This document discusses the nutritional and environmental requirements for bacterial growth, including the need for carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other elements. It describes different types of culture media like liquid broth, semi-solid agar, and solid agar plates and how they are used. The document also covers bacterial colony morphology, describing smooth, mucoid, and rough colony types. Various growth conditions that bacteria require like temperature, oxygen levels, pH, and osmotic pressure are also summarized.
Culture media are used to grow microorganisms under controlled conditions. They contain nutrients and physical parameters to support growth. Obligate parasites cannot grow in artificial media. Bacteria must be cultured for identification, clinical diagnosis, and studies. Culture media are classified based on consistency, composition, and application. Selective and differential media allow isolation and identification of pathogens. Transport media maintain specimens before culturing. Anaerobic media support growth in low oxygen conditions. Assay media quantify nutrients and antibiotic potency.
The document discusses the raw materials and nutritional requirements for bacterial culture media. It outlines that quality water, agar, peptone, casein hydrolysate, meat extract, yeast extract, and malt extract are important raw materials. It also discusses the roles of macro and micronutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and trace elements. Carbon sources like glucose provide energy, while buffers and indicators are also added. Nutritional requirements include vitamins, growth factors, and a balanced mix of major and minor elements to support bacterial growth.
B.sc. (micro) i em unit 2 microbial growth & nutrition aRai University
This document discusses microbial nutrition, growth, and environmental factors that affect bacteria. It covers temperature, pH, oxygen requirements, and osmotic pressure. Temperature classes include mesophiles, psychrophiles, and thermophiles. Most bacteria grow best between pH 6-8, but some are acidophiles or alkaliphiles. Organisms also differ in their oxygen requirements, ranging from obligate aerobes to obligate anaerobes. High solute concentrations impact osmophiles and halophiles. Growth is measured by changes in population over time using various methods like plate counts or turbidity.
This document discusses the requirements for microbial growth, including physical requirements like temperature, pH, oxygen, and osmotic pressure. It also discusses chemical requirements such as carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and organic growth factors. Additionally, it covers topics like biofilm formation, culture media, and special culture techniques for growing different types of microbes.
Lecture 3 biofactories in the biotechnology industry – introduction(2)Dr. Tan Boon Siong
This document provides an overview of biotechnology and bioprocess engineering. It discusses biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It then focuses on recombinant DNA technology, explaining the process from gene to product, including gene isolation, cloning, cell transformation, fermentation and downstream processing to produce biomolecules like proteins. The main applications of biotechnology in pharmaceutical, agriculture, chemical and fuel industries are also summarized.
This document discusses microbial nutrition and growth. It covers nutrient requirements for microbes including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur sources. It also describes nutrient transport processes such as simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. The document discusses culture media and methods for measuring microbial growth including turbidity, viable cell counts, and mass determination. It explains batch and continuous culture and factors that influence microbial growth such as temperature, pH, salt concentration and oxygen levels. Finally, it provides an overview of quorum sensing in bacteria.
The document summarizes microbial growth requirements and culture techniques. It discusses the temperature, pH, oxygen, pressure, and nutritional requirements for microbial growth. It also describes different types of culture media such as selective, differential and enrichment media. Various culture methods are outlined, including anaerobic culturing and preserving cultures through lyophilization or deep freezing.
Culture media are used to grow microorganisms under controlled conditions. They contain nutrients and physical parameters to support growth. Obligate parasites cannot grow in artificial media. Bacteria must be cultured for identification, clinical diagnosis, and studies. Culture media are classified based on consistency, composition, and application. Selective and differential media allow isolation and identification of pathogens. Transport media maintain specimens before culturing. Anaerobic media support growth in low oxygen conditions. Assay media quantify nutrients and antibiotic potency.
The document discusses the raw materials and nutritional requirements for bacterial culture media. It outlines that quality water, agar, peptone, casein hydrolysate, meat extract, yeast extract, and malt extract are important raw materials. It also discusses the roles of macro and micronutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and trace elements. Carbon sources like glucose provide energy, while buffers and indicators are also added. Nutritional requirements include vitamins, growth factors, and a balanced mix of major and minor elements to support bacterial growth.
B.sc. (micro) i em unit 2 microbial growth & nutrition aRai University
This document discusses microbial nutrition, growth, and environmental factors that affect bacteria. It covers temperature, pH, oxygen requirements, and osmotic pressure. Temperature classes include mesophiles, psychrophiles, and thermophiles. Most bacteria grow best between pH 6-8, but some are acidophiles or alkaliphiles. Organisms also differ in their oxygen requirements, ranging from obligate aerobes to obligate anaerobes. High solute concentrations impact osmophiles and halophiles. Growth is measured by changes in population over time using various methods like plate counts or turbidity.
This document discusses the requirements for microbial growth, including physical requirements like temperature, pH, oxygen, and osmotic pressure. It also discusses chemical requirements such as carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and organic growth factors. Additionally, it covers topics like biofilm formation, culture media, and special culture techniques for growing different types of microbes.
Lecture 3 biofactories in the biotechnology industry – introduction(2)Dr. Tan Boon Siong
This document provides an overview of biotechnology and bioprocess engineering. It discusses biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It then focuses on recombinant DNA technology, explaining the process from gene to product, including gene isolation, cloning, cell transformation, fermentation and downstream processing to produce biomolecules like proteins. The main applications of biotechnology in pharmaceutical, agriculture, chemical and fuel industries are also summarized.
This document discusses microbial nutrition and growth. It covers nutrient requirements for microbes including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur sources. It also describes nutrient transport processes such as simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. The document discusses culture media and methods for measuring microbial growth including turbidity, viable cell counts, and mass determination. It explains batch and continuous culture and factors that influence microbial growth such as temperature, pH, salt concentration and oxygen levels. Finally, it provides an overview of quorum sensing in bacteria.
