This document summarizes the evolution and current performance of Ethiopia's industrial policy. It discusses the different industrial policies under the Imperial, Dergue, and EPRDF regimes. The current policy focuses on export-oriented and labor-intensive industries through mechanisms like creating a conducive business environment and direct support to priority sectors like textiles and leather. However, evaluations find the outcomes have been mixed, with export targets not met and recent reversals in reforms negatively impacting business confidence and competitiveness.
This document provides information about agriculture in developing countries. It discusses that agriculture in developing countries typically involves small family farms with low labor productivity. Farmers often engage in subsistence farming, growing crops mainly for home consumption rather than for commercial sale. Common practices include slash and burn agriculture where vegetation is cut and burned to provide nutrients to soil. Subsistence agriculture faces challenges like declining soil fertility over time and increased risk of erosion.
Here are my responses to your review questions:
1. Some key government policies that can promote economic growth discussed in the document include encouraging saving and investment, education and training, securing property rights and maintaining political stability, promoting free trade, controlling population growth, and promoting research and development.
2. The influx of more women in universities could positively influence the economy by expanding the overall human capital and skills in the labor force. Educating and training more women would increase productivity over the long run and potentially lead to more innovation. It could also help reduce gender imbalances in the labor market and certain occupations. Overall, greater educational attainment and workforce participation of women has the potential to boost economic growth.
Development economics focuses on improving fiscal, economic, and social conditions in developing countries. It considers factors like health, education, markets, and policies. Economic development is the growth of a nation's standard of living from low-income to high-income. Strategies for transforming developing economies vary due to differences in social and political backgrounds across countries. Common traits of developing countries include low productivity, dependence on agriculture, high population growth and unemployment. Economic growth increases production over time, while development improves life expectancy, education and reduces poverty. The Human Development Index ranks countries based on education, life expectancy and income levels.
The document discusses income inequality and poverty in the United States. It measures inequality using data that shows the richest 20% earn about 10 times as much as the poorest 20%. It also examines political philosophies around redistributing income, including utilitarianism supporting it, liberalism allowing for it as social insurance, and libertarianism opposing it. The document also analyzes policies to reduce poverty like minimum wage laws, welfare, negative income taxes, and in-kind transfers, noting each have unintended effects on work incentives.
This document discusses different types of agricultural systems and factors influencing agricultural development. It begins by defining agriculture and its importance in food production, raw materials, employment, and income generation. The key factors influencing agricultural development are then summarized as climate, soil, topography, economic factors, marketing systems, social factors, technology, biotic factors, and population. The document goes on to classify different types of agricultural systems based on specialization, land use intensity, economic purpose, land tenure, and production methods.
Market failure and government interventions slidesgilem488
The document discusses market failures and government interventions in markets. It defines several key economic concepts like allocative efficiency, production efficiency, and market failures that occur due to externalities, public goods, and other conditions not being met. It then describes different roles of government in regulating markets, allocating resources, redistributing income, and stabilizing growth. The government provides public goods through taxation since the private market fails to do so. It may also intervene by taxing "demerit goods" and subsidizing "merit goods".
Specialisation & the division of labourmattbentley34
Specialization occurs at different levels of economic activity and can provide several key advantages. It involves concentrating production on specific products or tasks. Within businesses and organizations, specialization allows workers to focus on discrete tasks and gain expertise through repetition, improving productivity. Countries and regions also specialize in goods where they have a comparative advantage. While specialization increases output and profits, it can result in repetitive work that lacks variety and skills, potentially reducing worker satisfaction over time.
Farm Size and Productivity: Lessons from Recent LiteratureIFPRI-PIM
CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets Workshop on Rural Transformation in the 21st Century (Vancouver, BC – 28 July 2018, 30th International Conference of Agricultural Economists). Presentation by Douglas Gollin, Oxford University
This document provides information about agriculture in developing countries. It discusses that agriculture in developing countries typically involves small family farms with low labor productivity. Farmers often engage in subsistence farming, growing crops mainly for home consumption rather than for commercial sale. Common practices include slash and burn agriculture where vegetation is cut and burned to provide nutrients to soil. Subsistence agriculture faces challenges like declining soil fertility over time and increased risk of erosion.
Here are my responses to your review questions:
1. Some key government policies that can promote economic growth discussed in the document include encouraging saving and investment, education and training, securing property rights and maintaining political stability, promoting free trade, controlling population growth, and promoting research and development.
2. The influx of more women in universities could positively influence the economy by expanding the overall human capital and skills in the labor force. Educating and training more women would increase productivity over the long run and potentially lead to more innovation. It could also help reduce gender imbalances in the labor market and certain occupations. Overall, greater educational attainment and workforce participation of women has the potential to boost economic growth.
Development economics focuses on improving fiscal, economic, and social conditions in developing countries. It considers factors like health, education, markets, and policies. Economic development is the growth of a nation's standard of living from low-income to high-income. Strategies for transforming developing economies vary due to differences in social and political backgrounds across countries. Common traits of developing countries include low productivity, dependence on agriculture, high population growth and unemployment. Economic growth increases production over time, while development improves life expectancy, education and reduces poverty. The Human Development Index ranks countries based on education, life expectancy and income levels.
The document discusses income inequality and poverty in the United States. It measures inequality using data that shows the richest 20% earn about 10 times as much as the poorest 20%. It also examines political philosophies around redistributing income, including utilitarianism supporting it, liberalism allowing for it as social insurance, and libertarianism opposing it. The document also analyzes policies to reduce poverty like minimum wage laws, welfare, negative income taxes, and in-kind transfers, noting each have unintended effects on work incentives.
This document discusses different types of agricultural systems and factors influencing agricultural development. It begins by defining agriculture and its importance in food production, raw materials, employment, and income generation. The key factors influencing agricultural development are then summarized as climate, soil, topography, economic factors, marketing systems, social factors, technology, biotic factors, and population. The document goes on to classify different types of agricultural systems based on specialization, land use intensity, economic purpose, land tenure, and production methods.
