Mr. Carlos Benitez Sanz IEWP @ Workshop on Water allocation, water economics and eflows in River Basin Management, 14-15 september 2016
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Presentation by Mr. Benitez Sanz, Intecsa-Inarsa, during the Workshop on Water allocation, water economics and eflows in River Basin Management, 14-15 september 2016
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Mr. Carlos Benitez Sanz IEWP @ Workshop on Water allocation, water economics and eflows in River Basin Management, 14-15 september 2016
- 1. India-EU Water Partnership Workshop on Water Allocation, Water Economics and Eflows In River Basin Management 14-15 September 2016, New Delhi
- 2. Water accounting and drought management in the EU and in Spain Capacity-building Workshop on water allocation, water economics and ecological flows in River Basin Management New Delhi, 14th September 2016 Carlos Benítez Water Resources Department Water quantity issues in the European Water Policy General approach to quantitative water management in Spain Water Accounting: the WAMCD Project Links to Drought Management Planning
- 3. Water accounting and drought management in the EU and in Spain Water quantity issues in the European Water Policy The Water Framework Directive Source: Implementing the Water Environment and Water Services (Scotland) Act 2003: Proposals for Assessing the Status of Scotland's Water Environment Article 1. Purpose The purpose of this Directive is to establish a framework for the protection of inland surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and groundwater which: … (b) promotes sustainable water use based on a long-term protection of available water resources; … and thereby contributes to: . the provision of the sufficient supply of good quality surface water and groundwater as needed for sustainable, balanced and equitable water use, 1.2.1. Definitions for high, good and moderate ecological status in rivers Quality Element. Hydrological regime: High status The quantity and dynamics of flow, and the resultant connection to groundwaters, reflect totally, or nearly totally, undisturbed conditions. Good status Conditions consistent with the achievement of the values specified above for the biological quality elements. Moderate status Conditions consistent with the achievement of the values specified above for the biological quality elements. 2.1. Groundwater quantitative status: Quality Element. Groundwater level: Good status. The level of groundwater in the groundwater body is such that the available groundwater resource is not exceeded by the long-term annual average rate of abstraction. Accordingly, the level of groundwater is not subject to anthropogenic alterations such as would result in: failure to achieve the environmental objectives specified under Article 4 for associated surface waters, any significant diminution in the status of such waters, any significant damage to terrestrial ecosystems which depend directly on the groundwater body, and alterations to flow direction resulting from level changes may occur temporarily, or continuously in a spatially limited area, but such reversals do not cause saltwater or other intrusion, and do not indicate a sustained and clearly identified anthropogenically induced trend in flow direction likely to result in such intrusions. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy
- 4. RATIONALE: The EU’s water policy has been successful in helping to protect our water resources. This Blueprint to Safeguard Europe's Water Resources aims to tackle the obstacles which hamper action to safeguard Europe's water resources and is based on an extensive evaluation of the existing policy. CHALLENGES: More than half of the surface water bodies in Europe are in less than good ecological status. Water scarcity is spreading in Europe, while competing uses are increasing demand across the continent. Frequency and intensity of floods and droughts and their environmental and economic damage have increased. SPECIFIC BLUEPRINT OBJECTIVES: Efficiency incentive water pricing Metering take up Water use reduction in agriculture Reduction of illegal abstraction/impoundments Awareness of water consumption (e.g. embedded in globally traded goods) Maximisation of the use of Natural Water Retention Measures (http://www.nwrm.eu/) Efficient water appliances in buildings Reduction of leakages Maximisation of water reuse Improvement of governance Implementation of water accounts Implementation of ecological flow Reduction of flood risk Reduction of drought risk Better calculation of costs and benefits Support to developing countries Tackling pollution Cross cutting issues Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions Thorough information can be found at http://ec.europa.eu/environm ent/water/index_en.htm Water accounting and drought management in the EU and in Spain Water quantity issues in the European Water Policy A Blueprint to Safeguard Europe's Water Resources
