This document provides information on a model bankable scheme for moringa cultivation for goat feed in India. It discusses moringa as an ideal fodder crop due to its high nutritional value and biomass production. Moringa leaves contain 20% crude protein and essential amino acids. One hectare of moringa can produce 650 metric tons of biomass annually, far more than other crops. The document also outlines the technical requirements for moringa cultivation, including suitable climate, soil, varieties, and planting methods. The goal of the scheme is to explore using moringa as a major component of animal feed, especially for goats.
Round the year fodder crop production in northern, southern,eastern and western regions of India covering all the available fodders and their cultivation practices, management practices, crop rotations and status of fodder crop availability in India region wise
“A Calf is Tomorrow’s Cow”
Calf is the foundation of the future dairy herd.
So we have to give proper attention for raising calves successfully.
“Timely Care of New-Born Calf Will Ensure Its Survival”
First 24 hours of life of a calf is so important, it has a strong bearing on the rest of its life.
“The first hour after calving is the most critical period in the entire life of a new born calf”
A new born calf should consume about 2 liters of colostrum within the first hour of birth & 4 liters (based on size) within 24 hours of birth.
Feeding colostrum after 24 hours of birth may not help the calf to absorb immunoglobulins properly, thus protection against diseases will be less.
Round the year fodder crop production in northern, southern,eastern and western regions of India covering all the available fodders and their cultivation practices, management practices, crop rotations and status of fodder crop availability in India region wise
“A Calf is Tomorrow’s Cow”
Calf is the foundation of the future dairy herd.
So we have to give proper attention for raising calves successfully.
“Timely Care of New-Born Calf Will Ensure Its Survival”
First 24 hours of life of a calf is so important, it has a strong bearing on the rest of its life.
“The first hour after calving is the most critical period in the entire life of a new born calf”
A new born calf should consume about 2 liters of colostrum within the first hour of birth & 4 liters (based on size) within 24 hours of birth.
Feeding colostrum after 24 hours of birth may not help the calf to absorb immunoglobulins properly, thus protection against diseases will be less.
ROLE OF MICRONUTRIENTS IN ALLEVIATING HEAT STRESS IN DAIRY ANIMALSDr. PRASANTH M NAIR
Global warming and climate change, causing a constant increase in the earth temperature, negatively affects the production and health of dairy animals by causing heat stress. Animal's inability to dissipate sufficient heat to maintain homeothermy results in heat stress. Both environmental temperature and humidity impact the severity of stress faced by the animals and is manifested as reduced feed intake, decreased production and reproductive performance with comprised immune functions of livestock. This paper will focus on the micronutrients which help to alleviate the negative impact of heat stress on dairy animals.Micronutrients are essential elements needed by life in small quantities. It includes major minerals, micro/trace minerals and vitamins. Micronutrients help to maintain the production of the animals, improve the nutrient usage, effectively neutralize the oxidant stress and strengthen the compromised immune system.Minerals play an important role in maintaining normal physiological functions in animals. However, heat stress responses are thought to increase mineral loss by excretion in animals. Hence, mineral supplement (DCAD, Zinc, Chromium, Selenium etc) to the diet might alleviate the adverse effects of thermal stress.Vitamins function as enzyme cofactors, participate in a variety of metabolic pathways as catalysts and are essential for the normal growth and development of animals. The addition of vitamins supplements (Vitamin E, Niacin etc) to the diet of dairy animals might also contribute to the relief of the negative effects of heat stress.
ROLE OF MICRONUTRIENTS IN ALLEVIATING HEAT STRESS IN DAIRY ANIMALSDr. PRASANTH M NAIR
Global warming and climate change, causing a constant increase in the earth temperature, negatively affects the production and health of dairy animals by causing heat stress. Animal's inability to dissipate sufficient heat to maintain homeothermy results in heat stress. Both environmental temperature and humidity impact the severity of stress faced by the animals and is manifested as reduced feed intake, decreased production and reproductive performance with comprised immune functions of livestock. This paper will focus on the micronutrients which help to alleviate the negative impact of heat stress on dairy animals.Micronutrients are essential elements needed by life in small quantities. It includes major minerals, micro/trace minerals and vitamins. Micronutrients help to maintain the production of the animals, improve the nutrient usage, effectively neutralize the oxidant stress and strengthen the compromised immune system.Minerals play an important role in maintaining normal physiological functions in animals. However, heat stress responses are thought to increase mineral loss by excretion in animals. Hence, mineral supplement (DCAD, Zinc, Chromium, Selenium etc) to the diet might alleviate the adverse effects of thermal stress.Vitamins function as enzyme cofactors, participate in a variety of metabolic pathways as catalysts and are essential for the normal growth and development of animals. The addition of vitamins supplements (Vitamin E, Niacin etc) to the diet of dairy animals might also contribute to the relief of the negative effects of heat stress.