The document summarizes microbial growth requirements and culture techniques. It discusses the temperature, pH, oxygen, pressure, and nutritional requirements for microbial growth. It also describes different types of culture media such as selective, differential and enrichment media. Various culture methods are outlined, including anaerobic culturing and preserving cultures through lyophilization or deep freezing.
A lecture note on Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Inf...Akram Hossain
This was an assignment of preparing “A lecture note on Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Informative Hybridizations” for the course "General Microbiology"
Hope you will find it useful.
This document discusses various environmental factors that affect microbial growth, including temperature, pH, oxygen levels, osmotic pressure, and nutritional requirements. It classifies microorganisms based on their optimal and maximum temperature ranges, pH preferences, oxygen utilization, and responses to osmotic pressure and available nutrients. Various culture techniques are also described that allow isolation and study of microbes in different environmental conditions.
Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Informative Hybridiza...Akram Hossain
This was an assignment of preparing “A lecture note on Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Informative Hybridizations” for the course "General Microbiology"
Hope you will find it useful.
Bacterial physiology by Dr. Shireen Rafiq (RMC)Hassan Ahmad
This document discusses various types of bacterial culture media. It describes how media provide nutrients to support bacterial growth outside their natural habitats. It defines culture as microorganisms cultivated in the lab and medium as a combination of ingredients that promote microbial growth. The document then discusses different types of media including aerobic, anaerobic, basic, enriched, selective, differential, transport and blood culture media; and provides examples of each.
This document provides information on cultivating bacteria, including definitions, purposes, and requirements. It discusses cultivating bacteria in vitro for identification, antibiotic susceptibility testing, industrial uses, and research. The key requirements for in vitro cultivation are nutritional needs provided by culture media, temperature, gaseous atmosphere, and humidity. Various types of culture media are described based on consistency, oxygen requirements, and constituents. Selective, enriched, differential, and transport media are among the special types discussed.
This document discusses bacterial growth and nutrition. It covers topics like the growth curve of bacteria in a batch culture, which has four phases: lag, logarithmic, stationary, and death. It also discusses the requirements for bacterial growth, including a suitable energy source, carbon source, nitrogen source, and other inorganic salts. The document outlines the different types of bacterial metabolism based on energy and oxygen requirements. It also discusses the various media used for bacterial growth in the laboratory and the physical conditions that influence bacterial growth, such as temperature, moisture, pH, light, osmotic pressure, and mechanical stresses.
This document discusses microbial nutrition and growth. It explains that microbes require nutrients for energy, cellular activities, and constructing new cellular components. The main nutrients include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements. It categorizes microbes based on their carbon and energy sources. It also describes the physical and chemical requirements for microbial growth, including temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and nutrients. It discusses culture media, methods for measuring growth, and techniques for obtaining pure cultures.
This document discusses bacteriological culture media, including definitions of culture and media, types of culture, microbes' ability to be cultured, basic culture equipment, and indications for culture. It classifies media as inanimate or animate, describes commonly cultured and uncultured bacteria. It also covers culture techniques and materials needed. The document further classifies media based on consistency, nutritional ingredients, and use. It discusses important solidifying agents and characteristics of simple, enriched, selective, indicator, and differential media.
Nutritional requirements of bacteria and nutrient media (2) copyvinaya warad
To understand nutritional requirements of bacteria
To study nutritional classification of bacteria
To study constituents of nutrient media
To understand types of nutrient media.
To understand uses of different nutrient media
Cultivation, growth and nutrition of bacteriaAshfaq Ahmad
This document discusses the cultivation, growth and nutrition of bacteria. It covers various topics such as:
- The purpose and methods of culturing bacteria, including isolation, identification and maintaining stock cultures.
- The components and uses of culture media, including providing nutrients for bacterial growth and selecting for certain bacteria.
- Obtaining pure cultures through aseptic techniques and separating individual bacterial cells on solid media to form colonies.
- Classification of culture media based on consistency (liquid, solid, semi-solid), nutritional components (simple, complex, synthetic) and functional use (enriched, selective, differential, transport, indicator, anaerobic).
This document provides an overview of bacterial growth and nutrition. It discusses the basic requirements bacteria need to grow, including sources of energy, raw materials like carbon, and essential nutrients. It explains that bacteria can be autotrophs or heterotrophs, and describes the macronutrients and micronutrients needed for bacterial growth. The document also covers the different chemical forms nutrients must be in for bacteria to use them, the concept of fastidious versus copiotrophic bacteria, and how bacteria respond to nutritional deficiencies or other environmental stresses. Finally, it discusses culture media and the physical factors like oxygen, temperature, and pH that influence bacterial growth.
B sc micro i btm u 4 nutritional requirementsRai University
This document discusses the nutritional requirements of microorganisms and various culture media used to grow them. It outlines the macro and micronutrients required, as well as the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus needs of autotrophs and heterotrophs. Different culture media types are described including enriched, selective, indicator and differential media. Specific media like blood agar and triple sugar iron agar are also explained. Methods for culturing microbes including streak, pour, stab and anaerobic techniques are summarized.
This chapter discusses microbial nutrition, growth, and transport. It covers how microbes obtain essential nutrients, how they are classified based on carbon and energy acquisition, and the various transport mechanisms they use to uptake nutrients. The chapter also examines methods for culturing, counting, and studying the growth cycles of microbes over time, including their ability to form biofilms and undergo cellular differentiation.
