on how each instrument produces sound. The document also provides an activity that asks students to identify example instruments according to their Hornbostel-Sachs classification.
Understanding Music Past and PresentN. Alan Clark, PhD .docxwillcoxjanay
Understanding Music
Past and Present
N. Alan Clark, PhD Thomas Heflin, DMA Jeffrey Kluball, EdD Elizabeth Kramer, PhD
Understanding Music
Past and Present
N. Alan Clark, PhD Thomas Heflin, DMA Jeffrey Kluball, EdD Elizabeth Kramer, PhD
Dahlonega, GA
Understanding Music: Past and Present is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribu-
tion-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This license allows you to remix, tweak, and build upon this work, even commercially, as
long as you credit this original source for the creation and license the new creation under
identical terms.
If you reuse this content elsewhere, in order to comply with the attribution requirements of
the license please attribute the original source to the University System of Georgia.
NOTE: The above copyright license which University System of Georgia uses for their
original content does not extend to or include content which was accessed and incorpo-
rated, and which is licensed under various other CC Licenses, such as ND licenses. Nor
does it extend to or include any Special Permissions which were granted to us by the
rightsholders for our use of their content.
Image Disclaimer: All images and figures in this book are believed to be (after a rea-
sonable investigation) either public domain or carry a compatible Creative Commons
license. If you are the copyright owner of images in this book and you have not authorized
the use of your work under these terms, please contact the University of North Georgia
Press at [email protected] to have the content removed.
ISBN: 978-1-940771-33-5
Produced by:
University System of Georgia
Published by:
University of North Georgia Press
Dahlonega, Georgia
Cover Design and Layout Design:
Corey Parson
For more information, please visit http://ung.edu/university-press
Or email [email protected]
Music FundaMentals 1
N. Alan Clark, Thomas Heflin, Elizabeth Kramer
Music oF the Middle ages 34
Elizabeth Kramer
Music oF the Renaissance 52
Jeff Kluball
Music oF the BaRoque PeRiod 73
Jeff Kluball and Elizabeth Kramer
Music oF the classical PeRiod 116
Jeff Kluball and Elizabeth Kramer
nineteenth-centuRy Music and RoManticisM 160
Jeff Kluball and Elizabeth Kramer
the twentieth centuRy and Beyond 225
N. Alan Clark and Thomas Heflin
PoPulaR Music in the united states 255
N. Alan Clark and Thomas Heflin
aPPendix 289
glossaRy 298
Table of C onTenTs
Page | 1
1.1 objeCTives
1. Recognize a wide variety of sounds, comparing and contrasting them
using musical elements of pitch, volume, articulation, and timbre.
2. Aurally identify important performing forces (use of the voice and
instruments) of Western music.
3. Define basic elements of melody, harmony, rhythm, and texture and
build a vocabulary for discussing them.
4. Identify basic principles and types of musical form.
5. Listen to music and describe its musical elements and form.
6. Compare and contrast categories of art music, folk music, and pop music ...
Understanding Music Past and PresentN. Alan Clark, PhD .docxwillcoxjanay
Understanding Music
Past and Present
N. Alan Clark, PhD Thomas Heflin, DMA Jeffrey Kluball, EdD Elizabeth Kramer, PhD
Understanding Music
Past and Present
N. Alan Clark, PhD Thomas Heflin, DMA Jeffrey Kluball, EdD Elizabeth Kramer, PhD
Dahlonega, GA
Understanding Music: Past and Present is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribu-
tion-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This license allows you to remix, tweak, and build upon this work, even commercially, as
long as you credit this original source for the creation and license the new creation under
identical terms.
If you reuse this content elsewhere, in order to comply with the attribution requirements of
the license please attribute the original source to the University System of Georgia.
NOTE: The above copyright license which University System of Georgia uses for their
original content does not extend to or include content which was accessed and incorpo-
rated, and which is licensed under various other CC Licenses, such as ND licenses. Nor
does it extend to or include any Special Permissions which were granted to us by the
rightsholders for our use of their content.