Title: Spreading Awareness about Millets for the Common Man in India
I. Introduction to Millets
A. Definition and Background
B. Importance of Millets in Indian Culture and History
II. Types of Millets
A. Overview of Different Types (Foxtail, Finger, Pearl, Proso, Barnyard)
B. Nutritional Composition and Health Benefits of Each Type
III. Uses of Millets
A. Culinary Applications
1. Traditional Indian Dishes
2. Modern Fusion Recipes
B. Non-culinary Uses (Animal Feed, Ethanol Production, etc.)
IV. Millet Recipes for Indians
A. Breakfast Recipes
1. Millet Upma
2. Millet Pongal
3. Millet Idli/Dosa
B. Lunch/Dinner Recipes
1. Millet Khichdi
2. Millet Pulao
3. Millet Roti/Paratha
C. Snack and Dessert Recipes
1. Millet Laddu
2. Millet Dhokla
3. Millet Cookies
V. Benefits of Using Millets
A. Nutritional Benefits
1. High in Protein, Fiber, and Essential Nutrients
2. Gluten-Free and Low Glycemic Index
B. Environmental Benefits
1. Drought Resistance and Sustainable Cultivation
2. Soil Health Improvement
C. Economic Benefits
1. Cost-Effectiveness for Farmers and Consumers
2. Contribution to Food Security and Rural Livelihoods
VI. Conclusion
A. Recap of Key Points
B. Encouragement for Integration of Millets into Daily Diet
C. Call to Action for Spreading Awareness and Supporting Millet Cultivation
You've all heard the horror stories: kids going blind for lack of vitamin A, millions stunted by lack of micronutrients, rich country food deserts forcing the poor to eat junk food... It don't have to be this way! Malnutrition is not a curse. It's not even that difficult to fix. And trees are very good friends if you want to fix it!
Potential of-moringa-oleifera-as-livestock-fodder-cropSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Knowledge of Farmers about production technology of root and tuber cropsVedant Girawale
It is believable that to motivate farmers for adopting package of
practices of root & tuber crops for food security and nutritional security is very much essential. Final decision of farmers to adopt root & tuber crops cultivation is usually the result of their knowledge about package of practices of tuber crops. Therefore, it was felt necessary to study level of knowledge of the farmers about package of practices of root & tuber crops in Navsari distrist of south Gujarat, India.
organic farming is very helpful for nutrition security in India. now a days all food crops are adulterated which leads to varies new disorders in human health
Abstract— There are considerable differences among plant species in the amount of nutrients required for biomass production, indicating the differential ability of the species to utilize nutrients for growth. Exploitation of this ability for nutrient absorption is a good option for nutrient management in organic agriculture. Different plant species growing in the wild habitats in the Western Ghats and wastelands of the western coasts were screened for phyto-accumulation capacity with respect to macro and micronutrients. Based on the analysis, phyto-accumulators of each nutrient was identified. Considering the overall nutrient concentration, ten plant species were identified as potential plants which can be utilized for nutrient management in organic farming. Plants like Mirabilis jalapa and Canna indica which are super accumulators and possess underground stems are promising plant species for nutrient harvesting as the above ground portion can be harvested without destroying the plants.
Annual Biomass Production, Chemical Composition and In- sacco Degradability o...IJEAB
Types of plant cultivars and seasons often affect production and productivity of fodder biomass and nutritional quality to animals. Selection of suitable cultivars and better understanding of year round biomass production are indispensable for improving quality feed supply to animals. Black Seed Moringa (BSM-L) and White Seed Moringa (WSM), the two local cultivars and Black Seed Moringa (BSM-T) cultivar of Thailand origin of Moringa oleifera were cultivated in the fodder research field of the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) during the period of 19 August 2014 to 23 December 2015. An agronomical trial was conducted to determine the biomass yield of the three cultivars in different seasons of a year under common agronomical practices. The effect of the cultivars on the daily relative growth rate (RGR), chemical composition and in-sacco dry matter (DM) degradability were also evaluated. The cultivar response to biomass production performances, chemical composition and nutritional values were analyzed in an ANOVA of a Randomized Block Design (RBD), while the differences in the rate and extent of the DM degradability in-sacco determined using three rumen cannulated bulls were analyzed in an ANOVA of 3x3 Latin Square Design. The annual biomass yield of BSM-L tops (114.5 t/ha fresh; 22.7 t/ha DM) was significantly higher than that of WSM (29.0 t/ha fresh; 5.80 t/ha DM) or BSM-T (83.5 t/ha fresh; 16.0 t/ha DM). No significant difference in chemical composition (224.9, 222.4 & 223.8 g.kg-1 DM of crude protein (CP), respectively, and 450.9, 455.3 & 435.4 g.kg-1 DM of neutral detergent fiber, respectively) or nutritional value (47.4, 46.7 & 45.3% of potential, and 62.8, 64.2 and 63.6% of effective degradability of dry matter) was found for the cultivars. BSM-L had a significantly higher survivability (97.2%), prune number per plant (3.50) and RGR (15.6 mg DM/day) than WSM (25.0%, 2.30 & 4.20 mg DM/day) or BSM-T (55.6%, 3.10 & 10.8 mg DM/day) respectively. The hot and dry, and hot and humid climate having a Heat Index (HI) range of 25o to 35o F and monthly total rainfall of 130 mm to 332 mm were suitable for cultivation of all the Moringa cultivars. It was concluded that considering biomass production and its quality in terms of chemical composition and nutritional values, Black Seed Moringa (Moringa oleifera) may be cultivated as a plant fodder crop for the production of feed for ruminant animals.