- 5. Summer WinterAutumn Spring Article 40. Objectives and criteria for water planning to achieve the good status of water bodies and the protection of public water domain to supply water demands to balance and harmonize regional and sectoral development by: - increasing availability of water resources and protecting its quality - streamlining water uses in harmony with the environment and natural resources Real Decreto Legislativo 1/2001, de 20 de julio, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley de Aguas Water governance • Based on the integrated management of water resources through Hydrographic Confederations (RBDs as areas of action). • Combination of structural measures (reservoirs, desalination plants, water transfers…) and non-structural ones (management systems, information systems, stakeholders involvement). Water allocation • Use of water is legitimated by special permit from the competent authorities: the administrative concession. • Concessions are tied to the type of use (and plot of land in the case of irrigation). • Concessions are recorded in the so called Water Registry. • Water trading is possible. Two types of water trading mechanisms: water use permit trading (contratos de cesión) and public water banks (centros de intercambio) Water accounting and drought management in the EU and in Spain General approach to quantitative water management in Spain Water Governance and Water Allocation White Book on Water (2000)
- 6. River Basin Management Plan. Programme of Measures Environmental Flows Water needs of lakes and wetlands Water resources Assessment Non-conventional Resources Climate Change Scenarios Drought Management Plan Flood Risk Management Plan Users Rights Register (ALBERCA System) Sectoral Planning. Water demand forecasting Water exploitation modelling. Balances Groundwater Assessment Water accounting Groundwater Management Plan More information in the MoE publication The Water Governance System in Spain General approach to quantitative water management in Spain Water Management Tools Water accounting and drought management in the EU and in Spain Water exploitation modelling in the framework of RBMP integrating: • Demand assessment: computerized water registry (ALBERCA) + forecasts for future scenarios (analysis of past trends, demographic evolution and prognosis, sectoral planning…). Seasonal distribution and priority of allocation. • Water Resources Assessment via rainfall-runoff modelling (SIMPA at national level). Specific groundwater modelling. Introduction of desalination and reuse to balance overexploitation. • Environmental water needs assessment: eflows, lake and wetlands. • Climate change scenarios, altering water resources and, eventually, demands. Complementary water planning and management tools: Droughts, Floods, Over- exploited groundwater Bodies
- 7. • RBD is divided into 16 subsystems, each one of them may include one or more independent catchments draining to the sea. Two subsystem are endorheic basins. • Wide range of climatic conditions (rainfall from 200 – 1.200 mm) • High level of pressure on water ecosystems (WEI+ > 50) • Remarkable natural values ( > 25% of RBD surface under protection) • Significant management differences • Internal and external water transfers System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for Water (SEEA-Water) provides agreed concepts, definitions, classifications, tables, and accounts for water and water-related emission accounts. Information and Guidance at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/e nvaccounting/seeaw/ Water accounting and drought management in the EU and in Spain Water Accounting: the WAMCD Project Main features of the Mediterranean Basins of Andalusia RBD
- 8. 20152027 Water accounting and drought management in the EU and in Spain Water Accounting: the WAMCD Project Water Balance (as presented in the last version of the RBMP 2015-2021)
