The document discusses anatomical terminology used to describe movement, directions, planes, and injuries in the body. It begins by defining the anatomical position and neutral body positioning. It then describes the three anatomical planes (sagittal, frontal, horizontal) used to view body structures. Key terms are introduced to describe directions in the body like superior, inferior, medial, lateral, anterior, and posterior. Fundamental movement terms like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction are also defined. Common injury terms and root words, prefixes, and suffixes used in anatomy are listed. Finally, the document discusses anatomy of the three main types of joints - synovial, fibrous, and cartilaginous joints - and examples of each.

1. Movement in
Anatomical Terms

2. The Anatomical Position
 Universal “starting point”
 All joints are considered to be in a
neutral position
 No movement has occurred yet
 Arms slightly to the side, palms up!
 Standing erect, palms and feet facing
forward

4. Planes
 Fixed lines of reference along which the
body is often divided or sectioned for
viewing structures
 By studying a region from sagittal,
horizontal, and frontal planes of
reference, a 3-D perspective can be
obtained.

5. Planes
 Sagittal: the plane that creates a right
and a left side of the body passing from
the front to the back
 Horizontal: also called the transverse
plane, creates a top and a bottom
 Frontal: also called the lateral plane,
creates a front and a back side as it
passes from one side of the body to
another

7. Planes
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7dF
WU9J0EU
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqtE
9GlLBJs

8. Anatomical Positions and
Directions
 Used for spatial relationships
 Superior: refers to something that is
above or higher than another structure
 Inferior: refers to something that is below
or lower than another structure

9. Anatomical Positions and
Directions
 Lateral: Refers to something farther
away from the midline of the body
 Medial: Refers to something closer to the
midline of the body

10. Anatomical Positions and
Directions
 Anterior: Refers to a structure that is in
front of another structure
 Posterior: Refers to a structure that is
behind another structure

11. Anatomical Directional Terms
 Proximal: means closer to the trunk
 Distal: means farther away from the
trunk
 Dorsal: means top side of a structure
(dorsal fin)
 Plantar: the underside of the foot

12. Anatomical Positions and
Directions
 Prone: means lying face down
 Supine: means lying face up
 Afferent: directed toward a center
 Efferent: directed away from a center
 Central: situated or pertaining to a center
 Peripheral: situated away from a center
 Median: situated in the midline of a
structure

13. Anatomical Positions and
Directions
 Intermediate: situated between median
(middle) and lateral (side)
 Deep: situated far beneath the surface
 Superficial: situated near the surface

14. Anatomical Positions and
Directions
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXni
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 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQU
MJ6Gh9Bw

15. Fundamental Movement
Terms
 Flexion: decreasing the angle formed by
the bones of the joint
 Extension: increasing the angle of the
joint
 Example: knee flexion vs. knee
extension
 Hyperextension: extreme or excessive
straightening of a part

16. Fundamental Movement
Terms Cont.
 Abduction: movement away from the
midline of the body
 Adduction: movement toward the midline
of the body
 Example: hip adduction vs. hip abduction

17. Fundamental Movement
Terms (Cont.)
 Internal (Medial) Rotation: the anterior
surface of the arm or leg rotates medially
toward midline.
 External (Lateral) Rotation: the anterior
surface of the arm or leg rotates laterally
away from the midline

18. Fundamental Movement
Terms (Cont.)
 Circumduction: movement in 2 or 3
planes
 At which joints is this movement
possible?

19. Fundamental Movement
Terms (Cont.)
 Pronation: turning the forearm toward
the body
 Supination: turning the forearm outward
from the pronated position (hold a cup of
soup)

20. Fundamental Movement
Terms (Cont.)
 Dorsiflexion: bringing the toes towards
the body
 Plantar Flexion: pointing the toes away
from the body

21. Injury Terms

22. Injury Terms
 Abrasion: skins surface scraped away
 Acute: recent or new injury; sudden
onset
 Atrophy: wasting away of tissue or an
organ
 Avulsion: tearing away of a part or a
structure
 Bursa: fluid filled sac