Join us for an insightful presentation tailored to tropical audiences, delving into the intricate dynamics of ruminant nutrition and sustainable forage management. We will explore innovative strategies to elevate the quality of forage and pasture, vital for maximizing ruminant health and productivity in tropical regions.
Key Topics Include:
1. Soil Health Enhancement: Discover the pivotal role of soil health in forage production. Learn practical techniques for soil enrichment, including organic matter management, microbial inoculants, and soil remineralization. Explore the symbiotic relationship between soil health and forage quality, crucial for sustaining ruminant nutrition in tropical climates.
2. Silvopasture Systems: Uncover the benefits of integrating trees, forage, and livestock in a harmonious agroecosystem. Explore how silvopasture systems enhance biodiversity, microclimate regulation, and forage quality. Gain insights into suitable tree species, spacing, and management practices to optimize ruminant nutrition while promoting environmental resilience.
3. Sustainable Weed Control Measures: Navigate the challenge of weed management without compromising soil health or animal welfare. Explore eco-friendly weed control strategies, such as rotational grazing, cover cropping, and biological control agents. Discover effective methods for identifying, monitoring, and mitigating weed infestations to maintain optimal forage quality.
4. Inorganic Fertilizers: Balancing Productivity & Sustainability: Examine the role of inorganic fertilizers in supplementing soil nutrients for enhanced forage production. Learn about appropriate fertilizer application rates, timing, and formulations to minimize environmental impacts while maximizing forage yield and nutritive value. Explore strategies for integrating organic and inorganic fertilizers to achieve sustainable nutrient management goals.
5. Interpreting Soil and Forage Tests: Demystify the process of soil and forage testing, essential tools for informed decision-making in ruminant nutrition. Learn how to interpret soil test results to assess nutrient availability, pH levels, and soil health indicators crucial for optimal forage growth. Explore the significance of forage tests in determining nutrient composition, digestibility, and potential anti-nutritional factors affecting ruminant health. Gain practical insights into reading and analyzing test reports, enabling you to tailor nutrient management strategies to meet specific forage and animal nutritional requirements.
6. Proper Sampling Techniques: Master the art of proper soil and pasture sampling techniques to ensure accurate assessment of nutrient status and forage quality. Learn step-by-step procedures for collecting soil and forage samples, including sampling depths, locations, and timing considerations in tropical ruminant production systems.
Presenter: K. N. Bhatt
Title: Finger Millet for Nutrition, Health and Ecological Security: SFMI
Date: June 5, 2015
Venue: Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Sponsor: SRI-Rice
Model bankable scheme on goat - NABARD - 10 animalsKaushik Chaudhury
Goat rearing plays an important role in the national economy. It provides gainful employment and income to the weaker sections especially the rural poor. Goat is probably the only animal which is bred for multiple objectives, viz., meat, hide, milk, manure and hair. Due to versatile characteristics and utilisation, goat is often called 'poor man's cow' in India. Goat meat is usually low in fat and is commonly called chevon. Goat meat is preferred to mutton in India. Being the principal meat producing animal in India, goat meat is commonly preferred to other meat with better prices irrespective of caste and religion.
Goat and Sheep in India generally live on grazing. National Commission on Agriculture has given considerable emphasis for the development of goat rearing activity. But, no goat development programme of appropriate magnitude has been undertaken by any States. Some misconception of the goat rearing is that goat is considered as principal destructive element of forestry and ecology. But unlike sheep, the goat can be successfully reared under intensive and semi-intensive system both for breeding and meat purposes. The intensive (stall-fed) semi-intensive and free range system of goat rearing activity is an eligible activity for bank finance and also covered under NABARD refinance.
Salma Karina Hayat is Conscious Digital Transformation Leader at Kudos | Empowering SMEs via CRM & Digital Automation | Award-Winning Entrepreneur & Philanthropist | Education & Homelessness Advocate
Textile Chemical Brochure - Tradeasia (1).pdfjeffmilton96
Explore Tradeasia’s brochure for eco-friendly textile chemicals. Enhance your textile production with high-quality, sustainable solutions for superior fabric quality.
How to Build a Diversified Investment Portfolio.pdfTrims Creators
Building a diversified investment portfolio is a fundamental strategy to manage risk and optimize returns. For both novice and experienced investors, diversification offers a pathway to a more stable and resilient financial future. Here’s an in-depth guide on how to create and maintain a well-diversified investment portfolio.
Best Crypto Marketing Ideas to Lead Your Project to SuccessIntelisync
In this comprehensive slideshow presentation, we delve into the intricacies of crypto marketing, offering invaluable insights and strategies to propel your project to success in the dynamic cryptocurrency landscape. From understanding market trends to building a robust brand identity, engaging with influencers, and analyzing performance metrics, we cover all aspects essential for effective marketing in the crypto space.
Also Intelisync, our cutting-edge service designed to streamline and optimize your marketing efforts, leveraging data-driven insights and innovative strategies to drive growth and visibility for your project.
With a data-driven approach, transparent communication, and a commitment to excellence, InteliSync is your trusted partner for driving meaningful impact in the fast-paced world of Web3. Contact us today to learn more and embark on a journey to crypto marketing mastery!
