The motherboard connects the main components of a computer including the microprocessor, RAM, expansion slots, and connectors for external devices. It is mounted within the computer case and includes the BIOS firmware which allows basic functions like booting and device recognition. RAM is used to temporarily store data and instructions but loses the stored information when powered off. Different RAM types include DRAM, SRAM, and DDR RAM which provides faster data transfer rates. The CPU is located on the motherboard and is the main component that processes data, while the CPU fan and heatsink help keep it cool during operation.