- 9. • Improving water resources assessments through rainfall-runoff modelling (EVALHID) and link to management simulation module (SIMGES). Both part of AQUATOOL Decision Support System Shell. • Creating databases, fine-tuning methodologies and tools to fill in all the SEEAW tables (as thoroughly as possible). • Performing a dynamic assessment: 2009 (baseline); 2015 (present); 2021 (PoM 1st stage) through SEEAW tables and selected indicators relevant for water planning an management • Proposing and characterizing management, technological and economic measures in terms of their effect in water accounts. Chapters III [Physical water supply and use] & IV [Emission accounts]. RBD (relying on subsystem datasets) and yearly Chapter V [Hybrid and economic accounts]. RBD and annual Chapter VI [Water assets accounts]. Subsystem and monthly Water accounting and drought management in the EU and in Spain Water Accounting: the WAMCD Project General Scope of the Project More information and demonstration of AQUATOOL DSSS athttp://www.upv.es/aquatool/en/index_en.html
- 10. website WAMCD. Water Accounting in a Multi- Catchment District :: Junta de Andalucía • Useful standard for building water balances and conceptual framework to integrate economic data. Compatible (and complementary) with traditional water balances. • SEEAW contributes by introducing economic issues with detailed distinctions between activities and sectors. • If sustained over time, SEEAW monitors the evolution and impacts of policies related to water. • Combination of models enables better integration of all available data (measured, estimated and modelled) to obtain consistent water balances. Specific data acquisition applications may facilitate the filling of SEEAW tables. • Indicators to evaluate the global performance of RBMP (including cost recovery rate) may be derived from SEEAW, since interchanges among activities related to the provision and use of water are further clarified. • Coordinated use of SEEAW and modelling tools provides a huge potential for evaluating strategies (responses) of adaptation to changes in the drivers and pressures, by assessing their effects on water allocation and the economy. Water accounting and drought management in the EU and in Spain Water Accounting: the WAMCD Project Deliverables and conclusions
- 11. Water accounting and drought management in the EU and in Spain Links to Drought Management Planning Consideration of Drought in the WAMCD Project • Following Spanish Technical Regulation, balance between resources and demands must be representative of normal supply conditions in the period 1980/81-2005/06 [green], so including recent effects of climate change. • The analysis of the irregularity of the hydrological regime has been introduced through a complementary assessment to determine assets accounts for the driest phase of the reference period, namely the year 1994/95 [red]. • The coordinated use of these tools provides a huge potential for evaluating strategies (responses) of adaptation to changes in the drivers and pressures, by assessing their effects on water allocation and the economy. • Rainfall-runoff models, properly calibrated and validated, may be very useful to better assess different climate scenarios or land use changes. For instance, rainfall reduction can be modelled into trending variation of the various components of the hydrological cycle (evapo-transpiration, runoff, infiltration), improving the prognosis of their consequences in terms of water discharge at each point of the catchment. • In turn, the simulation of the management system translates these changes into expected impact on the availability of water for economic activities and the ecosystems. The effect of alternative measures can also be modelled. EA.1311 Artificial Reservoirs EA.1312 Lakes EA.1313 Rivers EA.1314 Snow, Ice and Glaciers Comparison with normal year % 1. Opening Stocks 280,417 9,542 0,580 0,000 1.349,129 0,000 1.639,668 1.883,127 87% Increases in stocks 2. Returns 0,000 0,000 351,254 0,000 62,729 178,805 592,788 963,897 61% 3. Precipitation 5,268 0,019 0,943 0,000 4.637,481 4.643,712 6.747,708 69% 4. lnflows 108,926 1,683 793,118 0,000 568,912 0,000 1.472,638 2.813,081 52% 4.a. From upstream territories 0,000 0,000 73,863 0,000 0,000 73,863 83,311 89% 4.b. From other resources in the territory 108,926 1,683 719,255 0,000 568,912 0,000 1.398,775 2.729,769 51% Decreases in stocks 5. Abstraction 176,643 0,057 658,020 0,000 531,622 0,000 1.366,342 1.915,945 71% 6. Evaporation/ Actual evapotranspiration 16,100 0,104 2,525 0,000 4.253,931 4.272,660 6.127,392 70% 7. Outflows 124,902 0,000 789,696 0,000 422,534 303,614 1.640,746 3.458,767 47% 7.a. To downstrearn territories 13,793 0,000 0,097 13,890 45,959 30% 7.b. To the sea 228,081 0,000 0,000 228,081 683,039 33% 7.c. To other resources in the territory 124,902 0,000 547,822 