Ready to elevate your Web3 project to new heights? Contact InteliSync now and unleash the full potential of your crypto venture!
When listening about building new Ventures, Marketplaces ideas are something very frequent. On this session we will discuss reasons why you should stay away from it :P , by sharing real stories and misconceptions around them. If you still insist to go for it however, you will at least get an idea of the important and critical strategies to optimize for success like Product, Business Development & Marketing, Operations :)
Reflect Festival Limassol May 2024.
Michael Economou is an Entrepreneur, with Business & Technology foundations and a passion for Innovation. He is working with his team to launch a new venture – Exyde, an AI powered booking platform for Activities & Experiences, aspiring to revolutionize the way we travel and experience the world. Michael has extensive entrepreneurial experience as the co-founder of Ideas2life, AtYourService as well as Foody, an online delivery platform and one of the most prominent ventures in Cyprus’ digital landscape, acquired by Delivery Hero group in 2019. This journey & experience marks a vast expertise in building and scaling marketplaces, enhancing everyday life through technology and making meaningful impact on local communities, which is what Michael and his team are pursuing doing once more with Exyde www.goExyde.com
Explore Sarasota Collection's exquisite and long-lasting dining table sets and chairs in Sarasota. Elevate your dining experience with our high-quality collection!
What You're Going to Learn
- How These 4 Leaks Force You To Work Longer And Harder in order to grow your income… improve just one of these and the impact could be life changing.
- How to SHUT DOWN the revolving door of Income Stagnation… you know, where new sales come into your magazine while at the same time existing sponsors exit.
- How to transform your magazine business by fixing the 4 “DON’Ts”...
#1 LEADS Don’t Book
#2 PROSPECTS Don’t Show
#3 PROSPECTS Don’t Buy
#4 CLIENTS Don’t Stay
- How to identify which leak to fix first so you get the biggest bang for your income.
- Get actionable strategies you can use right away to improve your bookings, sales and retention.
Office Furniture | Furniture Store in Sarasota, Florida | Sarasota Collection
Moringa cultivation for goat feed 1 ha
1. Model Bankable Scheme
on
Moringa Cultivation for Goat Feed
March 2017
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development,
Mumbai
2. 2
Model Bankable Scheme on
Moringa Cultivation for Goat Feed
1. Introduction
1.1 Regular supply of adequate and nutritious feed and fodder is essential for the
development of livestock sector. Fodder crops are the main and cheapest source of roughage
feed for livestock. However, shortage of quality fodder, particularly during lean periods is
major factor contributing to lower livestock productivity. Currently, the country faces a net
deficit of 35.6% green fodder, 10.95% dry fodder and 44% concentrate feed ingredients. The
demand for green and dry fodder will reach to 1012 and 631 million MT by 2050. Therefore, to
meet out this deficit, fodder supply has to grow at 1.69% annually to sustain livestock
husbandry. Since last two decades, the area under cultivated fodder is only 8.4 m ha (less than
5%). About 2% reduction in fodder area in each decade along-with two important fodder
scarcity periods, one in winter months (November to January) and other in summer (May-
June) further worsening the situation. As the livestock population is increasing at the rate of
4.2% per year and accordingly its feed requirements are also increasing.
1.2 Characteristic of Ideal Fodder Crop
Major characteristics of an ideal fodder are:
It is nutritious, easily palatable and digestible.
Not injurious at the stage at which it is fed to animal.
It should be quick growing and early maturing.
It should give high yield of green fodder.
It should give maximum number of cuttings and biomass.
It should grow well with little tillage and care.
It should be capable of preserving as hay or silage.
1.3 Major Fodder Crops
Forages have an important role to play in ruminant nutrition in providing energy, protein and
minerals and fiber for chewing. Tree fodders could be a good option to meet the fodder demand
of livestock in areas having a perennial shortage of green fodder. Research efforts have
confirmed the potentiality of browsing plants to provide alternate source of nutrition for
ruminants in tropics. There is a huge list of such browse trees and shrubs with potential use as
fodder, which may go even up to more than 300 species. Major fodder crops grown include
berseem, lucerne, oats, barley, mustard, maize, sorghum and Moringa.
3. 3
2. Moringa – Miracle Tree
2.1 One such ideal fodder tree for ruminants is Moringa (Moringa oleifera L.), popularly
known as “drumstick tree” for its pods. This fast-growing tree native to Indian subcontinent is
grown throughout the tropics for multi-purpose use viz. human food, livestock forage,
medicine values, dye, water purification, and for its wide adaptability and ease of
establishment. It is a hardy tree which is drought tolerant and can withstand diverse
temperature range, grows in different types of soil and has fast and vigorous growth. The leaves
have high protein content with various essential amino acids. In addition to various essential
minerals present in the tree, healing properties and health benefits are also associated with this
tree. These qualities packaged into a single tree may justify Moringa being termed as 'Miracle
tree'. Besides being used for human consumption the leaves of this tree have been reported to
be used as major component in animal feed/fodder.