Cultivation of bacteria and culture methodsAshfaq Ahmad
Cultivation of bacteria allows for the isolation, growth, and study of microorganisms. There are various culture methods and media that support the growth of bacteria. Liquid broths and solid agar plates can be used with different nutrient formulations to selectively grow specific bacteria. Streaking, lawning, stabbing, and pour plating are common culture techniques used to isolate pure colonies for analysis. Specialized enriched, selective, differential, and transport media help optimize bacterial growth and identification.
1. The document discusses the growth and reproduction of microorganisms like bacteria through binary fission or budding. It describes the four phases of bacterial growth in a closed culture system: lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
2. It also discusses the requirements and classification of culture media used to grow bacteria in the laboratory, including nutrient composition, consistency (solid, liquid, semisolid), and purpose (ordinary, special, enrichment, selective, diagnostic, conservation).
3. Key physical factors that influence microbial growth are also outlined, such as temperature, pH, and oxygen concentration. Most bacteria grow best around human body temperature and neutral pH.
This document discusses the cultivation, nutritional requirements, and types of bacteria. It describes how bacteria are cultivated in vitro through isolation in pure culture to study their properties and antibiotic sensitivity. Various culture media are described including liquid, solid, semi-solid, simple, complex, defined, and special media for different purposes. Aerobic and anaerobic culture methods are outlined. The major nutritional requirements of bacteria including mineral nutrients, growth factors, and vitamins are detailed. Finally, the document categorizes bacteria based on their carbon, energy, and electron sources and describes different modes of bacterial nutrition.
This document provides information on bacterial culture medium and culture techniques. It discusses the history of bacterial culture, the need for culture methods, types of media including solid, liquid and selective media. Common media such as nutrient agar, blood agar and MacConkey agar are described. The document also covers culture methods like streak plate, pour plate and anaerobic culture techniques. Culture media provide a controlled environment for bacterial growth, aiding identification and characterization of bacteria.
Coccobacilli is a transitional shape between coccus and bacillus. It has the shape of short rods or ovals.
Bacillus do not form tetrads or clusters because their shape does not allow them to arrange in those patterns like cocci can. As individual rods, bacillus cannot cluster in the same symmetrical ways as cocci.
1) Fungi include yeasts, molds, and slime molds and are classified based on their morphology and cellular structure.
2) Fungi obtain nutrients through heterotrophic nutrition and can reproduce both sexually through specialized sex organs and asexually through spores, budding, or fission.
3) Important fungi include Saccharomyces cerevisiae used in brewing and baking, Penicillium species that produce antibiotics and cheeses, and edible mushrooms and truffles.
Gram positive cocci include medically important genera such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus. Staphylococcus aureus can cause skin infections, food poisoning, and pneumonia. Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep) is a pathogen associated with pharyngitis, scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever. Streptococcus agalactiae commonly causes neonatal meningitis. Viridans streptococci are oral commensals occasionally linked to endocarditis.
A lecture note on Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Inf...Akram Hossain
This was an assignment of preparing “A lecture note on Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Informative Hybridizations” for the course "General Microbiology"
Hope you will find it useful.
This document discusses various environmental factors that affect microbial growth, including temperature, pH, oxygen levels, osmotic pressure, and nutritional requirements. It classifies microorganisms based on their optimal and maximum temperature ranges, pH preferences, oxygen utilization, and responses to osmotic pressure and available nutrients. Various culture techniques are also described that allow isolation and study of microbes in different environmental conditions.
Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Informative Hybridiza...Akram Hossain
This was an assignment of preparing “A lecture note on Microbial Growth and Nutrition, and Clones, Enzymes and Informative Hybridizations” for the course "General Microbiology"
Hope you will find it useful.
Bacterial physiology by Dr. Shireen Rafiq (RMC)Hassan Ahmad
This document discusses various types of bacterial culture media. It describes how media provide nutrients to support bacterial growth outside their natural habitats. It defines culture as microorganisms cultivated in the lab and medium as a combination of ingredients that promote microbial growth. The document then discusses different types of media including aerobic, anaerobic, basic, enriched, selective, differential, transport and blood culture media; and provides examples of each.
This document provides information on cultivating bacteria, including definitions, purposes, and requirements. It discusses cultivating bacteria in vitro for identification, antibiotic susceptibility testing, industrial uses, and research. The key requirements for in vitro cultivation are nutritional needs provided by culture media, temperature, gaseous atmosphere, and humidity. Various types of culture media are described based on consistency, oxygen requirements, and constituents. Selective, enriched, differential, and transport media are among the special types discussed.
This document discusses bacterial growth and nutrition. It covers topics like the growth curve of bacteria in a batch culture, which has four phases: lag, logarithmic, stationary, and death. It also discusses the requirements for bacterial growth, including a suitable energy source, carbon source, nitrogen source, and other inorganic salts. The document outlines the different types of bacterial metabolism based on energy and oxygen requirements. It also discusses the various media used for bacterial growth in the laboratory and the physical conditions that influence bacterial growth, such as temperature, moisture, pH, light, osmotic pressure, and mechanical stresses.
This document discusses microbial nutrition and growth. It explains that microbes require nutrients for energy, cellular activities, and constructing new cellular components. The main nutrients include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements. It categorizes microbes based on their carbon and energy sources. It also describes the physical and chemical requirements for microbial growth, including temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and nutrients. It discusses culture media, methods for measuring growth, and techniques for obtaining pure cultures.
This document discusses bacteriological culture media, including definitions of culture and media, types of culture, microbes' ability to be cultured, basic culture equipment, and indications for culture. It classifies media as inanimate or animate, describes commonly cultured and uncultured bacteria. It also covers culture techniques and materials needed. The document further classifies media based on consistency, nutritional ingredients, and use. It discusses important solidifying agents and characteristics of simple, enriched, selective, indicator, and differential media.
