MRI scan: Purpose, Procedure and Risks
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What is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)? is a Strong magnetic field and radio waves are used to produce images of internal organs of the body.
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MRI Procedure and Preparation
An MRI scan is a painless procedure that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of organs and tissues. Preparation may involve changing into loose, metal-free clothing and avoiding food, drink, smoking, and medications containing caffeine for several hours prior. During the scan, the patient lies still inside the MRI machine while images are taken, which can take 15-90 minutes. After the scan, the patient can resume normal activities unless sedated, in which case they should avoid driving or drinking for 24 hours.
Myelography
A myelogram is a radiographic study that uses contrast medium and fluoroscopy to evaluate the spinal cord and nerve roots. The contrast medium is injected into the subarachnoid space, usually at the L3-L4 or C1-C2 vertebrae under fluoroscopy. Images are then taken in various positions as the table is tilted to allow the contrast to flow. Myelography can diagnose conditions like tumors or herniated discs but has been replaced by MRI in most cases due to its invasiveness and radiation exposure. Risks include allergic reaction or headache, but benefits include accurate diagnosis when other imaging is not conclusive.
Ct and mri preparation
This document provides preparation instructions for CT, MRI, and contrast administration. It outlines screening requirements like medical history, allergies, medications, and creatinine tests. For CT and MRI, it instructs patients to remove metallic objects and drink water. CT patients may need premedication for contrast allergies. MRI screening identifies absolute contraindications like pacemakers. Gadolinium administration requires creatinine testing in high risk patients due to risks of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Pregnant women should only have MRI if absolutely necessary due to risks of intravenous gadolinium.
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A myelogram is a radiographic procedure where contrast medium is injected into the spinal subarachnoid space to evaluate the spinal cord, nerve roots, and spinal canal for abnormalities. It is performed by a radiologist under fluoroscopy guidance and involves inserting a needle into the lumbar or cervical spine to inject contrast medium. Images are then taken under fluoroscopy and with conventional radiography in multiple positions to visualize the entire spinal canal and assess for any structural abnormalities. Patients are monitored after the procedure and advised on post-procedure care depending on the type of contrast medium used.
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses strong magnets and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body without using ionizing radiation. An MRI machine contains a powerful magnet to align hydrogen atoms in the body. Radio waves are then used to excite the atoms, which emit signals as they relax. These signals are detected by antennas and used by a computer to generate 2D or 3D images of tissues and organs. MRI provides excellent soft tissue contrast and is useful for imaging the brain, muscles, joints, and other internal organs. While it has advantages over CT in avoiding radiation, MRI scans can be costly and some patients may find the enclosed scanner space claustrophobic.
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Myelography
This document provides information about myelography, a radiographic examination of the spinal cord. It involves injecting contrast medium to detect spinal cord pathology. The spinal cord extends from the brain down the back and is protected by three meningeal layers. Cerebrospinal fluid surrounds and cushions the spinal cord. A myelogram is performed by puncturing the subarachnoid space and injecting contrast medium before taking radiographic images. Risks include reaction to the contrast medium, increased intracranial pressure, or aggravating existing conditions like arachnoiditis. Patients must stop certain medications beforehand and remain on bed rest afterwards.
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MRI Procedure and Preparation
An MRI scan is a painless procedure that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of organs and tissues. Preparation may involve changing into loose, metal-free clothing and avoiding food, drink, smoking, and medications containing caffeine for several hours prior. During the scan, the patient lies still inside the MRI machine while images are taken, which can take 15-90 minutes. After the scan, the patient can resume normal activities unless sedated, in which case they should avoid driving or drinking for 24 hours.
Myelography
A myelogram is a radiographic study that uses contrast medium and fluoroscopy to evaluate the spinal cord and nerve roots. The contrast medium is injected into the subarachnoid space, usually at the L3-L4 or C1-C2 vertebrae under fluoroscopy. Images are then taken in various positions as the table is tilted to allow the contrast to flow. Myelography can diagnose conditions like tumors or herniated discs but has been replaced by MRI in most cases due to its invasiveness and radiation exposure. Risks include allergic reaction or headache, but benefits include accurate diagnosis when other imaging is not conclusive.
Ct and mri preparation
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Myelogram pdf
A myelogram is a radiographic procedure where contrast medium is injected into the spinal subarachnoid space to evaluate the spinal cord, nerve roots, and spinal canal for abnormalities. It is performed by a radiologist under fluoroscopy guidance and involves inserting a needle into the lumbar or cervical spine to inject contrast medium. Images are then taken under fluoroscopy and with conventional radiography in multiple positions to visualize the entire spinal canal and assess for any structural abnormalities. Patients are monitored after the procedure and advised on post-procedure care depending on the type of contrast medium used.