Market failure and government interventions slidesgilem488
The document discusses market failures and government interventions in markets. It defines several key economic concepts like allocative efficiency, production efficiency, and market failures that occur due to externalities, public goods, and other conditions not being met. It then describes different roles of government in regulating markets, allocating resources, redistributing income, and stabilizing growth. The government provides public goods through taxation since the private market fails to do so. It may also intervene by taxing "demerit goods" and subsidizing "merit goods".
Specialisation & the division of labourmattbentley34
Specialization occurs at different levels of economic activity and can provide several key advantages. It involves concentrating production on specific products or tasks. Within businesses and organizations, specialization allows workers to focus on discrete tasks and gain expertise through repetition, improving productivity. Countries and regions also specialize in goods where they have a comparative advantage. While specialization increases output and profits, it can result in repetitive work that lacks variety and skills, potentially reducing worker satisfaction over time.
Farm Size and Productivity: Lessons from Recent LiteratureIFPRI-PIM
CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets Workshop on Rural Transformation in the 21st Century (Vancouver, BC – 28 July 2018, 30th International Conference of Agricultural Economists). Presentation by Douglas Gollin, Oxford University
Agricultural economics deals with how producers, consumers and societies use scarce resources in producing, processing, marketing and consuming food and fiber products. Agricultural development refers to changes in the agricultural sector and overall economy over time as countries become richer. As countries develop, the share of agriculture in GDP, employment and consumer spending declines while the service sector grows. Agricultural policy aims to influence the farm and agribusiness sectors through policies related to inputs, production, consumption and trade.
The document discusses India's agricultural price policy and related programs. It provides background on how the policy emerged in response to food scarcity issues. It then describes the objectives of price policy, the need for such a policy, its main features including the institutions involved like CACP and FCI. It also discusses factors considered in price setting, effects of the policy, and shortcomings like limited coverage and ineffective PDS. Suggestions are provided to improve the policy including expanding coverage and improving productivity.
This chapter is intended to ensure that students understand why agricultural policies are needed in both developing and developed countries. It will also shed light on the major forces that cause policy change, reasons for government involvement in agriculture and the place of agricultural policies in the future.
This document discusses the changing role of governments in economies over time from the 16th century to the present. It notes that governments initially played a large role in economies, which declined with the rise of laissez-faire ideology in the 18th-19th centuries. However, the failures of laissez-faire led to an increased government role in the 20th century to address issues like inequality, externalities, and economic stability. The document concludes that modern mixed economies involve both regulatory and promotional roles for governments, including market interventions to correct failures, providing infrastructure and incentives to stimulate the private sector.
Hazell's decomposition and Bisaliah's decomposition modelsAditya KS
1. The document discusses decomposition analysis and its utility in agricultural economics research. It outlines Hazell's decomposition method and Bisaliah's output decomposition model.
2. The document provides examples applying these methods, including analyzing instability in India's cereal production using Hazell's method. It finds yield variance is a major driver of instability.
3. A second example applies Hazell's decomposition to analyze growth in gross returns from arecanut production in Karnataka over two time periods, attributing changes to factors like mean yield and area.
The document discusses the importance of Pakistan's agricultural sector. It outlines 20 ways that agriculture is important: 1) It increases per capita income by providing jobs. 2) It is a major source of employment, providing over 43% of jobs. 3) Increased agricultural productivity reduces poverty and stimulates non-farm employment. 4) Agriculture is the sole provider of food like wheat, rice, and fruits and vegetables. 5) It is a major source of foreign exchange earnings through exports of cash crops like cotton. 6) It supplies surplus labor to other sectors as farms mechanize. 7) Agriculture significantly contributes to national income, previously providing 60% of GNP. 8) It supplies raw materials to industries. 9) Agriculture and industry development
Used in Economics with TAR.
includes discussion on mixed economy, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of mixed economy, types of mixed economy, features of mixed economy, best and worst practices in mixed economy and model countries.
Production Possibility Frontier (Revision Presentation)tutor2u
The document discusses the production possibility frontier (PPF), which shows the maximum output combinations of two goods an economy can produce with full employment of resources. It explains key concepts like opportunity cost, diminishing returns, and shifts in the PPF due to changes in resources or technology. Causes of outward shifts include higher productivity and new resources, while inward shifts may occur after natural disasters, conflict, or recession that reduce resources and investment.
The document discusses economic structural changes that occur during development. It defines structural changes as long-term shifts in the composition of economic sectors, such as the rise of manufacturing and services and decline of agriculture and industry over time. Countries experience rapid structural transformation as they industrialize, exemplified by many developing nations in Asia and Latin America that grew their manufacturing sectors. However, structural changes differ across countries depending on factors like endowments and history. More recently, the service sector has become dominant globally as the role of agriculture and manufacturing declines.
Government intervention in the economy is necessary to fulfill roles that the private sector cannot, such as ensuring steady growth, full employment, and price stability. The government guides economic activity through fiscal and monetary policy, and intervenes to address market failures like externalities. It regulates business, provides public goods, redistributes income, and preserves societal values that markets do not consider.
The document discusses various concepts related to agricultural prices, including:
- Minimum support prices (MSP) which aim to protect farmers from steep price declines.
- Procurement prices which are slightly higher than MSP and used by the government to purchase crops from farmers.
- Issue prices which are the prices at which the government sells commodities to consumers through public distribution systems.
- The role of the Agricultural Prices Commission in recommending MSPs and other price policies to the government.
The document discusses three main economic systems - capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies. Capitalism relies on private ownership and market forces, while socialism involves state ownership and central planning. Most countries have mixed economies that incorporate aspects of both systems, with private and public sectors operating side by side. The US and Canada are provided as examples of capitalist economies, while India has established a mixed economy with strategic industries controlled by the government and others left to private enterprise.
This document discusses the principles of comparative advantage and absolute advantage in international trade. It explains that comparative advantage refers to a country's ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than other countries, even if it is not the most efficient overall producer. The document provides examples to illustrate comparative advantage between two countries in producing cotton and wheat. It shows that both countries can benefit from specializing in the good they have a comparative advantage in and trading, resulting in overall surplus gains. Some assumptions and limitations of the comparative advantage model are also outlined.