Nutritional requirements of bacteria and nutrient media (2) copyvinaya warad
To understand nutritional requirements of bacteria
To study nutritional classification of bacteria
To study constituents of nutrient media
To understand types of nutrient media.
To understand uses of different nutrient media
Cultivation, growth and nutrition of bacteriaAshfaq Ahmad
This document discusses the cultivation, growth and nutrition of bacteria. It covers various topics such as:
- The purpose and methods of culturing bacteria, including isolation, identification and maintaining stock cultures.
- The components and uses of culture media, including providing nutrients for bacterial growth and selecting for certain bacteria.
- Obtaining pure cultures through aseptic techniques and separating individual bacterial cells on solid media to form colonies.
- Classification of culture media based on consistency (liquid, solid, semi-solid), nutritional components (simple, complex, synthetic) and functional use (enriched, selective, differential, transport, indicator, anaerobic).
This document provides an overview of bacterial growth and nutrition. It discusses the basic requirements bacteria need to grow, including sources of energy, raw materials like carbon, and essential nutrients. It explains that bacteria can be autotrophs or heterotrophs, and describes the macronutrients and micronutrients needed for bacterial growth. The document also covers the different chemical forms nutrients must be in for bacteria to use them, the concept of fastidious versus copiotrophic bacteria, and how bacteria respond to nutritional deficiencies or other environmental stresses. Finally, it discusses culture media and the physical factors like oxygen, temperature, and pH that influence bacterial growth.
B sc micro i btm u 4 nutritional requirementsRai University
This document discusses the nutritional requirements of microorganisms and various culture media used to grow them. It outlines the macro and micronutrients required, as well as the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus needs of autotrophs and heterotrophs. Different culture media types are described including enriched, selective, indicator and differential media. Specific media like blood agar and triple sugar iron agar are also explained. Methods for culturing microbes including streak, pour, stab and anaerobic techniques are summarized.
This chapter discusses microbial nutrition, growth, and transport. It covers how microbes obtain essential nutrients, how they are classified based on carbon and energy acquisition, and the various transport mechanisms they use to uptake nutrients. The chapter also examines methods for culturing, counting, and studying the growth cycles of microbes over time, including their ability to form biofilms and undergo cellular differentiation.
Cultivation of bacteria and culture methodsAshfaq Ahmad
Cultivation of bacteria allows for the isolation, growth, and study of microorganisms. There are various culture methods and media that support the growth of bacteria. Liquid broths and solid agar plates can be used with different nutrient formulations to selectively grow specific bacteria. Streaking, lawning, stabbing, and pour plating are common culture techniques used to isolate pure colonies for analysis. Specialized enriched, selective, differential, and transport media help optimize bacterial growth and identification.
1. The document discusses the growth and reproduction of microorganisms like bacteria through binary fission or budding. It describes the four phases of bacterial growth in a closed culture system: lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
2. It also discusses the requirements and classification of culture media used to grow bacteria in the laboratory, including nutrient composition, consistency (solid, liquid, semisolid), and purpose (ordinary, special, enrichment, selective, diagnostic, conservation).
3. Key physical factors that influence microbial growth are also outlined, such as temperature, pH, and oxygen concentration. Most bacteria grow best around human body temperature and neutral pH.
This document discusses the cultivation, nutritional requirements, and types of bacteria. It describes how bacteria are cultivated in vitro through isolation in pure culture to study their properties and antibiotic sensitivity. Various culture media are described including liquid, solid, semi-solid, simple, complex, defined, and special media for different purposes. Aerobic and anaerobic culture methods are outlined. The major nutritional requirements of bacteria including mineral nutrients, growth factors, and vitamins are detailed. Finally, the document categorizes bacteria based on their carbon, energy, and electron sources and describes different modes of bacterial nutrition.
This document provides information on bacterial culture medium and culture techniques. It discusses the history of bacterial culture, the need for culture methods, types of media including solid, liquid and selective media. Common media such as nutrient agar, blood agar and MacConkey agar are described. The document also covers culture methods like streak plate, pour plate and anaerobic culture techniques. Culture media provide a controlled environment for bacterial growth, aiding identification and characterization of bacteria.
Coccobacilli is a transitional shape between coccus and bacillus. It has the shape of short rods or ovals.
Bacillus do not form tetrads or clusters because their shape does not allow them to arrange in those patterns like cocci can. As individual rods, bacillus cannot cluster in the same symmetrical ways as cocci.
1) Fungi include yeasts, molds, and slime molds and are classified based on their morphology and cellular structure.
2) Fungi obtain nutrients through heterotrophic nutrition and can reproduce both sexually through specialized sex organs and asexually through spores, budding, or fission.
3) Important fungi include Saccharomyces cerevisiae used in brewing and baking, Penicillium species that produce antibiotics and cheeses, and edible mushrooms and truffles.
Gram positive cocci include medically important genera such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus. Staphylococcus aureus can cause skin infections, food poisoning, and pneumonia. Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep) is a pathogen associated with pharyngitis, scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever. Streptococcus agalactiae commonly causes neonatal meningitis. Viridans streptococci are oral commensals occasionally linked to endocarditis.
- Oral bacteria play an important role in both health and disease. The oral cavity contains over 700 bacterial species that form complex biofilm communities on teeth and in other areas.
- Certain bacteria like Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli are associated with dental caries due to their ability to produce acid from carbohydrates, tolerate low pH environments, and form biofilms. These cariogenic bacteria were first isolated in the early 1900s.
- While many people harbor cariogenic bacteria, not everyone develops caries. The ecological plaque hypothesis suggests that caries results from an environmental shift, like frequent sugar intake, that upsets the balance between pathogenic and commensal oral bacteria.