Image Disclaimer: All images and figures in this book are believed to be (after a rea-
sonable investigation) either public domain or carry a compatible Creative Commons
license. If you are the copyright owner of images in this book and you have not authorized
the use of your work under these terms, please contact the University of North Georgia
Press at [email protected] to have the content removed.
ISBN: 978-1-940771-33-5
Produced by:
University System of Georgia
Published by:
University of North Georgia Press
Dahlonega, Georgia
Cover Design and Layout Design:
Corey Parson
For more information, please visit http://ung.edu/university-press
Or email [email protected]
Music FundaMentals 1
N. Alan Clark, Thomas Heflin, Elizabeth Kramer
Music oF the Middle ages 34
Elizabeth Kramer
Music oF the Renaissance 52
Jeff Kluball
Music oF the BaRoque PeRiod 73
Jeff Kluball and Elizabeth Kramer
Music oF the classical PeRiod 116
Jeff Kluball and Elizabeth Kramer
nineteenth-centuRy Music and RoManticisM 160
Jeff Kluball and Elizabeth Kramer
the twentieth centuRy and Beyond 225
N. Alan Clark and Thomas Heflin
PoPulaR Music in the united states 255
N. Alan Clark and Thomas Heflin
aPPendix 289
glossaRy 298
Table of C onTenTs
Page | 1
1.1 objeCTives
1. Recognize a wide variety of sounds, comparing and contrasting them
using musical elements of pitch, volume, articulation, and timbre.
2. Aurally identify important performing forces (use of the voice and
instruments) of Western music.
3. Define basic elements of melody, harmony, rhythm, and texture and
build a vocabulary for discussing them.
4. Identify basic principles and types of musical form.
5. Listen to music and describe its musical elements and form.
6. Compare and contrast categories of art music, folk music, and pop music ...
This PPT is about MUSIC.
In the PPT, you can see the definition, genre, instrument and effect of music. It will be very useful for understanding basic music through this PPT!
This PPT is about MUSIC.
In the PPT, you can see the definition, genre, instrument and effect of music. It will be very useful for understanding basic music through this PPT!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
4. Understand the Hornbostel-Sachs
Classification of Musical
Instruments
In the present time, music studies introduce
the classification of musical instruments
called the Hornbostel-Sachs system. Erich
Moritz von Hornbostel (Austrian music
scholar) and Curt sachs (German
Organologist) devised a system for
classifying musical instruments and how do
5. IDIOPHONES
IDIOPHONES produce sound by the vibration of its body
caused by the way they are played such as being struck,
scraped, rubbed, shaken, rubbed or plucked
AEROPHONE
S
AEROPHONES produce sound primarily by causing a body of
air to vibrate because of the air blown inside
“HORNBOSTEL-SACHS CLASSIFICATION
OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS”
6. CHORDOPHON
ES
CHORDOPHONES produce sound through its vibrating
string or strings that is either plucked, strummed or used
with a bow.
MEMBRANOPHON
ES
MEMBRANOPHONES produce sound primarily by way of a
vibrating stretched membrane tapped by hands or sticks
“HORNBOSTEL-SACHS CLASSIFICATION
OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS”
ELECTROPHONES
ELECTROPHONES produce sounds which are generated by
electricity
7. 1. Why we need to know the musical
Classification of every musical
instruments?
2. How does these native people
preserve their songs especially in their
hometown?
ANALYSIS
9. APPLICATION
Identification / Classification:
Directions: Identify and classify the following instruments according to
Hornbostel- Sachs classification.
CHOICES: IDIOPHONES, AEROPHONES, CHORDOPHONES,
MEMBRANOPHONES, ELECTROPHONES
INSTRUMENTS NAME OF THE INSTRUMENTS HORNBOSTEL-SACHS
1.
2.