23. Injury Terms
 Calcification: deposits of calcium in an
area
 Chronic: injury with a long onset and
long duration
 Contraindicate: to advise against
 Contusion: bruise
 Crepitus: crackling sound
 Cyanosis: blue discoloration

24. Injury Terms
 Dislocation: complete separation of two
ends of a joint
 Subluxation: partial or incomplete
separation of a joint
 Ecchymosis: bruising, blue color
 Edema: swelling in the tissue
 Effusion: swelling in the joint
 Fracture: break in the bone

25. Injury Terms
 Hematoma: collection of or swelling that
is blood; blood tumor
 Incision: straight cut; surgical cut
 Indicate: advise the use of
 Inflammation: body’s response to injury
 Joint Laxity: Looseness in the joint
 Laceration: jagged tear of the skin

26. Injury Terms
 Ligament: structure that connects bone
to bone
 Tendon: structure that connects muscle
to bone
 Modality: healing apparatus
 Point Tenderness: pain produced when
structure is palpated
 Puncture wound: body part is pierced or
stabbed by an object

27. Injury Terms
 Range of Motion: amount of movement allowed
at the joint
 Referred Pain: pain felt somewhere other than
its origin
 Sprain: stretching or tearing of ligaments
 Strain: stretching or tearing of muscle/tendons
 Valgus: position of a body part that is bent
outward
 Varus: position of a body part that is bent
inward

28. Root Words, Prefixes, &
Suffixes
 Arthro: Joint
 Cardio: Heart
 Chondro: Cartilage
 Neuro: Nerve
 Pneumo: Lung
 Pyscho: Brain/Mental
 Tomy: To Cut/Incision
 Plantar: Sole of the foot

29. Root Words, Prefixes, &
Suffixes
 Supra/Super: Above
 Semi: Half
 Palmar: Palm of the Hand
 Thermo: Heat
 Cryo: Cold
 Arterio: Arteries
 Cerebro: Brain
 Myo: Muscle

30. Root Words, Prefixes, &
Suffixes
 Osteo: Bone
 Derm: Skin
 Sub: Below/beneath
 Pseudo: False
 Quad: Four
 Hyper: Excessive
 Brachium: Arm
 Phalangeal: Fingers/Toes

31. Root Words, Prefixes, &
Suffixes
 Cephalic: Towards the Head
 Vertebro: Vertebrae/Spine
 A/An: Without/Lack of
 Ad: Toward
 Bi: Both/Two/Twice
 Inter: Between
 Hypo: Under/Beneath

32. Root Words, Prefixes, &
Suffixes
 Sym/Syn: Joined/fused
 Algia: Pain
 Itis: Inflammation
 Ology: Study of
 Pathy: Disease
 Uni: One/single
 Epi: Above
 Ab: Away from

33. Root Words, Prefixes, &
Suffixes
 Ante: Before, In Front Of
 Co/con: Against
 Intra: Within
 Peri: Around
 Re: Again/Backward
 Retro: Behind
 Ectomy: Remove
 Oma: Tumor

34. Root Words, Prefixes, &
Suffixes
 Osis: Condition of
 Scopy: Examine
 Post: After

35. Joint Anatomy

36. Joint Anatomy
Synovial:
-Classifications:
-Immovable: Synarthrotic
-Slightly Movable: Amphiarthrotic
-Freely Movable: Diarthrotic
-4 Features:
-Capsule or Ligaments
-Synovial Membrane
-Articular Cartilage
-Joint cavity w/ synovial fluid

37. Joint Anatomy
Synovial:
-Types:
-Ball & Socket: Shoulder
-Hinge: Elbow
-Pivot: (Atlas/Axis)
-Ellipsoidal: Phalanges
-Saddle: Thumb
-Gliding: Wrist

38. Joint Anatomy
Fibrous:
-Features:
-Connected by fibrous tissue
-Immovable or slightly
movable
-Types:
-Sutures: Skull
-Syndesmosis: Interosseous
-Gomphosis: Teeth

39. Joint Anatomy
Cartilagenous:
-Features:
-Joined by cartilage
-Slightly Movable
-Types:
-Syndchondroses: Ribs
(hyaline cartilage)
-Symphysis: Pubic Symphysis,
Intervertebral Discs
(Fibrocartilage)