The document discusses different market structures: perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. Under perfect competition, there are many small firms and buyers, products are identical, price is uniform, and there is free entry and exit into the market. A monopoly has a single seller, barriers to entry, no substitutes for its product, and the ability to influence prices. Monopolistic competition has many firms that sell differentiated but similar products and engage in non-price competition like advertising.
This document discusses India's agriculture pricing policy. It outlines the objectives of the policy which include raising farmer productivity and incomes. The key elements are fixing prices for agricultural products, inputs, and balancing consumer and farmer interests. Instruments used include minimum support prices, market intervention schemes, and the public distribution system to ensure stable supplies and prices. The policy aims to incentivize production through stable incomes while protecting consumers.
The document provides an overview of the nature and scope of economics. It discusses how economics is defined as the study of how individuals and societies choose to use scarce resources. Economics can be divided into microeconomics, which examines individual decision-making units like businesses and households, and macroeconomics, which examines aggregates on a national scale. The document also explores different economic systems like capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies, and how economies can be evaluated based on criteria like growth, stability, efficiency, and equity.
Agricultural Development during Structural TransformationTri Widodo W. UTOMO
(Case Study of Hachiman-cho, Gifu Prefecture, Japan)
Prepared to fulfill assignments in the Domestic Field Work Course, GSID Nagoya Universisity, 2002
By: Tri Widodo W. Utomo
The document discusses development gaps between rich and poor countries. It provides definitions and classifications of development gaps. There are three stages of economic development: preparatory, take-off, and self-sustained growth. There are large income gaps between nations and people, classified as North-South divide and by continent or World Bank definitions. Measures of development gaps include absolute income gap, relative income gap, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and Gini ratio. These measure differences in per capita income levels and dispersion to quantify narrowing or widening of gaps over time.
The document summarizes key policies and measures taken by Ethiopia to ensure food security in dry land areas. It discusses Ethiopia's agricultural sector and policies focusing on agriculture for poverty reduction. The key interventions to ensure food security in dry lands include strengthening agricultural research, extension services, natural resource and water management/irrigation, commercialization and markets, and direct food security programs. Major policies and strategies implemented include the Food Security Strategy, Growth and Transformation Plan, and Strategic Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management.
Agricultural economics deals with how producers, consumers and societies use scarce resources in producing, processing, marketing and consuming food and fiber products. Agricultural development refers to changes in the agricultural sector and overall economy over time as countries become richer. As countries develop, the share of agriculture in GDP, employment and consumer spending declines while the service sector grows. Agricultural policy aims to influence the farm and agribusiness sectors through policies related to inputs, production, consumption and trade.
The document discusses India's agricultural price policy and related programs. It provides background on how the policy emerged in response to food scarcity issues. It then describes the objectives of price policy, the need for such a policy, its main features including the institutions involved like CACP and FCI. It also discusses factors considered in price setting, effects of the policy, and shortcomings like limited coverage and ineffective PDS. Suggestions are provided to improve the policy including expanding coverage and improving productivity.
This chapter is intended to ensure that students understand why agricultural policies are needed in both developing and developed countries. It will also shed light on the major forces that cause policy change, reasons for government involvement in agriculture and the place of agricultural policies in the future.
This document discusses the changing role of governments in economies over time from the 16th century to the present. It notes that governments initially played a large role in economies, which declined with the rise of laissez-faire ideology in the 18th-19th centuries. However, the failures of laissez-faire led to an increased government role in the 20th century to address issues like inequality, externalities, and economic stability. The document concludes that modern mixed economies involve both regulatory and promotional roles for governments, including market interventions to correct failures, providing infrastructure and incentives to stimulate the private sector.
Hazell's decomposition and Bisaliah's decomposition modelsAditya KS
1. The document discusses decomposition analysis and its utility in agricultural economics research. It outlines Hazell's decomposition method and Bisaliah's output decomposition model.
2. The document provides examples applying these methods, including analyzing instability in India's cereal production using Hazell's method. It finds yield variance is a major driver of instability.
3. A second example applies Hazell's decomposition to analyze growth in gross returns from arecanut production in Karnataka over two time periods, attributing changes to factors like mean yield and area.
The document discusses the importance of Pakistan's agricultural sector. It outlines 20 ways that agriculture is important: 1) It increases per capita income by providing jobs. 2) It is a major source of employment, providing over 43% of jobs. 3) Increased agricultural productivity reduces poverty and stimulates non-farm employment. 4) Agriculture is the sole provider of food like wheat, rice, and fruits and vegetables. 5) It is a major source of foreign exchange earnings through exports of cash crops like cotton. 6) It supplies surplus labor to other sectors as farms mechanize. 7) Agriculture significantly contributes to national income, previously providing 60% of GNP. 8) It supplies raw materials to industries. 9) Agriculture and industry development
Used in Economics with TAR.
includes discussion on mixed economy, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of mixed economy, types of mixed economy, features of mixed economy, best and worst practices in mixed economy and model countries.
Production Possibility Frontier (Revision Presentation)tutor2u
The document discusses the production possibility frontier (PPF), which shows the maximum output combinations of two goods an economy can produce with full employment of resources. It explains key concepts like opportunity cost, diminishing returns, and shifts in the PPF due to changes in resources or technology. Causes of outward shifts include higher productivity and new resources, while inward shifts may occur after natural disasters, conflict, or recession that reduce resources and investment.
The document discusses economic structural changes that occur during development. It defines structural changes as long-term shifts in the composition of economic sectors, such as the rise of manufacturing and services and decline of agriculture and industry over time. Countries experience rapid structural transformation as they industrialize, exemplified by many developing nations in Asia and Latin America that grew their manufacturing sectors. However, structural changes differ across countries depending on factors like endowments and history. More recently, the service sector has become dominant globally as the role of agriculture and manufacturing declines.
Government intervention in the economy is necessary to fulfill roles that the private sector cannot, such as ensuring steady growth, full employment, and price stability. The government guides economic activity through fiscal and monetary policy, and intervenes to address market failures like externalities. It regulates business, provides public goods, redistributes income, and preserves societal values that markets do not consider.
