The document discusses the nervous system and brain. It describes how the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is further divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions and contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The document then discusses neurons, neurotransmitters, the main parts and lobes of the brain, the limbic system, endocrine system, brain disorders like delirium and Alzheimer's disease, and brain imaging technologies.

1. The Biology of Mind

3. Nervous System
• Relays electrical signals through the body, directs behavior
and movement and controls physiological processes
• The nervous system can be broken down into two parts:
o Central nervous system (CNS)
• Brain and spinal cord
o Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• Touch, taste, smell nerve cells

5. Peripheral Nervous System
• Somatic Nervous System
o Branch of the PNS that transmits sensory information to
the CNS and carries out its motor commands
• Autonomic Nervous System
o Branch of the PNS that carries messages between the CNS
and internal organs (digestion, glucose release, respiration)
1) Sympathetic nervous system
2) Parasympathetic nervous system

6. Autonomic Nervous System
1) Sympathetic nervous system
 Activates body’s “fight or flight” responses
 Increased heart rate, dilated pupils, sweating, dry mouth,
stops digestion
2) Parasympathetic nervous system
 Supports more mundane bodily functions
 Regulates blood sugar levels, saliva production, waste
management

8. Neural Communication
• Neurons
o Nerve cells found throughout the nervous system
o Specialize in electrical and chemical communication
• Neurotransmitters
o Chemical messengers that “transmit” electrons/information
across synaptic gaps of neurons then caught by receptor
proteins on the next neuron/nerve cell

13. The Brain
SECTION OF BRAIN FUNCTION
Receives information from the brain to control basic functions (heart
Brain stem rate, respiration, blood pressure, swallowing, coughing, sneezing,
vomiting, etc)
Main information pathway between the brain and the spinal cord (like
Thalamus the phone jack in the back of your computer)
Control center for our body's homeostasis (regulates body temperature,
Hypothalamus appetite, thirst for water, desire for salt, etc).
Keeps movements smooth and coordinated, helps maintain posture,
Cerebellum muscle tone, and equilibrium/balance
Cerebrum Intellect, speech, and memory

17. The Brain
• Occipital Lobe
o Specialized for vision
• Parietal Lobe
o Sense of touch, spatial orientation, awareness
• Temporal Lobe
o Hearing and language functions, visual pattern recognition
• Frontal lobe
o Movement, attention, planning, abstract thinking

18. The Brain
• Hemispheric specialization
o Each hemisphere control the opposite side of the body
o Right hemisphere = excels at spatial function
o Left hemisphere = speaking, language, math

19. Limbic System
• Area of the brain that involves emotion and motivation
• Fully developed only in mammals
• Consists of:
• Amygdala - emotional processes; attaches emotional
significance to emotional events)
• Hypothalamus - regulates the autonomic system
• Hippocampus - memory, storing new information

20. Endocrine System
• Collection of glands throughout the body that secrete
chemicals (called hormones) directly into bloodstream
• Guide metabolism, growth, and sexual development
• Adrenaline hormones trigger physiological arousal
 Hormones (adrenaline) are similar to neurotransmitters
(norepinephrine) related to anxiety/fear
 Endocrine system uses hormone secretion to “broadcast”
via bloodstream (highway) vs. neurotransmitters which
“talk” to one neuron then another in rapid succession

21. Brain Technology
• ESB
o Electronic stimulation of the brain (in animals)
o Electrode planted in an area of the brain to stimulate that
region to determine any changes in behavior
• EEG
o Used to study electrical activity of the brain
o Electrodes placed on scalp and brain becomes “mapped” as
areas “light up”
• CAT
o Computerized axial tomography (MRI, PET)
o Assembles three dimensional picture of brain from x-rays
o Detection of abnormalities of mass (tumors)

22. Brain Disorders
• Delirium
o Disturbance of brain metabolic function
o Symptoms include disorientation, hallucinating,
disturbed sleep, incoherent speech
o Treatment entails removing the underlying cause,
detoxification, rehydration, etc.
o Common in dying patients as organs shut down

23. Brain Disorders
• Alzheimer’s Disease
o Progressive and incurable
o Cause by tangled neurons that disrupt functioning
of the cortex
o Low level of neurotransmitters (ACH) which plays
a role in memory function
o Neurons in the brain destroyed, severely impairing
memory, reasoning, perception, language, behavior
o Genetic causes (chromosome 21)?