This document discusses various biochemical tests used to identify bacteria. It provides details on tests like indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, and citrate utilization (IMVIC) tests. For each test, it lists the principle, required reagents and media, and positive and negative results. Students are assigned to research additional biochemical tests, tabulating the working principle, reagents, media, and results for each. They are also instructed on proper media preparation and inoculation techniques to perform the tests in class and report their results.
This document discusses the nutritional and environmental requirements for bacterial growth, including the need for carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other elements. It describes different types of culture media like liquid broth, semi-solid agar, and solid agar plates and how they are used. The document also covers bacterial colony morphology, describing smooth, mucoid, and rough colony types. It discusses factors that provide a suitable growth environment for bacteria, such as oxygen levels, temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure requirements.
General pathology lecture 4 cellular adaptationviancksislove
Cellular adaptations can occur in response to stress through hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, or metaplasia. Hyperplasia involves an increase in cell number through cell proliferation. Hypertrophy is an enlargement of existing cells without cell division. Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and number. Metaplasia is the replacement of one adult cell type with another through reprogramming of stem or mesenchymal cells. These adaptations allow tissues and organs to respond to changes in workload, stimulation levels, injury, or other stresses.
This document provides taxonomic classifications and descriptions of various gram-positive and gram-negative bacilli. It covers characteristics of Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Lactobacillus, Erysipelothrix, Listeria, and several enteric bacteria including Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Proteus. It describes their morphology, staining properties, culture characteristics, pathogenicity and diseases associated with each genus.
General pathology lecture 5 inflammation & repairZa Flores
The document discusses various aspects of inflammation and repair. It describes the signs of acute inflammation as redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. It then covers the events in acute inflammation, including neurologic events like vasoconstriction and vasodilation, hemodynamic events such as increased permeability and slowing of blood flow, and cellular events like margination and emigration of leukocytes. Chronic inflammation and types of inflammation based on location and exudates are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing repair through granulation tissue formation, remodeling and fibrosis.
This document provides descriptions of various microbiological tests and media, including what each tests for and how to interpret the results. It explains that Phenol Red Broth tests for carbohydrate fermentation by detecting acid production which turns the broth yellow, Durham tubes test for gas production by detecting bubbles, and O.F. Basal Medium distinguishes between oxidation and fermentation by adding oil to cut off oxygen in one tube. Similarly, it outlines several other common differential and selective tests and media, such as Citrate Agar, Decarboxylase Broth, TSB for indole production, Nitrate Broth, Urease Broth, Blood Agar for hemolysis, PEA agar for gram-
This document discusses dental instruments used in restorative and periodontal procedures. It provides classifications and descriptions of common hand instruments including cutters, excavators, scalers, burnishers, pluggers and matrices. Diagrams illustrate the scientific hybrid design of balanced Amarrijje instruments intended to minimize hand fatigue compared to cheap imitations.
This document discusses cellular injury, aging, and death. It covers reversible and irreversible cell injury including hydropic swelling, intracellular accumulations, necrosis, apoptosis, and gangrene. The main causes of cellular injury are discussed as ischemia/hypoxia, nutritional deficiencies, infection/immune response, chemicals, and physical factors. Cellular aging is described as the cumulative effect of declining proliferation and repair over time along with environmental damage. Somatic death refers to the death of the entire organism marked by the cessation of vital functions and subsequent postmortem changes in the body.
Aging is characterized by a declining ability to respond to stress and increased risk of disease. Differences in maximum lifespan between species correspond to different rates of aging, affected by genetic factors. Cells lose the ability to divide and function through the process of senescence. Traditional theories of aging include programmed and stochastic theories. More recent theories include molecular, cellular, and system-level theories. The free radical theory proposes that oxidative damage from free radicals produced during metabolism accumulates over time and causes aging. Telomere shortening leads to cell senescence.
General pathology lecture 2 intracellular accumulationsZa Flores
This document discusses different types of intracellular accumulations, including exogenous and endogenous accumulations. Exogenous accumulations result from inhaled or ingested materials depositing in cells, such as coal dust (anthracosis) or asbestos fibers. Endogenous accumulations occur due to the body's normal metabolic processes or errors in metabolism, including lipofuchsin, bile pigments, melanin, hemosiderin, and amyloid deposits. The document provides examples of different accumulations seen in tissues under the microscope.
This document discusses various biochemical tests used to identify bacteria, including:
IMViC tests (Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer, Citrate) which identify bacteria based on their reactions in different media. Other tests discussed include urease, oxidase, catalase, coagulase, hemolysis, hydrogen sulfide, and pigment formation tests. The document also notes that enzymes produced by bacteria can be constitutive or adaptive, and intracellular or extracellular.
- The document discusses various concepts related to pathology including cellular adaptations, injury, death, causes of disease, and morphological features seen microscopically.
- It covers topics such as apoptosis versus necrosis, intracellular accumulations, and subcellular responses to injury.
- The main teaching points are mechanisms of cellular injury and death, morphological indicators of different disease states, and associations between microscopic images and conditions.
This document summarizes key concepts in immunology, including the three lines of defense against pathogens, primary and secondary immune organs, lymphocytes and immunity types, immunologic disorders, antibodies, and common immunologic problems. It covers cellular and humoral immunity, the immune response process, and immunologic terminology.
This document discusses microbial control through various sterilization and disinfection methods including physical agents like heat, radiation, and filtration as well as chemical agents like phenols, alcohols, and antibiotics. It covers topics such as bacteriostatic vs bactericidal effects, modes of microbial transmission, and biological vectors of infection.