The document discusses various concepts related to agricultural prices, including:
- Minimum support prices (MSP) which aim to protect farmers from steep price declines.
- Procurement prices which are slightly higher than MSP and used by the government to purchase crops from farmers.
- Issue prices which are the prices at which the government sells commodities to consumers through public distribution systems.
- The role of the Agricultural Prices Commission in recommending MSPs and other price policies to the government.
The document discusses three main economic systems - capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies. Capitalism relies on private ownership and market forces, while socialism involves state ownership and central planning. Most countries have mixed economies that incorporate aspects of both systems, with private and public sectors operating side by side. The US and Canada are provided as examples of capitalist economies, while India has established a mixed economy with strategic industries controlled by the government and others left to private enterprise.
This document discusses the principles of comparative advantage and absolute advantage in international trade. It explains that comparative advantage refers to a country's ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than other countries, even if it is not the most efficient overall producer. The document provides examples to illustrate comparative advantage between two countries in producing cotton and wheat. It shows that both countries can benefit from specializing in the good they have a comparative advantage in and trading, resulting in overall surplus gains. Some assumptions and limitations of the comparative advantage model are also outlined.
The document discusses different market structures: perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. Under perfect competition, there are many small firms and buyers, products are identical, price is uniform, and there is free entry and exit into the market. A monopoly has a single seller, barriers to entry, no substitutes for its product, and the ability to influence prices. Monopolistic competition has many firms that sell differentiated but similar products and engage in non-price competition like advertising.
This document discusses India's agriculture pricing policy. It outlines the objectives of the policy which include raising farmer productivity and incomes. The key elements are fixing prices for agricultural products, inputs, and balancing consumer and farmer interests. Instruments used include minimum support prices, market intervention schemes, and the public distribution system to ensure stable supplies and prices. The policy aims to incentivize production through stable incomes while protecting consumers.
The document provides an overview of the nature and scope of economics. It discusses how economics is defined as the study of how individuals and societies choose to use scarce resources. Economics can be divided into microeconomics, which examines individual decision-making units like businesses and households, and macroeconomics, which examines aggregates on a national scale. The document also explores different economic systems like capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies, and how economies can be evaluated based on criteria like growth, stability, efficiency, and equity.
Agricultural Development during Structural TransformationTri Widodo W. UTOMO
(Case Study of Hachiman-cho, Gifu Prefecture, Japan)
Prepared to fulfill assignments in the Domestic Field Work Course, GSID Nagoya Universisity, 2002
By: Tri Widodo W. Utomo
The document discusses development gaps between rich and poor countries. It provides definitions and classifications of development gaps. There are three stages of economic development: preparatory, take-off, and self-sustained growth. There are large income gaps between nations and people, classified as North-South divide and by continent or World Bank definitions. Measures of development gaps include absolute income gap, relative income gap, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and Gini ratio. These measure differences in per capita income levels and dispersion to quantify narrowing or widening of gaps over time.
The document summarizes key policies and measures taken by Ethiopia to ensure food security in dry land areas. It discusses Ethiopia's agricultural sector and policies focusing on agriculture for poverty reduction. The key interventions to ensure food security in dry lands include strengthening agricultural research, extension services, natural resource and water management/irrigation, commercialization and markets, and direct food security programs. Major policies and strategies implemented include the Food Security Strategy, Growth and Transformation Plan, and Strategic Investment Framework for Sustainable Land Management.
Rule 47 of the Revised Rules of Procedure Annotated establishes the grounds and process for annulment of judgments and final orders. A judgment can be annulled on the basis of extrinsic fraud or lack of jurisdiction. Extrinsic fraud involves fraudulent acts committed outside of trial that prevented a party from presenting their full case. Lack of jurisdiction refers to the court not having authority over either the subject matter or the defendant. The annulment process provides an equitable remedy when no other legal remedies are available, such as a new trial or appeal. It allows judgments to be voided even after full execution if the court lacked proper authority or a party was prevented from having their day in court through extrinsic fraud.
Economic Implications of Foreign Exchange Rationing in Ethiopiaessp2
1) Increased foreign exchange inflows from capital flows led to real exchange rate appreciation and a decline in exports.
2) Higher domestic investment and spending increased domestic prices more than world prices, further appreciating the real exchange rate.
3) Agricultural incomes, especially for export crops, did not rise as much as urban incomes due to effects on trade competitiveness.
The document discusses inflation in Ethiopia, focusing on food prices. It presents an empirical model to analyze inflation that treats food and non-food prices separately. Inflation results from excess demand and supply in key markets, including the monetary sector, external sector, and agricultural sector. The model relates domestic prices to money supply, world prices in domestic currency, and agricultural output gaps. Estimation involves cointegration analysis and error correction models for different price indices. Main findings show food inflation is driven more by world food prices and domestic supply, while non-food inflation depends on money growth and the exchange rate. High food price volatility poses challenges for monetary policy.
A review of the Ethiopian context
Presented by IWMI's Gebrehaweria Gebregziabher at a Roundtable on Building Resilience to Climate Change through Community Dialogues held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, September 20, 2016
Ethiopian GTP- Macroeconomic policy and strategy reviewAsmamaw Amare
The document summarizes Ethiopia's macroeconomic policy and strategy as outlined in its Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP). The GTP aims to maintain rapid economic growth of 11-15% annually through 2025 by increasing agricultural productivity by 8-14%, industrial growth by 17-21%, and service sector growth by 11-13%. Fiscal policy will focus on raising domestic revenue to reduce the deficit while monetary policy will target single digit inflation and a stable exchange rate. Progress to date indicates GDP growth of 8.5% but below targets, with challenges around inflation, tax collection efficiency, and ensuring quality in infrastructure and education improvements.