0,000 422,437 303,614 1.398,775 2.729,769 51% 8. Other changes in volume 52,080 -1,580 304,653 0,000 8,370 -258,741 104,781 677,321 15% 9. Closing Stocks 129,047 9,503 0,307 0,000 1.034,982 0,000 1.173,839 1.583,030 74% Comparison with normal year 514,783 11,635 0,814 0,000 1.055,799 0,000 1.583,030 % 25% 82% 38% 98% 74% Year EA.131 Surface waters EA.132 Groundwater EA.133 Soil water Total 0 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 8.000 9.000 10.000 1940/41 1942/43 1944/45 1946/47 1948/49 1950/51 1952/53 1954/55 1956/57 1958/59 1960/61 1962/63 1964/65 1966/67 1968/69 1970/71 1972/73 1974/75 1976/77 1978/79 1980/81 1982/83 1984/85 1986/87 1988/89 1990/91 1992/93 1994/95 1996/97 1998/99 2000/01 2002/03 2004/05 2006/07 2008/09 2010/11 WEI+ normal conditions WEI+ 1994/95 (driest) oct 54,36% 53,11% nov 22,74% 50,11% dec 29,28% 72,52% jan 26,85% 45,67% feb 27,16% 65,65% mar 45,50% 81,99% apr 58,18% 89,09% may 81,59% 89,80% jun 88,45% 89,94% jul 90,01% 89,45% aug 90,63% 88,87% sep 90,32% 87,66% Year 56,63% 76,17% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% oct nov dec jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep WEI+ normal conditions WEI+ 1994/95 (driest) 0 300 600 900 1.200 1.500 oct.-40 oct.-42 oct.-44 oct.-46 oct.-48 oct.-50 oct.-52 oct.-54 oct.-56 oct.-58 oct.-60 oct.-62 oct.-64 oct.-66 oct.-68 oct.-70 oct.-72 oct.-74 oct.-76 oct.-78 oct.-80 oct.-82 oct.-84 oct.-86 oct.-88 oct.-90 oct.-92 oct.-94 oct.-96 oct.-98 oct.-00 oct.-02 oct.-04 oct.-06 oct.-08 oct.-10 oct.-12
- 12. Water accounting and drought management in the EU and in Spain Links to Drought Management Planning Drought Management Planning Synthesis of European Experience with useful case studies and guidance on how to draft a Drought Management Plan. Download http://ec.europa.eu/environ ment/water/quantity/pdf/d mp_report.pdf The main items needed to develop a Drought Management Plan: • Indicators and thresholds establishing onset, ending, and severity levels of the exceptional circumstances (prolonged drought). • Measures to be taken in each drought phase in order to prevent deterioration of water status and to mitigate negative drought effects. • Organizational framework to deal with drought and subsequent revision and updating of the existing drought management plan. Example. Guadalfeo RB drought management Analysis of the exploitation system Indicators (storage) and thresholds Measures: activation of emergency wells
Editor's Notes
- Good morning to everybody. My name is Carlos Benítez from Intecsa-Inarsa, a Spanish Engineering and Consultancy Company. We have a long track in water planning, mainly in Spain and, in recent years we have also worked for the European Commission from our expertise in water quantity related issues. I would like to thank the EU-Indian Water Partnership for the opportunity of sharing our experiences in this workshop. I will present the Project Water Accounting in a Multi-Catchment District (WAMCD Project) framed in the context of quantitative water management in Spain and Europe. Finally, I will link the analysis of drought made in our water accounts exercise with a more general European drought management approach that, hopefully, may be of interest for our Indian partners.
- I am conscious that the presentation may be dense for only 10 minutes but I am committed to stick to my time, which means that I will go through the slides a bit fast, but extracting the most relevant points. For those that may be interested in go deeper, I have included web links to the documents and pages that are mentioned. As you may know, the Water Framework Directive [WFD] is the cornerstone of European Water Policy, providing common rules and objectives for the protection of inland and coastal waters. The main focus is the achievement of good status of aquatic and dependent terrestrial ecosystems, thus contributing to the provision of sufficient supply of good quality water for sustainable, balanced and equitable water use. Water status is measured through the assessment of a series of quality elements (biological, chemical, physicochemical, hydro-morphological) so that the lowest classed one determine the final status (this process is represented in the flow chart below). If status is less than good, River Basin Management Plans [RBMP] should include the necessary measures to achieve good status as soon as possible. In this scheme, the role of quantity elements, such as hydrological regime or groundwater level, is somehow subsidiary and defined in relation to their consistency with the achievement of environmental objectives.