The document discusses several genera of bacteria that are morphologically similar as they are all motile microorganisms with helical or spiral shapes. It focuses on Spirochetes including Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, Borrelia which causes relapsing fever, and Leptospira that can cause leptospirosis. It also briefly covers Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Chlamydia and their roles in various infectious diseases.
1. The document discusses different types of culture media used to grow microorganisms in the laboratory, including solid media, semisolid media, and liquid broths.
2. Solid media like agar plates are used for isolating pure cultures, observing colony morphology, and storing cultures long-term. Semisolid media allow studying bacterial motility.
3. Broths are used for growing cultures for assays and biochemical tests since bacterial growth is visible through turbidity.
4. Agar is commonly used to solidify media due to its properties of being bacteriologically inert and allowing surface growth of colonies.
This document discusses microbial culture media. It defines culture, medium, and introduces various types of culture media including solid, liquid, semi-solid media. It describes different media based on constituents like simple, complex, synthetic media. It also discusses special media like enriched, enrichment, selective, indicator, differential media and provides examples. The document explains preparation of media and various applications of different media types.
Culture Media and culture technique.pptssuser957fe2
This document provides information on various culture media used to grow microorganisms. It discusses the early history of culture media beginning with Pasteur's use of liquid broths made from urine or meat extract. The importance of solid media for developing pure cultures is highlighted. Agar was later introduced as a solidifying agent since it does not melt at temperatures bacteria can grow at. Different types of media are described including solid, liquid, selective, differential, and enriched media. Composition and uses of several common media like nutrient agar, blood agar, MacConkey agar, Sabouraud dextrose agar, and Mueller Hinton agar are outlined.
This document discusses different types of culture media used to grow microorganisms outside of their natural habitats. It describes various media including basic media, enriched media containing additional nutrients, selective and differential media that inhibit some bacteria and allow easy identification of others based on colony characteristics. Transport media are also discussed which maintain specimens and prevent overgrowth until laboratory analysis. The document provides examples of commonly used media for different applications and microorganisms.
This document provides information on nutritional requirements and culture media used for bacterial growth. It discusses the major elements required by bacteria like carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and trace elements. Physical factors like temperature, pH, oxygen and osmotic pressure that influence bacterial growth are also covered. Different types of culture media like solid, liquid, enriched and selective media are described. The stages of bacterial growth including lag, log, stationary and decline phases are summarized. Common methods for measuring and enumerating microbial growth such as plate counting, turbidity and dry weight are also mentioned.
Applications of fish celllines by B.pptxB. BHASKAR
Recent research studies on fish cell lines found many more application of cell lines pathological studies, toxicology, biomedical research, vaccine development etc
This document discusses different types of culture media used for growing microbes. It describes media based on consistency (solid, semisolid, liquid), composition (synthetic vs non-synthetic), and application (basic, selective, differential, etc.). Key aspects covered include the use of agar as a solidifying agent, nutrients needed for microbial growth, and raw materials used in media preparation like water, carbohydrates, minerals, and buffering agents. Selective agents are also discussed which suppress unwanted microbial growth. The major nutritional requirements of microbes are carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and trace elements.
Culture media are mixtures of nutrients that support microbial growth. They must provide what microbes need in their natural habitats. Common ingredients include peptone, water, agar, salts, and extracts. Media are classified based on consistency (liquid, solid, semisolid), constituents (simple, complex, synthetic), functional requirements (enriched, selective, indicator), and oxygen needs (aerobic, anaerobic). Different media formulations allow isolation and study of specific microbes based on their growth characteristics. Proper media selection is essential for microbiology experiments and clinical diagnostics.
B.sc. (micro) i em unit 4.4 culturing & isolatingRai University
The document discusses culturing and isolating bacteria. Bacteria must be grown (cultured) separately (isolated) on culture media to obtain pure cultures for study. Various culture media are used, including solid, liquid, and semi-solid media made with ingredients like agar, nutrients, and dyes. Differential and selective media contain substances that allow bacteria to be distinguished based on properties like sugar fermentation and toxin production. Streak plating is used to isolate single colonies from a mixed culture to obtain a pure isolate.
Nutrient media – A source of amino acids and nitrogen (e.g., beef, yeast extract). This is an undefined medium because the amino acid source contains a variety of compounds with the exact composition being unknown
This document provides information on culture media and methods used to culture bacteria. It discusses the requirements bacteria have for growth and how laboratory culture media aims to provide a captive environment for bacteria to grow. Various types of culture media are described, including solid, liquid and semi-solid media made with ingredients like agar. Special media like enriched, selective, differential and indicator media are also outlined. Common biochemical tests performed on cultured bacteria like TSI, oxidase, indole and citrate are briefly explained. The document provides an overview of basic microbiology laboratory techniques for culturing and identifying bacteria.
Here are short notes on the highlighted media types:
i) Enriched media: Contains additional nutrients to support growth of fastidious organisms. Example is Brain Heart Infusion broth.
ii) Enrichment media: Used to enhance the growth of stressed or injured organisms present in low numbers. Example is Selenite F broth.
iii) Selective media: Contains additives that inhibit the growth of some bacteria and allow the growth of desired bacteria. Example is MacConkey agar.
iv) Indicator media: Contains pH or color indicators to detect metabolic changes during bacterial growth. Example is Litmus Milk.
v) Differential media: Allows differentiation of bacteria based on biochemical reactions. Example is Triple
Plant tissue culture is the process of growing plant cells, tissues or organs in an artificial nutrient medium under sterile conditions. It allows for the rapid multiplication of plant cells and the regeneration of whole plants. The key steps involve selecting an explant, sterilizing it, inoculating it onto a nutrient medium, incubating to form callus tissue, subculturing the callus to induce regeneration of plantlets, hardening the plantlets, and transferring them to soil. Plant tissue culture has many applications including micropropagation, clonal propagation, breeding new plant varieties, and producing secondary metabolites. It is an important biotechnology tool in agriculture and horticulture.