2.2 Biomass Production: Moringa vis-à-vis Other Fodder Crops
Moringa is a fast growing tree and produces huge biomass per unit area in comparison with
any other fodder crop/ tree. A comparative analysis is presented in table – 1 below:
Table – 1: Biomass Production: Moringa vs Other Fodder Crops
Sr. No. Crop Biomass Production MT/ha/ Year
1 Moringa 650
2 Napier grass 350
3 Cereals in rotation 200
4 Berseem 100
5 Sorghum 55
6 Cowpea 45
Moringa outperforms all other crops in biomass production and single planting lasts for 8-9
years. It can be grown as hedge, fence, and multi-cut forage, etc. From one ha land under
Moringa, the nutrients harvested shall include the following (Source: CIRG, Mathura):
650 MT of green mass, equivalent to 130(20%) MT of dry mass.
17.5 MT of pure protein.
7 MT of lipids, with 65% being omega-3 fatty acids.
10 MT of fermentable sugars.
Approximately 8 MT of starch.
Approximately 45 MT of hemicellulose and cellulose.
All these factors may make Moringa leaves and green stems very attractive and inexpensive as
a source of animal feed.
4. 4
2.3 Nutritional Profile
Moringa offers a good alternative source of protein with over 20% crude protein in leaves to
humans and ruminants wherever they thrive (Nouala et al., 2006). There has been an
increasing interest in the use of Moringa as a protein source for livestock (Asaolu et al., 2009;
2010). Laboratory analysis (Makkar & Becker 1997; Asaolu, 2009) showed negligible amounts
of tannins (1 to23 g/kg) in all fractions of the Moringa oleifera plant and high levels of sulphur-
containing amino acids. Macronutrients like P, K, Ca, and Mg play key roles in balancing the
physiological, metabolic, and biochemical processes of livestock. Moringa leaves contain high
amount of macronutrients Mg and K, and can be effectively used to fulfill the dietary and
nutritional requirements of livestock animals by mixing of Moringa leaves. Moringa leaves
contain a good amount of beta-carotene, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium and iron. Nutritional
profile is presented in Table – 2.
Table - 2: Nutritional Profile of Moringa oleifera
(Source: Gebregiorgis et.al. 2012)
Particulars Content
Metabolizable energy (MJ/kg DM) 9.30
Organic matter digestibility (%) 72.0
Ash(%) 13.2
Crude fiber (%) 10.0
Crude protein (%) 28.9
Fat (%) 6.73
Nitrogen Free Extracts (NFE) (%) 45.0
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (%) 16.7
Non fiber carbohydrate (NFC) (%) 38.4
Acid detergent lignin (%) 6.49
Cellulose (%) 5.59
Hemicelluloses (%) 4.66
Calcium (%) 2.62
Phosphorus (%) 0.43
Magnesium (%) 0.56
Potassium (%) 2.0
Sodium(%) 0.03
Since Moringa leaves are rich in protein, so can be used as a fodder for milch animals and other
animals like goats. 92% of protein found in Moringa is digestible. Rather, its leaves contain
much higher protein than conventional protein supplements like coconut meal, cotton seed
cake, ground nut cake, sesame cake, sunflower cake etc. Leaves also contain 8-9% lipids which
are rich in Omega-3 fatty acids. Besides these, the leaves possess antioxidant and antimicrobial
properties against several fungal species such as E. coli, S. arous, P. aeruginosa, and B. cereus.
2.4 There is growing interest/awareness among the Moringa growers across the globe
including India for adoption of latest techniques for commercial cultivation of Moringa and
5. 5
technologies for preparing animal feed from Moringa. The Central Institute for Research on
Goats (CIRG), Mathura (UP) has undertaken extensive research on Moringa both for its
commercial cultivation and using it as animal feed, particularly for goats. This bankable model
scheme explores the possibilities for use of Moringa as a major component of animal feed. In
the present bankable model, recommendations of the CIRG, Mathura for Moringa and the
views of the Moringa growers and entrepreneurs using Moringa leaves for animal feed
preparation has been taken into consideration.
3. Technical Requirements
3.1 Climate
Moringa enjoys the climate of tropical and sub- tropical region. Temperature ranges are 25O-
35oC, but it can tolerate up to 48oC and it can survive a light frost as well. It is hardy and tolerant
to drought and cold due to presence of a long taproot system. It grows best in direct sunlight
under 2000 meters altitude. Minimum annual rainfall requirements are estimated at 250 mm
with maximum at over 3,000 mm. Irrigation is needed for leaf production if rainfall is less than
800 mm. In areas with heavy rainfall, trees can be planted on small hills to encourage water
run-off.
3.2 Soil
It tolerates a wide range of soil conditions, but prefers a neutral to slightly acidic (pH. 6.3-7.0),
well-drained sandy or loamy soil for optimal growth. The clay soils that become sticky when
wet and very hard when dry may be avoided. Avoid termite-infested soils as much as possible.
It can tolerate poor soils including coastal soils.
3.3 Varieties
There is exclusive variety developed for fodder purpose in Moringa. The varieties suitable for
fodder purpose are P.K.M - 1 and P.K.M - 2 developed by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University.
At Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG), Mathura, local selections from Chhattisgarh
were also tried and found suitable for fodder purpose.
3.4 Planting Material
Moringa can be propagated either by (i) Seed or (ii) Stem cuttings. Plants produced with
cuttings will not have a deep root system and will be more sensitive to wind and drought.