Mri final ppt
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses strong magnets and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body without using ionizing radiation. An MRI machine contains a powerful magnet to align hydrogen atoms in the body. Radio waves are then used to excite the atoms, which emit signals as they relax. These signals are detected by antennas and used by a computer to generate 2D or 3D images of tissues and organs. MRI provides excellent soft tissue contrast and is useful for imaging the brain, muscles, joints, and other internal organs. While it has advantages over CT in avoiding radiation, MRI scans can be costly and some patients may find the enclosed scanner space claustrophobic.
Patient preparation for MRI CT and Nuclear Medicine
The document provides information on patient preparation for MRI, CT, and nuclear medicine procedures. For MRI, patients need to fast for 1 hour and remove all metal objects. For CT, fasting is required for 6 hours and metformin needs to be stopped. Nuclear medicine preparation depends on the specific exam, but generally involves fasting, avoiding caffeine and certain medications. The full document provides more detailed guidance for each type of imaging test.
Myelography
This document provides information about myelography, a radiographic examination of the spinal cord. It involves injecting contrast medium to detect spinal cord pathology. The spinal cord extends from the brain down the back and is protected by three meningeal layers. Cerebrospinal fluid surrounds and cushions the spinal cord. A myelogram is performed by puncturing the subarachnoid space and injecting contrast medium before taking radiographic images. Risks include reaction to the contrast medium, increased intracranial pressure, or aggravating existing conditions like arachnoiditis. Patients must stop certain medications beforehand and remain on bed rest afterwards.
CT Scan Vs MRI Scan
CT scans use X-rays to create detailed images of structures inside the body, while MRIs use magnetic fields and radio waves, and both have advantages and disadvantages. CT scans are quicker, cheaper, and better for bone structures, but expose patients to radiation, while MRIs do not use radiation but are more expensive, lengthy, and have stricter safety requirements. Overall, the document compares the uses of CT and MRI scans and their respective benefits and drawbacks.
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Contrast media, or contrast, is a liquid used in imaging tests to highlight parts of the body. It contains iodine, which interacts with x-rays and allows differentiation of tissues. Contrast is used in various CT protocols, with timing of administration dependent on the area and structures being imaged, such as 18-22 seconds for CT angiograms of the carotid arteries. Risk factors for receiving contrast include allergies, kidney problems, medications like metformin, and certain medical conditions. Proper screening and potentially pre-medication can help reduce risks.
Myelography
This document provides information about myelography, a radiographic examination of the central nervous system structures in the vertebral canal. It involves injecting contrast material into the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord and brain. The contrast allows visualization of the spinal cord and nerves. A spinal puncture is performed to access the subarachnoid space and inject the contrast. Images are then taken under fluoroscopy to examine the spinal cord, nerves and surrounding structures.
Strength and limitations of mri
The document discusses the components and workings of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems. It explains that MRI systems use incredibly powerful magnets ranging from 0.5 to 3 Tesla to align hydrogen atoms in the body. It describes the dangers posed by metal objects in the strong magnetic field and the screening procedures used. The advantages of MRI are also outlined, including its use of non-ionizing radiation and ability to show soft tissues and blood flow.
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MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate images of the inside of the body. It is a medical imaging technique widely used in radiology to visualize anatomy and physiological processes. MRI has many medical uses and applications across different body systems. It is generally a safe technique but there are some risks needing consideration for things like implants, projectile effects, and claustrophobia. Guidelines and certifications aim to standardize roles and ensure safe MRI practices.
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This document provides information about myelography, a radiographic examination of the central nervous system structures in the vertebral canal. It involves injecting contrast material into the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord and brain. The contrast allows visualization of the spinal cord and nerves. A spinal puncture is performed to access the subarachnoid space and inject the contrast. Images are then taken under fluoroscopy to examine the spinal cord, nerves and surrounding structures.
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Left atrial appendage closure device involves a procedure that reduces the risk of stroke in atrial fibrillation patients. It also reduces the risk of bleeding that comes with a long-term use of oral anticoagulants. The WATCHMAN Device is permanently implanted at the site or slightly distal to the ostium of the LAA (the source of more than 90% of stroke-causing bloods clots in atrial fibrillation patients).