Transitioning from reaching every district to reaching every communityJSI
This presentation focuses on learning acquired from the last 2-3 year effort in 8 districts across both Uganda and Ethiopia and REC-QI potential to add to the arsenal of RI strengthening tools. REC is now the number one approach to reaching hard-to-reach health facilities. Adding Quality improvement to RED/REC will combine the “what” (RED/REC) and “how” (QI) factors to strengthening for sustainable improvement in coverage and brings together all EPI stakeholders. In addition, by working at both national and lower level, REC-QI encourages peer learning and incorporation of innovations into national policies, guidelines, and protocols.
C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is a higher version of C. It was developed at Bell Laboratories in the early 1980s. The document provides an introduction to C++, including definitions of key concepts like programs, computer languages, language processors, character sets, tokens, keywords, identifiers, literals/constants, punctuators, and operators. It describes the basic components and syntax rules of the C++ language.
"The Economy under President Obama" tells the story of the 2009-2016 period using a series of economic and budgetary charts. Definitive non-partisan sources such as the Federal Reserve Economic Database (FRED) and Congressional Budget Office (CBO) are used, along with major media sources.
The presentation covers the Great Recession and response, fiscal policies, trends in major economic variables, income inequality and the ACA/Obamacare. Key questions covered include: 1) What did President Obama and Congress do to help or hinder the recovery? 2) What were the important decisions President Obama had to make? 3) How much of the national debt addition was due to the President's policies? 4) What were the trends in the key economic and budget variables? 5) What economic and budgetary legacy did he pass along?
Online PMES - Concept of POSSESSION and OWNERSHIPBLP Cooperative
The document discusses different types of possession and ownership. It defines possession as either holding property as the owner or as a mere holder who acknowledges another's superior right of ownership. It also distinguishes between actual possession with a possessory document and actual possession without such documentation. The document then outlines different categories of individuals and groups that can own property, such as individuals, couples, associations, and corporations. Finally, it discusses different types of documentation used to prove possession and ownership, such as possessory documents, certificates of title, and transfer certificates.
Federal ministry of land, housing & urban developmentOtoide Ayemere
The document provides an overview of the Federal Ministry of Lands, Housing & Urban Development of Nigeria including its establishment, vision, achievements, and partnerships. Some key points summarized:
1) The ministry aims to increase affordable housing development and home ownership in Nigeria to contribute 20% to GDP by 2020, having provided over 61,000 housing units across the country.
2) Partnerships have been formed with the UK DFID and the NMRC to improve housing financing and enable 200,000 affordable mortgages over 5 years.
3) Achievements include infrastructure projects, land titling efforts, and establishing residential plots in 13 states to address housing needs.
This document outlines the laws governing urban and regional planning and development in Ekiti State, Nigeria. It establishes relevant agencies including the Physical Planning Permit and Building Control Agency and the Urban Renewal Agency. It details the functions of the Ministry of Physical, Urban and Regional Planning and the Commissioner. It also outlines procedures for preparing, exhibiting, reviewing, and approving development plans, handling objections, and enforcing compliance. The law covers topics such as planning permits, urban renewal, land acquisition, appeals, and penalties for non-compliance.
The document discusses different control structures in C++ programs including sequence, selection, and repetition. It defines each structure and provides examples. Sequence refers to executing statements in order. Selection (branching) executes different statements depending on conditions. Repetition (looping) repeats statements while conditions are met. Common control structures in C++ include if/else statements, switch statements, and various loops like while, for, and do-while loops. The document provides details on the syntax and flow of each structure.
Rural-Urban Transformation in Ethiopia - Implications for Development Strategiesessp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, June 24, 2010
This document provides an overview of C++ data types, variables, and operators. It describes the fundamental data types in C++ including int, float, char, and boolean. It discusses how to declare variables, their scope, and initialization. The document also covers various operators in C++ like arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, and assignment operators. It provides examples of using these operators and their functionality. Finally, it briefly introduces arrays in C++ including declaration and initialization.
This document provides an overview of land law and property concepts. It defines property, discussing how laypersons view it differently than lawyers. It also explains different types of property systems, including private ownership, communal ownership, state ownership, and open access. Key concepts discussed include property as a bundle of rights, different justifications for private property from economic perspectives, and theories of property rights such as labor theory and social contract theory.
E15 Second Expert Group Meeting
Reinvigorating Manufacturing: New Industrial Policy and the Trade System
Isabelle Ramdoo
Deputy Head of Programme
Trade and Economic Transformation
Geneva, 4-5 December 2014
Industrial policy in India aims to regulate, develop and control industrial undertakings through rules set by the government. It prescribes roles for public, private and cooperative sectors and indicates roles for large, medium and small industries. It incorporates various economic policies and aims to accelerate growth, generate employment, promote balanced development and small enterprises. Major reforms to India's industrial policy since 1991 include deregulating industries, reducing public sector control, allowing more foreign investment and technology transfers.
Dr. Andrea Goldstein - Industrial Cluster in the Global EconomyIra Tobing
This document discusses several topics related to industrial clusters and global value chains. It begins by noting the changing landscape in global trade away from multilateralism towards regional trade agreements. It then discusses the concept of global value chains and some challenges in measuring them. Several case studies are presented, including the global production of a Boeing Dreamliner airplane and a Nokia cell phone. Key points are made about the importance of small and medium enterprises, cluster theory, and examples of regional industrial policies from Korea. Smart specialization strategies and linkages between multinational enterprises and small suppliers are also addressed.
The document discusses economic freedom, creativity, and development. It defines economic freedom as the protection of property rights and intellectual property rights. Creativity is defined as the process of generating and transforming ideas into valued products, and creative industries are knowledge-based activities that utilize creativity. The document examines factors that influence creativity and innovation such as demand conditions, factor conditions like human capital and technology, clusters, government policy, and competitiveness. It provides data on countries' economic freedom, innovation index rankings, and recommendations to promote creativity through policies like increasing R&D funding and industry-academic linkages.
This document provides an overview of the Indian economic and trade policy course structure and evaluation. It discusses key topics like the structure of the Indian economy, sector-specific issues, social sector development, external sector overview and trade policy. It analyzes India's economic growth performance across five-year plans and four phases of development. Some challenges discussed are structural transformation of the economy, employment growth, poverty reduction and the political economy implications of reforms.