Cuttings are also more sensitive to termite attacks. For fodder purpose, propagation by seed is
preferred as requirement is large in view of narrow spacing followed. Seeds can be sown
directly in- situ or raised in polybags in nursery for further transplantation. A good seed should
be viable, clean and disease free. Seeds should not be stored over long periods as they lose
viability after about one year. There are around 4000 Moringa seeds (with their shell) in a kilo.
Direct sowing is preferred for fodder purpose. Seeds are required to be soaked in water for 10-
6. 6
12 hours before sowing. Availability of quality planting material is of utmost importance in
Moringa cultivation.
Seeds must be sown at a maximum depth of 2 cm. Deeper seeding will greatly reduce the
germination rate. One or two seeds per pit can be sown. When seeds are expensive or difficult
to acquire, a better option is to plant one seed only and to wait two weeks for germination to
occur. Then, the empty spaces are refilled. When the seed quality is more uncertain or the
seeding period not optimal, use two seeds per pit is advocated. If the two seeds germinate, the
weaker plant can be removed. Moringa seeds germinate 12 to 15 days after seeding. It is better
to get the seed testing done or get the seeds from reliable source for better germination.
The seed requirement is 40 kg per ha. The best quality of seed (PKM1) is available from Tamil
Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore costing around Rs.3000 per kg. This variety (PKM1)
is prolific and having high germination percentage. Also seeds of local selections are reported
to be sold in the market, but with less potential for intensive cultivation of Moringa.
3.5 Land Preparation
Generally plain land (without waterlogging) in tropical areas is suitable for Moringa
cultivation. The selected site may be cleaned where necessary and all unwanted materials removed
from the field. Land needs to be thoroughly ploughed and levelled. In hilly areas, planting is
done on terraces against the slopes. The soil preparation involves fertilization and irrigation so
as to keep the soil moist and ready before sowing is done. It is recommended that soil testing
is done for deciding the proper fertilizer dosage.
3.6 Planting Distance
The recommended spacing for Moringa for the purpose of fodder by CIRG, Mathura is 30 cm
x 30 cm (row to row, plant to plant), which accommodates around 1.11 lakh plants per ha. The
seed rate for this design of plantation is 40 kg per ha.
3.7 Planting Season
Moringa seeds can be sown during June-July at the onset of Monsoon. However, in moderate
climates, with availability of irrigation, Moringa can be sown any time during the year.
3.8 Irrigation
Moringa can germinate and grow without irrigation if it is sown during the rainy season. Its tuberous
root develops in twenty days and allows young plants to endure drought. However, for optimal growth,
it is essential to irrigate regularly depending upon the climate. Irrigation is also necessary to produce
leaves all year long, including during dry seasons. In North India, during winter (15 December 15
March), Moringa sheds leaves and no cutting is taken up. Irrigation may not be required during these
periods. Any suitable irrigation system can be used – flood, drip or sprinkler irrigation. Drip irrigation
is recommended for saving water and also to get higher yields. If water is scarce, mulching or a very
superficial weeding will also decrease evaporation. In case of temperature remaining less than 25OC,
7. 7
irrigation can be done even at an interval of 30-40 days. If the temperature remains above 40OC, surface
irrigation is recommended every 20 days. In the present model, drip irrigation is considered.
3.9 Manures & Fertilizers
The compost/ FYM @1o MT per ha may be added and mixed with the soil at the time of planting
for better growth and soil health. It is also advisable to apply FYM every year. The vermi
compost, if applied in required quantity will provide the nutrients in addition to keeping the
soil health intact for long time. The dosage for NPK may be decided on the basis of soil test
results. Generally 100 kg/ ha each of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash is recommended. The
fertilizer is generally applied in three split doses during the year.
3.10 Inter culture
Weed growth is observed during the initial period after sowing which may be controlled with
1-2 manual weedings. Thereafter, due to close planting, weed growth is very much limited.
Weedicides are not recommended and only intercultural operations involving manual removal
of weed in the initial phases of the plant is sufficient.
3.11 Pests and Diseases Management
Moringa is a hardy plant and resistant to most of the pests and diseases. As such no major
pests and diseases are reported. If it is cultivated for fodder, army caterpillar is the major pest
and can be controlled by localized fire. Cattle, sheep, etc. eat the Moringa leaves, pods, seeds.
Protection of the plants from livestock grazing is very essential by putting proper fence or live
fence along the border.
3.12 Harvesting
First harvesting in Moringa for fodder is done 90 days after sowing. Subsequent harvests will
be undertaken every 45 days. In North India, in winter season (between 15 December to 15
March), no harvesting is undertaken as leaf shedding takes place. Six cuttings/ harvest are
possible in North India, whereas, in other parts with mild winter production through the year,
8 cuttings are possible. Once planted, the green biomass can be harvested from Moringa plant
up to 8-10 years. In the present model economic life assumed is 8 years.
The leaves and stems are easily harvested by cutting the plant at around 30 cm above ground
level though manual cutting. These leaves and stems, which are generally tender at the time of
harvest are cut into small sizes through chaff cutter before drying and the same is used as a
component of animal feed.