Growth & multiplication of Microorganism. The main principles of bacteria cul...Eneutron
1. The document discusses the growth and reproduction of microorganisms like bacteria through binary fission or budding. It describes the four phases of bacterial growth in a closed culture system: lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
2. It also discusses the requirements and classification of culture media used to grow bacteria in the laboratory, including nutrient composition, consistency (solid, liquid, semisolid), and purpose (ordinary, special, enrichment, selective, diagnostic, conservation).
3. Physical factors like temperature, pH, and oxygen concentration that influence microbial growth are also outlined.
The document discusses various microbiology techniques for culturing microbes including inoculation, isolation, incubation, inspection, and identification. It describes how to produce pure cultures through methods like streak plating and describes different types of culture media including solid, liquid, enriched, selective, and differential media. The goals are to transfer microbes to produce isolated colonies, grow them under proper conditions, observe characteristics, and identify organisms through comparing data.
Culture medium is a substance used to grow microorganisms outside the body. It provides nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, minerals and growth factors. Culture media can be solid, semi-solid or liquid. They are classified as simple, complex, synthetic or special based on ingredients. Special media include enriched media which adds substances like blood or serum, and selective media which uses antibiotics to inhibit certain bacteria. Differential and transport media are also used to identify bacteria or safely transport clinical samples for identification.
This document discusses carcinogenesis and the molecular basis of tumor development. It covers several theories of carcinogenesis, including genetic damage to oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, genes regulating apoptosis, and DNA repair genes. It also discusses various carcinogenic agents and the multi-step process of carcinogenesis, including initiation, promotion, and progression. Finally, it provides examples of different types of neoplasms and tumors, along with their characteristics.
An adenoma is a benign tumor of glandular epithelium where cells are arranged in a recognizable glandular structure. Adenomas may cause excess secretion from affected glands. The major difference between adenomas and malignant tumors is that adenomas do not metastasize or spread. Sometimes adenomas develop into adenocarcinomas. Symptoms of adenomas vary and include lumps, excess secretion, or no symptoms. Adenomas can be diagnosed via colonoscopy or imaging and appear as sessile, flat, or pedunculated polyps.
The document provides information on various protozoan and helminth parasites. It discusses the morphology, life cycles, transmission, symptoms and diseases caused, diagnosis and treatment of intestinal protozoa like Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum; blood and tissue protozoa like Plasmodium species, Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania species; and helminth parasites including nematodes, cestodes and trematodes. Key information on parasite identification from stool, blood or tissue samples and recommended treatment regimens are also provided.
General pathology lecture 3 cell death or necrosisviancksislove
Necrosis refers to cell death in living tissue. Dead cells show changes in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, such as increased eosinophilia and swollen mitochondria. There are several types of necrosis including coagulation, liquefactive, fatty, caseous, and gangrenous necrosis. Caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis seen in tuberculous infections, appearing as a soft, cheesy material. Apoptosis is a normal and regulated form of cell death important in development and tissue homeostasis. After death, the body undergoes changes including algor mortis, rigor mortis, livor mortis, autolysis, and putrefaction.
This document provides an overview of general microbiology as a 3-unit subject for dental students. It discusses the history of microbiology, including key figures such as Fracastorius, Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Lister, and Koch. It also summarizes the development of microscopy, the spontaneous generation controversy, and proofs that microbes cause disease. Finally, it briefly outlines the divisions, applications, and career opportunities within the field of microbiology.
This document provides information on viruses including their structure, classification, life cycle, and diseases they cause. It defines key terms like capsids, genomes, and envelopes. It describes the four main types of viral structures and how viruses are classified based on attributes like morphology, genome, and host. Common animal viruses are outlined including families like Adenoviridae, Flaviviridae, and Picornaviridae. Public health issues like influenza, SARS, Ebola, and dengue are also summarized.
The document discusses the process of drug therapy, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the body. It covers how drugs are administered and travel through the blood to reach their site of action. Key concepts include the factors that influence absorption like lipid solubility and ionization. It also discusses distribution of drugs through plasma and binding to tissues. The half-life and storage depots that prolong a drug's effects are summarized as well.
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3. What Organisms need to grow
s Nutrition
s Carbon
s Oxygen
s Nitrogen
s Phosphorus
s Sulfur
s Trace elements
s Organic growth
factors
Microbiology - HTL
4. Chemical requirements:
s Carbon – structural backbone of living matter
s Nitrogen – form the amino group of the amino
acids of proteins
• Nitrogen fixation – Cyanobacteria, Rhizobium
s Sulfur – Synthesize sulfur containing amino
acids and vitamins.