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators -ICD
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Endoscopic spine surgery
Endoscopic spine surgery is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat severe back pain caused by slipped discs, spinal stenosis, or scoliosis when conventional treatments like medication and physical therapy have failed. The surgeon makes a small incision and inserts specialized tools including an endoscope to view and repair the damaged spinal area. Benefits include quicker recovery, shorter hospital stays, less pain and blood loss, and lower risk of complications compared to open spine surgery.
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Implantable cardiac devices are electronic, battery-operated medical devices that are implanted to restore the heart's normal rhythm and prevent sudden cardiac death. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, Pacemaker and LAVD are such devices that help to maintain rhythm and pumping. A pacemaker is a small implantable cardiac device that is placed under the skin in the chest to help control the heartbeat, improve quality of life and for longevity. It is used to help the heart beat more regularly for irregular heartbeat also known as arrhythmia.
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Pacemaker helps in controlling the rhythm and of the heart by either:
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Breast-conserving Surgery is also known as lumpectomy or partial lumpectomy, it is a procedure to remove the cancer from the breast and some normal tissue. BCS involves only the part of the breast that has cancer to be removed. BCS is a good option for many women with early-stage cancers. Usually after BCS, radiation therapy is given to destroy cancer cells that may not have been removed during surgery. In some cases, chemotherapy and radiation are both given after BCS.
Who is BCS recommended for?
Not all women with breast cancer are candidates for BCS. However, speak to a doctor to find out whether BCS is an option for you.
BCS might be a good option for the below reason:
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Although POEM is a safe and effective procedure, it may not be a suitable option in certain cases. People with any of the following conditions are generally not recommended to undergo POEM for achalasia:
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3. Liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension
4. Severe erosive esophagitis
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Symptoms of Piles:
1. Blood visible after passing stool
1. Itchy, sore and red anus
3. Feeling of bowel being full even after passing stool
4. Slimy mucus in underwear or on toilet paper after wiping your bottom
5. Lumps around the anus
6. Experiencing pain around the anus
7. Fecal Leakage
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2. Consistent heavy lifting
3. Obesity
4. Constant strain on your body can increase your risk of hemorrhoids.
5. Standing frequently without taking a break
6. Consistent anal sexual intercourse
7. Consistent Diarrhea
8. Consistent constipation
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Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
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AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
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V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
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V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
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•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
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between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
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Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
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1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
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国外旧金山大学旧金山大学硕士学位证成绩单办理方法：
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Introduction:
Welcome to our captivating SlideShare presentation on the Special Senses, where we delve into the extraordinary capabilities that allow us to perceive and interact with the world around us. Join us on a sensory journey as we explore the intricate structures and functions of sight, sound, smell, taste, and balance.
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In this presentation, we will:
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This lays foundation of scoping research project what are the
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1. Define Research Objectives and Scope
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Scope Definition: Clearly outline the boundaries of the research in terms of geographical focus, target demographics (e.g., age, socio-economic status), and industry sectors (e.g., healthcare IT).
3. Review Existing Literature and Resources
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Tools and Resources: Select tools like Google Forms for surveys, analytics platforms (e.g., SimilarWeb, Statista), and expert consultations.
5. Ethical Considerations and Compliance
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6. Budget and Resource Allocation
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Contingency Planning: Anticipate and plan for unforeseen challenges or adjustments to the research plan.
7. Develop Research Instruments
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Interview and Focus Group Guides: Prepare detailed scripts and discussion points for qualitative data collection.
8. Sampling Strategy
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Participant Recruitment: Plan recruitment strategies to reach and engage the intended participant groups effectively.
9. Data Collection and Analysis Plan
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Analysis Techniques: Decide on analytical approaches (e.g., statistical
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Health Tech Market Intelligence Prelim Questions -
Health Tech Market Intelligence Prelim Questions -
MRI scan: Purpose, Procedure and Risks
- 2. Strong magnetic field and radio waves are used to produce images of internal organs of the body. What is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?
- 3. Don’t worry! MRI is painless and risk-free procedure.
- 4. MRI scan can be noisy. Children may be sedated for the scan
- 5. Who are not supposed to undergo MRI scan? Pregnant women People with pacemakers
- 6. How long is the MRI procedure? The procedure will take 15 to 90 minutes. 15 - 90 MIN
- 7. How to prepare for MRI?
- 8. The doctor may ask the patient to: Undergo screening for allergic reactions.
- 9. The doctor may ask the patient to: Avoid eating or drinking at least 4 hours before the test.
- 10. The doctor may ask the patient to: Remove jewelry or any kind of metals before entering the scan area.
- 11. The doctor may ask the patient to: Inform if you are claustrophobic.