8. 8
3.13 Yield
Normally, a green biomass of 650 MT/ ha per year for 8-10 years can be harvested through 6
cuttings during a year under North Indian conditions. However, this yield can be much higher
if more number of cuttings are undertaken as possible in South India.
3.14 Post-Harvest Management/ Processing - Moringa as a Goat Feed
The Moringa green biomass is harvested in 6-8 cuttings. This green fodder is to be preserved
for feeding the goats throughout the year. The steps involved for preserving are as under:
Fig.1: Preparation of Moringa Feed Pellets
The green biomass is dried for making pelleted animal feed. Before drying the green biomass
is chaffed into small pieces of approx. 1 inch using chaff cutter. Direct sunlight takes 7-8 hours
for converting green into dry biomass. Generally sun-drying is being practiced at present. Since
one or two harvest may be required to be undertaken in rainy/ winter seasons an alternate
source of drying (machine drying) without nutrient losses could be explored. CIRG reported
Harvesting of leaves along with twigs
Chaffed through chaff cutter
Sun drying
Mixing with maize & salt
80:19:1 ratio
Preparation of feed pellets (80:20)
Stored in gunny /plastic bags
Shelf life of the pellets - > 6 months
9. 9
that antifungal property of the plant does not let fungal growth even if the green biomass is left
undried for 3 to 4 days.
Fig.2: Pelletizing Machine
Since Moringa is available at a
cheap rate (Rs. 300- Rs.400 per
quintal dry biomass as compared
to Rs. 1300/ quintal for maize)
hence higher ratio of Moringa in
feed would result in lower feed
cost. A ratio of 80:19:1 :: Moringa
: Maize : Common salt has been
found to be the most profitable
and suitable composition in
experimental goats. As the
preparation of Moringa based
feed(pellets) does not require
molasses, the shelf life of this feed
(pellets) kept in gunny/ plastic
bags is 6 months or more.
3.15 Feeding of Pelletized Moringa Feed
In the trials conducted by CIRG, Mathura, 1.5 to 2 kg of pelletized feed per goat is found to be
optimum for the desired live body weight of 30 kg attained in one year. With Moringa pellets,
there is no need for feeding other concentrates or green fodder. The goats are found to relish
on these pellets as compared to any other kind of feeds. The cost of feeding with Moringa
pellets is estimated at Rs. 9-10 per animal per day (assuming 2 kg per adult @ Rs.4.5-5 per kg)
as compared to Rs. 15 per animal per day in case of traditional feeding systems. Thus, use of
Moringa pellets will result in huge savings in feed cost which is the most critical aspect in
viability of stall fed goat rearing. With one ha under Moringa cultivation, a farmer can easily
rear around 150 Sirohi breed or 200 Barberi breed goats.
In research farm, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of 8.76:1 has been recorded in goats fed with
Moringa based feed while FCR of 11.1:1 has been recorded in goats fed other than Moringa
based feed. The impact evaluation study conducted at the field indicated a reduction in feed
cost by 25% and increase in milk yield by 20% aptly demonstrating suitability of Moringa as
animal feed.
The techno-economic parameters for the model project are detailed in Annexure I.
10. 10
4. Financial Viability and Bankability
4.1 Project Cost
In the present model, the unit cost of development of Moringa in 1 hectare of land considering
seeds of PKM-1 variety with an economic life of 8 years has been presented. This may be
modified to as per use of other varieties of seeds/ planting material and taking into account the
local conditions, techno-economic parameters and the prevailing wage rate as per the
minimum wage act of the concerned state. The unit cost in the model works out to Rs.9,14,725/
hectare. The cost includes cost of cultivation, drip irrigation system, chaff cutter and pelletizer
unit. The details of unit cost for Moringa cultivation including feed pellet production is given
in Annexure II.
4.2 Margin Money
The margin money / down payment prescribed are 5 %, 10 % and 15% for small, medium and
other farmers respectively. The rest of the investment cost will be provided as bank loan.
However, in the present model, 10 % of the unit cost i.e. Rs. 91,473 has been considered as
margin money.
4.3 Bank Loan
Bank loan of 90% of the total cost of development shall be available from the financing
institution. Bank loan considered in the model is 90%. It works out to Rs. 8,23,253 in the
model.
4.4 Rate of Interest
The rate of interest to be charged to the ultimate borrower would be guided by RBI guidelines
issued from time to time. However, the ultimate lending rate has been considered as 13 % for
working out the bankability of the model project.
4.5 Security
Banks are guided by RBI guidelines issued from time to time in this regard.
4.6 Financial Analysis
Financial analysis was carried out for one hectare of Moringa cultivation including pellet
production. For financial analysis, the income was assessed on a conservative basis. The
detailed calculation of project’s income and expenditure has been indicated in Annexure III.
Details of NPW, BCR and IRR for the model are given in Annexure IV with a summary
presented below.
11. 11
Table – 3: Moringa Cultivation for Fodder:
Summary of Financial Analysis
NPW BCR IRR
10,16,234 1.48:1 >50%
4.7 Repayment period of loan
Based on the cash flow, the detailed repayment schedule has been worked out and furnished
in the Annexure V. The repayment period works out to five years including one year grace
period for repayment of principal.