- The first collection of RBMPs drafted under the WFD were approved on 2009. Later, on 2012, an important strategic document was released: the Blueprint to Safeguard Europe's Water Resourcess. The Blueprint outlines the future action for a better implementation of the water legislation and its integration with other policies (e.g. Agricultural) and also for filling certain gaps, in particular as regards water quantity and efficiency. The concern about water scarcity and the impacts of climate change in floods, droughts and water supply has very much to do with this new focus on quantity, somehow balancing the previous stress on quality. (The objective now is to ensure that a sufficient quantity of good quality water is available for people's needs, the economy and the environment throughout the EU). Looking at the list of specific objectives of the Blueprint, we notice that many of the issues that are in the agenda of this workshop are present: water pricing, illegal abstraction, water accounts, e-flows, drought risks, costs and benefits.
- Now, let's focus our eyes on Spain. Prior to WFD approval, a first set of RBMPs was elaborated during the 80s and 90s and finally approved in 1998. It must be noted that Spanish Water Acts includes more explicitly the supply of water demands and the regional and sectoral development as objectives of water planning (together with the good status). Water quantity and their imbalances has always been a key issue in Spain. The maps above reflect the spatial and seasonal irregularity of runoff, from 700 mm in northern basins to less than 50 mm in the south east). Pioneering the integrated management paradigm, the Spanish River Basin Authorities were founded very early (the first one, in the Ebro basin in 1926) initially conceived as confederations of users supported by the Government to foster regional development and assure water supply. Legally, the water allocation system is based in the administrative concession, which is linked to the type of use and plot (in case of irrigation), and recorded in the so-called Water Registry. Some significant water transfers are operative (and other has been proposed) and water trading under certain conditions is permitted.
- This slide summarizes the main management tools under the water governance system in Spain. As you can see, I have placed in the centre of the chart the Water Exploitation Modelling which is a fundamental piece for the analysis of water allocation in the framework of RBMPs. According to Spanish regulations, it is mandatory to build multiannual water balances, integrating: Water demands under current and future scenarios, on the basis of the computerized water registry of concessions (ALBERCA) and forecasts based on the analysis of past trends, demographic evolution and prognosis, sectoral planning…). Seasonal distribution and priority of allocation must be also settled. Water Resources Assessment via rainfall-runoff modelling, occasionally with the support of specific groundwater modelling. In Water scarce areas the introduction of desalination and reuse is needed to balance overexploitation. Environmental needs in strategic river reaches, lakes and wetlands. For future planning horizons, climate change impacts have to be considered. Finally, complementary water planning and management tools are also mandatory: Drought Management Plans (we will discuss later), Flood Risk Management Plans (under specific European Directive) and Aquifer Management Plans to correct over-exploitation of groundwater bodies.
- Now , we allocate a few slides to describe the WAMCD Project that we have led (the team includes also the Universities of Malaga and Valencia and Intersus, a German consultancy company), with the financial support of the European Commission. The exercise is based in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for Water, which is an UN Standard to generate a series of tables to reflect water accounts and their linkages with the economic activities and human supply. We selected the Mediterranean basins of Andalucia District because of its potential of becoming a benchmark for the application of this standard under the very different circumstances of its 16 water exploitation systems: Rainfall ranging from less than 250 mm to more than 1.000 mm. (these differences become even higher in terms of specific discharge dropping down to less than 20 mm in the eastern basins, pale blue in the figure). High pressure on water ecosystems linked as a consequence of intensive irrigation and tourism leading to average water exploitation index above 50% at RBD (ranging from less than 10% to near 100% in those dependent on overexploited aquifers) and 25 out of 67 groundwater bodies are in bad quantitative status (red and orange in the map] Natural values, more than 25% of the surface of the RBD is part of the Red Natura 2000. Exploitation systems vary from highly regulated to almost entirely dependent on flowing water or groundwater. Some water interchanges with neighbor basins (as donor in the west and receptor in the east) and between District catchments, making water accounts quite complex.