Harnessing Science and Technology: Reviving the Philippine Manufacturing SectorNEDAhq
Keynote address of Socioeconomic Planning Secretary and NEDA Director-General Arsenio M. Balisacan during the 35th Annual Scientific Meeting of the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Manila Hotel,10 July 2013
The document discusses a PEST analysis of the textile industry in India. It outlines how the industry is influenced by various political, economic, social, and technological factors. Some key political factors include laws around import/export and taxation. Economic factors that impact the industry include per capita income, employment levels, and industrial development. Socially, trends and attitudes affect demand. Technologically, automation has increased production but also costs. The analysis concludes that following regulations while reducing pollution can help the industry thrive despite challenges.
Industrial Policy of India – recent policy initiativesSatish Kumar
The industrial policy of India has evolved over time from a policy of laissez faire to greater government intervention and support of specific sectors. Recent policy initiatives have aimed to promote rapid and balanced industrial development, small and village industries, employment generation, and make India more competitive globally. The impacts of India's industrial policies include significant economic growth, technological advances, increased production diversity, and making exports crucial to the economy.
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Mulu Gebreeyesus: Industrial Policy and Development in Ethiopia: Evolution and Current Performance
1. Industrial Policy and Development in
Ethiopia: Evolution and Current
Performance
Mulu Gebreeyesus
UNU-MERIT, Maastricht
Presentation at the “Learning to Compete (L2C): Accelerating Industrial
Development in Africa” conference organized by UNU-WIDER
June 24-25, 2013,
Helsinki, Finland
2. Introduction
• Revival of interest in industrial policy among academics
(e.g. Rodrik, 2004; Hausmann and Rodrik, 2006; Cimoli
et al., 2010; Lin and Chang, 2009, Lin and Monga, 2011)
• Controversies still remain
– Functional versus selective intervention
– Comparative advantage following versus Comparative
advantage defying (e.g. Lin and Chang, 2009)
– The nature of state and business relationships (e.g.
Hausmann and Rodrik, 2006)
• Also renewed interest and reintroduction of industrial
policy in many developing countries (e.g. Africa)
• Yet, little systematic evidence on the process and
outcome of recent attempts to reintroduce industrial
policy in Africa
3. • The aim of this study is to examine the choices,
implementation process, and outcome of the
Ethiopian recent industrial policy
– Ethiopia is one of the few African countries that
have formulated and implemented a full-fledged
industrial policy (IDS) since the early 2000s
– Gov’t has shown extraordinary commitment &
ownership.
(implementing through subsequent development plans
and various sub-sector strategies)
– The outcomes so far are appear to be mixed
4. GDP growth
(annual %)
Industry
(annual % growth)
Manufacturing
(annual % growth)
year Ethiopia SSA avg. Ethiopia SSA avg. Ethiopia SSA avg.
Table 1: Ethiopia vrs. sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) average
Industry, value
added (% of GDP)
Manufacturing,
value added (% of
GDP)
Manufactures
exports (% of
merchandise
exports)
Ethiopia SSA Ethiopia SSA Ethiopia SSA
5. Evolution: Industrial policy & development
• In Ethiopia, modern manufacturing factories emerged in
1920s (As of 1927 about 25 were set up mostly by
foreigners)
• the sector started to get momentum in the 1950s (after
brief disruption in the WWII period)
• The 1950s also marked by start of a comprehensive plan to
promote the country’s industrial & economic development
• Ethiopia has seen three regimes over the last eight decades
– Imperial regime (up to 1974)
– Dergue regime (1974-91)
– EPRDF-led regime (since 1991)
• Successive regimes adopted different policies for the
development of industry
6. The imperial regime (up to 1974)
• Between 1958-73 three successive development
plans were implemented
• The implementation of the initiatives attracted
foreign investors and boost the manufacturing
sector (World Bank, 1985). But by the end of the
Imperial regime ...
– The overall industrial base was weak
– The manufacturing sector characterized by dual
structure
– The modern sector constituted few hundreds of
factories employing no more than 60,000 people
• And dominated by import substituting light industries and
foreign ownership
7. The Dergue regime (1974 to 1991)
• No specific industrial policy per se until mid-1980s, but
– nationalized most of the MLSM enterprises
– declared “a socialist economic policy’
– put various restrictions on the private sector & market
– Nationalized enterprises SOEs reorganized under state
corporations
The manufacturing sector shrunk and the private
sector virtually reduced into micro & small
manufacturing activity
• Ten Year Perspective Plan 1984/85-1993/94
– Public investment program an indicative portfolio of
projects and production targets
8. The EPRDF-led government (since 1991)
• The first decade (1991-99) marked by various reforms
reversing the command economy
• Implemented three phases of IMF/WB sponsored reform programs
• In 1998 government adopted Export Promotion Strategy
• A full-fledged Industrial Development Strategy (IDS)
was formulated in 2002/03
– Concretized into action by various sub-sector strategies and
by the successive development plans such as;
• Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP)
2002/03-2004/05 and
• the Plan of Action for Sustainable Development and Eradication of
Poverty (PASDEP) 2005/06-2009/10.
• The Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) 2010/11-15/16
9. Imperial period
(pre-1974)
The Dergue regime
(1975-91)
The EPRDF regime
(post 1992)
Guiding policy/vision Market oriented Command economy Market oriented
Public/private role Private-led State-led Private-led but also strong state
Ownership structure
Dominance of foreign
owned enterprises
Dominance of public
owned enterprise
Dominance of domestic private
owned enterprises
Target industries
Import substituting and labor
intensive industries (e.g.