5. Conclusion
Moringa is fast growing, produces far higher biomass than any other fodder crop and rich in
nutrients. It can be grown in diverse climatic zones, in low fertility and saline soils. It also has
tolerance for drought conditions. The stall fed goat rearing can be made possible by cultivation
of Moringa as the feed source. Moringa cultivation for fodder purpose is technically feasible,
financially viable and bankable activity in the areas identified suitable for it based on agro-
climatic conditions.
***
DISCLAIMER
The views expressed in this model project are advisory in nature. NABARD assumes
no financial liability to anyone using the report for any purpose. The actual cost and
returns of the projects will have to be taken on a case by case basis considering the
specific requirement of projects.
12. 12
Annexure I
Moringa Cultivation for Fodder: Techno-Economic Parameters
1 Unit 1 ha
2 Variety PKM-1, PKM-2
3 Spacing 30 cm x 30 cm
4 Plant population/ ha 1.11 lakh
5 Planting material Seeds
6 Planting material requirement kg/ ha 40
7 Planting material cost (Rs./ha) @ Rs.3000/ kg 120000
8 Labour (Rs./manday) 250
9 Farm yard Manure (MT/ha) 10
10 Farm yard Manure (Rs./MT) 1000
11 Nitrogen (kg/ha) 100
12 Nitrogen (Rs./kg) 11.75
13 Phosphorus (kg/ha) 100
14 Phosphorus (Rs./kg) 33
15 Potash (kg/ha) 100
16 Potash (Rs./kg) 27
17 Cost of Drip Irrigation (Rs./ha) 100000
18 Cost of Pelletizer 300000
19 Maize requirement (Mt/ year) @
Moringa:Maize:Salt - 80:19:1:
24.7
20 Cost of Maize (Rs./MT) 11000
21 Salt requirement (MT/ year) @
Moringa:Maize:Salt - 80:19:1:
1.3
22 Cost of Salt (Rs./MT) 2000
23 No. of Biomass Cuttings/ year 6
24 Production of Green Biomass (MT/ha/ year) 650
25 Production of Dry Biomass (MT/ha/ year) 130
26 Production of Feed Pellets (MT/ha/ year) 156
27 Sale Price of Pellets (Rs./ MT) 4500
28 Feed/ Pellet Requirement (kg/day/goat) 1.5 to 2
29 No. of goats that can be supported by 1 ha Moringa 150 (Sirohi/ Jamnapari), 200
(Barberi)
30 Life span of Moringa for Biomass Production
(Years)
8
31 Life of drip irrigation system (Years) 5
13. 13
Annexure – II
Moringa Cultivation for Fodder: Project Cost
(Amount in Rs.)
Sr. No. Particulars Year I
I Investment Cost
1 Land preparation, Layout 8000
2 Planting material 120000
3 Planting/ Seeding 2500
4 Drip irrigation system 1,00,000
5 Cost of Chaffing machine 20,000
6 Cost of Pelletizer 3,00,000
7 Live Fencing 8000
Sub Total - I 558500
II Maintenance Cost
1 Cost of Manures/ Compost 10000
2 Cost of Fertilizers 7175
3 Manures & fertilizer application 3750
4 Plant protection chemicals 500
5 Application of plant protection 500
6 Interculture 5000
7 Harvesting and Transportation 30000
8 Cost of maize 271700
9 Cost of salt 2600
10 Chaffing & Pelletizing 15000
11 Packing & Storage 10000
Sub Total - II 356225
Total Cost (I+II) 9,14,725
Means of Financing
(Amount in Rs.)
Sr. No. Particulars Year I
1 Total Project Cost 9,14,725
2 Margin Money @ 10% of Project Cost 91473
3 Bank Loan 8,23,253
16. 16
Annexure V
Moringa Cultivation for Fodder: Loan Repayment Schedule
(Amount in Rs.)
Year
Loan O/s
at the
beginning
of the
year
Interest@13%
Gross
Surplus
Repayment
Total
Outgoing
Net
Surplus
Loan
O/s at
the end
of the
year
Principal Interest
1 8,23,253 1,07,023 -2,12,725 0 1,07,023 1,07,023 -3,19,748 8,23,253
2 8,23,253 1,07,023 3,45,775 2,00,000 1,07,023 3,07,023 38,752 6,23,253
3 6,23,253 81,023 3,45,775 2,00,000 81,023 2,81,023 64,752 4,23,253
4 4,23,253 55,023 3,45,775 2,20,000 55,023 2,75,023 70,752 2,03,253
5 2,03,253 26,423 2,45,775 2,03,253 26,423 2,29,675 16,100 0
Assumptions:
a) Entire feed is used for captive consumption as goat feed. It may be safely assumed that entire surplus from
sale of pellets can be utilized to pay the bank loan. As a result, repayment can be even before 5 years.
b)
With 1 ha under Moringa, 150 goats of Sirohi breed or 200 of Barberi breed can be easily reared. Assuming
sale price @ Rs. 250 per kg of live weight of 30 kg/animal will bring in a gross income of Rs. 11.25 lakh to
Rs. 15 lakh every year. This will facilitate early repayment of bank loan availed for Moringa cultivation.