- These are the water balances (resources versus demands) in 2015 and 2027, broken-down into subsystems. No time for many comments but simply highlight that equilibrium may be possible by a substantial increase of reuse and desalination and more efficient use of water. Affordability is, in principle, possible by the high ability to pay greenhouse agriculture, golf and urban uses, activities are concentrated on the coast
- The objective of the WAMCD Project is to collect and organize databases from multiple sources, developed integration methodologies and built the tables themselves, as thoroughly as possible. There are 14 different tables corresponding to 4 chapters: Physical water supply and use, Emission accounts, Hybrid and economic accounts; Water assets accounts. We assumed the subsystem as basic spatial unit (but for the economic data) and annual or monthly breakdown depending on the nature of the data. We have used rainfall-runoff modelling inked, when necessary, to water management exploitation models. Three modules from AQUATOOL Decision Support System Shell (by our partner University of Valencia) have been used: EVALHID (rainfall-runoff), SIMGES (management simulation) and CAUDECO (eflows). We performed a dynamic assessment meaning three horizons: 2009 as the reference year to fine-tune the methodology; current situation (mainly based on 2012-2013 data); and 2021 once the first stage of the Programme of Measures is completed.
- You can find a extended explanation of deliverables and outputs and the tasks performed in the Final Technical Report and its Annex that may be downloaded from the dedicated website. These are some reflections that summarizes the potential benefits of using SEEAW: It provides a useful standard for building water balances and conceptual framework to integrate economic data with detailed distinction between activities and sectors that, if sustained over time, may be helpful to monitor the evolution and impacts of policies related to water. The coordinated use of tools provides a huge potential for evaluating strategies (responses) of adaptation to changes in the drivers and pressures, by assessing their effects on water allocation and the economy. Rainfall-runoff models, properly calibrated and validated, may be very useful to better assess the effect of climate scenarios or land use changes in actual runoff and groundwater level. In turn, the simulation of the management system translates these changes into expected impact on the availability of water for economic activities and the ecosystems. The effect of alternative measures can also be modelled. Of course, there are limitations and setbacks, and they are identified and discussed in chapter five of Executive Summary.
- According to the Spanish Technical Regulation, water balances must be representative of normal supply conditions. This criterion has been reproduced by using the percentile 50 of the different monthly components of the water assets for the period 1980 to 2010 (green area in the graphs) which already reflects the effects of climate change on water resources. The analysis of the impact of drought in the hydrological regime has been introduced through a complementary assessment to determine assets accounts for the driest phase of the reference period, namely the year 1994/95. Please note that water exploitation index raises up to close to 80% in the driest year of the series.
- This last slide is to introduce the concept of the Drought Management Plan as the recommended tool to face drought events and minimise their impacts. You can find a synthesis of the European experience with useful case studies and guidance in this publication: the Drought Management Plan Report. Summarizing there are three basic items that must be part of a DMP: Indicators and thresholds establishing onset, ending, and severity levels of the exceptional circumstances. Measures to be taken in each drought phase. Organizational framework to deal with drought and subsequent revision and updating of the existing drought management plan. Below, I have included an example from the Guadalfeo basin, part of the Mediterranean Basins of Andalusia RBD. First a thorough analysis of demand and resource, as well as the available infrastructure. The integration in a water exploitation model is recommended. Secondly, indicators (in this case, water storage in reservoirs) and thresholds are calculated, by confronting the water demands with pessimistic forecasts of expected resources. Third, exploitation strategy is defined to overcome drought episodes through timely activation of measures. Note the contribution of emergency wells as storage water decreases. Thank you again and my apologies for the rush. Hopefully, we can have a more relaxed discussion at the roundtable.