Textile, food, cement)
Import substituting and
labor intensive industries
but also basic industries
Export oriented & labor
intensive industries (e.g. Textile,
leather, agro-processing, cement)
Envisaged key player foreign investment Public sector investment Domestic private sector
Policy instruments
Protection of domestic market
through high tariff and
banning of certain
imports
Provision of economic
incentives & preferential
credit scheme
Protection of domestic
market through high
tariff and quantitative
restrictions
Financing, subsidizing,
ensuring monopoly
power for the SOEs
Direct support for selected export
sectors through capacity
building and other means
Provision of economic incentives
& preferential credit scheme
Table 2: The Ethiopian industrial policy and development phases
11. Table 3: Entry process, ownership, and average size in the MLSM
Number of establishments Employment
year Total
Public share
(%) Total ('000s)
Public share
(%)
Total
average size
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5=3/1)
1979/80 351 45.3 76.63 88.85 218.3
1985/86 369 48.8 90.85 93.33 246.2
1990/91 275 52.4 84.00 93.08 305.5
1995/96 627 25.7 90.04 86.25 143.6
1999/00 788 15.5 95.71 56.13 121.5
2004/05 1207 10.4 110.16 48.70 91.3
2009/10 2172 6.4 186.80 25.67 86.0
-high entry – more than doubled in the last decade alone
-shrinking public share
-declining average size
-suggests most entrants are private owned and small in size
12. Number of
establishments employment Value added
fixed
capital
per labor
Value
added
per labor TFP
Firm size
category by
employees number
Share
(%) number
Share
(%)
Millions
Birr
Share
(%)
(000’s
Birr)
(‘000s
Birr)
Micro (< 10) 43,338 95.7 138,951 51.0 1,140 11.0 7.3 8.20
small (10-19) 846 1.9 10,690 3.9 186 1.8 22.9 10.84 0.86
medium (20-49) 519 1.1 14,757 5.4 401 3.9 47.6 21.63 0.97
Large (>= 50) 565 1.2 108,226 39.7 8,590 83.3 70.0 42.59 1.18
Total 45,268 100 272,624 100 10,317 100
Table 2: Manufacturing size distribution (2007/08)
14. The IDS principles
• The IDS is based on a broader development vision - ADLI
– The philosophy of ADLI is that agriculture development plays
a leading role in the industrialization process by preparing
various conditions for full-fledged industrialization
Primary principle of IDS is the linkage b/n industry &
agriculture
• Other principles
– Export oriented sectors should lead the industrial
development and be given priority
– Labor intensive sectors also be given priority to maximize
employment
– Public-private partnership – gov’t not merely as a facilitator
but also as a leadership
• Recognizes the private sector as engine of growth but makes
distinction between ‘rent seeking’ and ‘developmental’ capitalists
15. Mechanisms of engagement
• Mechanisms of engagement with the private sector
(1) Creating conducive environment
(2) Direct support for selected sectors
• The IDS identified a number of concrete intervention
areas to create conducive business environment
maintaining macroeconomic stability
building a functioning and well-regulated financial sector
creating dependable infrastructure services;
developing skilled and effective human resource;
creating efficient civil service and legal framework;
developing industrial zones in major cities and towns with
all required infrastructure facilities
16. Macro (in)stability
year
Min.
deposit
rate
lending
rate min-
max
inflation
rate
Real
interest
rate1
Real
effective
exchange
rate
1999/00 6 10.5-13.5 5.4 3.8 100.0
2000/01 6 10.5-15 -0.3 17.6 93.9
2001/02 3 8-10.5 -10.6 12.7 91.1
2002/03 3 8-10.5 10.9 -5.1 104.1
2003/04 3 7-10.5 7.3 3.0 105.8
2004/05 3 7-14 6.1 -2.6 100.4
2005/06 3 7-14 10.6 -4.1 109.9
2006/07 4 7-14 15.8 -8.3 129.6
2007/08 4 8-15 25.3 -17.1 145.6
2008/09 4 8-16.5 36.4 197.3
2009/10 4 12.25 2.8 151.8
• Gov’t envisaged
single digit
inflation – but high
since 2005/06
• Low interest rate –
virtually negative
real interest rate
• REER appreciated
by 52% b/n
2004/05-2009/10
undermining
competitiveness
17. Institutional and regulatory reforms
• Ethiopia implemented a wide range of institutional reforms
since the early 2000s
– established competition policy
– Revision of business registration
– revision to the investment code,
– modernizing the tax regime and introduced value-added tax (VAT),
– Partially reforming the customs administration
– Established public-private consultative forums
• Civil Service Reform Program (CSRP) a key initiative
– Service Delivery Improvement Policy (PSIP) was key component
and was introduced in priority Ministries and agencies that
interface directly with the private sector
– It promoted Business Process Engineering (BPR) as management
initiative
Service delivery substantially improved
18. Table 5: Trends in the Doing Business Rankings: Ethiopia
Time Period
Indicators 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Ease of Doing Business
Ease of Doing Business – Rank (1, 183 worst) 116 107 104 111 127
Doing Business - Starting a Business – rank 118 93 89 99 163
Doing Business - Closing a Business – rank 74 77 82 89 117
Doing Business - Enforcing Contracts – rank 78 57 57 57 50
Trading Across Borders - Doing Business (1, 155 worst)
DB - Trading across borders rank 152 159 157 157 161
DB - No. of documents for export 8 8 8 7 7
DB - Days for export 46 49 44 42 42
DB - Cost to export (US$ per container) 2087 1,940 1890 1760 2160
19. Some reversals in reforms and ranking
• The post-2010 fall in the country ranking of doing business is
mainly associated with the gov’t recent moves to introduce
and enforce a number of erratic regulations
• Foreign exchange shortages
gov’t shutdown 94 warehouse of coffee exporters
• Soaring inflation
futile effort through price caps
revised the business registration (reduce monopoly in imports)
- Similar actions in relation to land and customs administrations
• Starting 2011 private banks are forced to purchase NBE bonds
with 27% of their lendable capital to finance massive public
investments
Leading to crowding out of the private sector
• Reducing confidence and policy predictability
20. Sectoral policies
• The 2003 IDS declared priority sectors for
government direct support
– textile and garment;
– meat, leather and leather products;
– other agro-processing industries (e.g. sugar and sugar
related industries),
– construction
– micro and small enterprises (MSEs)
• The list of priority sectors has been updated
through time.
– the flower industry and some import substituting
industries (such as metal and engineering, chemical and
pharmaceutical) were sequentially added
21. Sectoral policies cont.
• Targets and accompanying government supports were
explicitly stated in the country five-year development
plans
• Government provided extensive support largely
directed at the exporting firms and industries
– economic incentives,
– capacity building,
– cluster development and
– direct public investment
• National Export Development Committee, chaired by
the Prime Minster sets export and productivity targets
22. Direct support in practice: three industry cases
• The textile and leather (hereafter, T&L)
industries are the two most preferred export
industries that received enduring attention of
the Ethiopian policy makers
• The flower industry emerged spontaneously
but with the full support of the government it
became successful and a celebrated export
industry
23. The T&L industries
• Government set ambitious targets for the T&L sectors each
to generate US$ 500 million by the end of 2009/10
• In the textile sector
– massive investment from the private sector worth of US$ 1.6
billion was envisaged
– It was also planned to create self-sufficiency in fabrics
– the government planned to invest directly in the textile sector
including through joint venture with foreign investors.
• The leather sector
– The main direction of the leather industry plan was to change the
mix of exports toward processed and finished goods.
– it was planned to upgrade the capacity of tanneries and the
finished products to produce finished leather products
• Discouraging H&S export imposing above 150% tax
24. T&L cont.
• Government made sector specific capacity building efforts in
addition to the general support programs given to all exporters.
• Two sector specific institutions were setup to support, coordinate
and guide the private sector in the T&L sectors;
– Textile Industry Development Institute (TIDI) and
– Leather Industry Development Institute (LIDI)
• Sector special training centers were established under them
– Ethiopian Leather and Leather Products Technology Institute (ELLPTI)
– Textile and Apparel Institute (TAI) were also established
• Various additional support programs was introduced to improve the
international competitiveness of these industries such as;
– benchmarking,
– institutional twining,
– marketing search, and
– kaizen
25. Export performance indicators (T&L)
• Export performance of the T&L unsatisfactory
• By the end of the PASDEP period the actual exports were;
– Textiles only 8% of the USD 500 target
– H&L 23% of USD 273 million target
– Other leather products 3.7% of USD 227 million target
• Comparing with the base year 2004/05 the growth of textile
exports was in fact impressive
– four fold up to 2010 and even further by 2011
• A recent study on the light manufacturing in Ethiopia (Dinh,
et al., 2012) indicate that
– The most obstacle for the apparel sector is poor trade logistics
and accompanied by absence of competitive input industries
(textiles)
– the most binding constraint in the leather export is the shortage
of quality processed leather
26. The flower industry
• The dynamics of the flower industry is different from other
priority sectors
• In the mid-1990s two domestic private entrepreneurs started
the experimentation
• Towards the end of 2002, the government became aware of
the big opportunity through lobbying efforts of the private
sector
• The gov’t decided to get engaged in promoting the sector.
– Targets were set (1000 ha under flower production - end of
five years)
– To support the scaling-up gov’t came in with a multi-faceted
support, focusing on: land, long-term credit, and air
transport coordination.
26
27. The flower cont.
• The flower industry start to take-off around 2004,
following the active engagement of the government
• It deomonestrated extraordinary growth and in 2008;
– Number of farms reached 81
– Land covered reached 1200 ha
– Above 50,000 employment (direct)
– The fourth foreign currency generator
– The country became 5th largest non-EU exporter
to the EU market of cut-flower
– It became the second largest exporter in SSA, next
to Kenya
30. 1. Are the goals yet achieved? Mixed outcome!
• Since 2003/04, GDP and all sub-sectors grew 10% or more
– But industry contribution to GDP remain stagnant (≤14%)
• More than doubled of the country export earnings
– But diversification mainly outside manufacturing
• High entry of firms into the manufacturing sector;
– but new entrants mostly small dual structure continues
– but new entrants mostly domestic oriented export
sectors underperforming Manufacturing contribution
to merchandize export remain low (≤ 9%)
• Increasing import dependence and weak domestic linkages
– Exports increasingly constrained by lack of quality of
inputs in domestic market despite efforts to address them
31. • A regular review of the policies and instruments
need to be instituted with the aim of identifying
emerging bottlenecks.
• And more importantly policies need to be framed
with a view of addressing constraints along the
whole value chain and also horizontal linkages
32. 2. Choice of champion activities/products
• Why has the flower industry has been successful but not the
T&L industries that received the most attention long before?
• Three alternative views regarding identification of potential
products
– (i) no need for the officials to select products beforehand
but create a general support mechanism in which eligible
pioneer would bid and compete for it
– (ii) government should make in depth study, select priority
sectors and provide support for potential entrants
– (iii) government might still have priority list but should be
flexible enough to pick winners in the self-discovered
sectors
33. • The Ethiopian experience supports view (iii)
• But one needs to introduce mechanism to
elicit valuable information from the private
sector on the potential industries through
continuous consultations (Hausman and
Rodrik, 2003)
– Engaging into continuous experimentation for the
emergence of that would be ‘champion’ export
product
34. 3. The nature of public-private partnership
• The Ethiopian industrial policy made a distinction b/n ‘developmental’ and
‘rent seeking’ private sector
– Gov’t provides generous incentives and support programs to build the
private sector capacity (carrots)
– At times (particularly recently) it has introduced a number of measures
(sticks) alleging to ‘discipline’ the ‘rouge’ private sector increasing
tension and policy uncertainties around the private sector.
• Yet a number of issues arise regarding the effectiveness of the instruments
– How much rent and how long should the private sector in the selected
sectors be given to bear fruits?
– What form of relationship should be instituted between the
government and the private sector?
– How do you create an environment that maximize the social benefits
and limit rent-seeking?
35. The nature cont.
• There are critics that the instruments (carrot and stick) are not
transparent and the policy makers tend to ‘patronize’ the
private sector instead of encouraging competition & innovation
• There is also emerging concern that the public investment
expansion is dwarfing the private sector (e.g. credit & foreign
exchange availability)
– “the public investment rate of Ethiopia is the third highest in the world,
while the private investment rate is the sixth lowest.” World Bank 2013
• Vibrant private sector is critical for the effectiveness of industrial
policy, thus, the gov’t need to address the above and other
emerging issues