• Eg. Thiamine and Biotin
s Phosphorus – synthesis of Nucleic acids and
the phospholipids of the cell membranes
Microbiology - HTL
5. More chemicals:
s Other elements: s Trace elements
• Potassium • Iron
• Magnesium • Copper
• Calcium • Molybdenum
• Zinc
s Used as cofactors
for enzymes
Microbiology - HTL
7. Culture Media
s Anything that possesses nutritional and
environmental requirements for bacterial
growth
s Culture -- is a group of organisms obtained in
a culture media
s Colony – is a culture containing group of
bacteria forming on a solid culture medium as
a result of separated division of 1 or a few
organisms
Microbiology - HTL
8. Media preparation
s materials
s weigh out
s dissolve in solvents
s filter to clarify
s adjust pH
s place in containers
s sterilize & control
s store & refrigerate
Microbiology - HTL
9. Ingredients of a culture media:
s protein
s nitrogen
s carbohydrate
s solidifying agents /agar & gelatin
• Agar – polysaccharide extracts of seaweeds and
are most commonly used as base medium
s chemical substance
s dyes & indicators
s enriching substance – e.g. chocolate, blood,
glycerine, egg, albumin
Microbiology - HTL
11. Types of media (consistency)
s Liquid / broth - motility, transport , enrichment,
biochemical tests
• Eg. Thioglycolate broth, BHI, TSB, Nutrient broth
s semi-solid - 0.25% agar + liquid
motility, anaerobic culture, stock culture,
microaerophiles, & biochemical tests
• SIM, Fletcher
s solid - 1-2% agar
used for studying colonies
• BAP, CAP, MSA, EMB, TSI, SCA
Microbiology - HTL 1
12. Types of Culture – ( specie )
s Pure culture – made up of only one
pure specie
s Mixed culture – made up of organisms
belonging to different specie
s Stock Culture – pure culture of
organism used as a source of supply for
industry, research or academic uses.
Microbiology - HTL 1
14. Types of media – (composition)
s Synthetic Culture Medium – exact
composition is known or ingredients are
known
s Non-synthetic – exact composition is
not known
s Tissue culture medium – used for
culturing living cells
• Eg. Human cancer cell lines
Microbiology - HTL 1
15. Type of media – (method of
dispensing or distributed)
s Plated Medium – dispensed in
petridishes
s Tube medium – dispensed in test tubes
• Slant
• Butt
• Butt/slant
Microbiology - HTL 1
16. Types of Media – (B ased on use)
s Simple medium – supports the growth of
fastidious microorganisms
• Used for routine cultivation and maintenance
of microorganisms
– Eg. Nutrient broth, Nutrient agar
s Enrichment medium – containing nutritive
suplements needed for some microbes to
growth
– Eg. Peptone water – growth of V. cholera
Microbiology - HTL 1
17. Continued…
s Enriched medium – containing nutritive
supplements for growth of some
microorganisms
• Eg. BAP – contains Factor V ( Coenzyme –
heat labile factor Nicotinamide
dinucleotide) & Factor X (Hemin heat
stable factor)
Microbiology - HTL 1
18. More…
s Differential Medium – distinguishes organism
growing together by differences in their
cultural characteristic
• Eg. EMB, MCA, MSA, TCBS (Trypticase Citratr
Bile Salt Agar ), SSA
s Selective Medium – promotes growth of
desirable organism but at the same time
inhibiting the growth of others.
• Used for culture of specific organism
Microbiology - HTL 1
19. Last na…
s Special/Specific culture medium
• Same as the purpose of selective culture
medium
• Used to isolate hard to isolate or grow
strains
• Eg. Petrognani, Lowenstein, Petroffs – for
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Thayer Martin medium – Neisseria
• McBride Agar – Listeria monocytogenes
Microbiology - HTL 1
22. Types of media ( function)
s Defined - Glucose
s Complex - egg, blood, beef, yeast, milk
s Selective - SPS agar (Clostridium)
s Differential - Blood agar
s Selective/differential - MacConkey agar
Crystal violet / lactose
s Enrichment - Nitrogen free media
Microbiology - HTL 2
23. Bacterial Colony:
s Colonies – groups of bacteria forming
on certain solid media as a result of
several divisions of one or several
specific type of organism
s Only one type of bacteria will be found
in a bacterial colony
Microbiology - HTL 2
24. Types of colonies:
s S or smooth colonies
• Uniform texture and homogenecity
• Forms glistening texture
• Easily emulsified in Normal saline solution
• Usually associated with virulent organisms
• Eg. Gram negative organisms ( Neisseria )
Microbiology - HTL 2
25. M or mucoid colonies
s Associated with capsulated & virulent
organisms
s Exhibits slimy or watery confluent
appearance and are positive to string
test which indicates presence of Gm –
organisms like K. pneumoniae in EMB
agar – demonstrated with 3% KOH
Microbiology - HTL 2
26. R or rough colonies
s Granulated in appearance and hard to
emulsify in NSS
s Eg. Corynebacterium diptheriae
Microbiology - HTL 2
27. Possible descriptions of bacterial
growth on agar slants:
s Arborescent- branched
s Beaded
s Echinulate – pointed
s Filiform – even
s Rhizoid – rootlike
s Spreading
Microbiology - HTL 2
28. Providing a suitable environment
s Oxygen Requirement
s Temperature
s pH
s Osmotic Pressure
s Hydrostatic Pressure
s Salt Concentration
Microbiology - HTL 2
29. Oxygen & Temperature
requirements :
s Obligate aerobes s Thermophilic
s Facultative aerobe • above 50
s Obligate anaerobe s Mesophilic
s Facultative • best at 37
anaerobe s Psychrophiles
s Microaerophiles • below 5
s Capnophiles s MGT, mGT , OGT
s Hyperthermophiles
Microbiology - HTL 2
31. pH, Hydrostatic & Osmotic
pressure
s pH scale 1-14 s Buffers: chemicals
• Acidophiles that is used to
• Alkaliphiles neutralize the acids
and maintain the
s wide range but proper pH
internally usually
neutral 6.5-7.5
s Methods
• colorimetric
• electrometric
Microbiology - HTL 3
32. Osmotic pressure:
s Osmoprotectants – concentration of
solutes > solvent
• High conc Plasmolysis
• Low conc Plasmoptosis
s Halophiles
– high salt concentration
s atmospheres - barotolerant
Microbiology - HTL 3
34. Measuring Numbers of
Microorganisms
s direct microscopic
• Petroff Hauser counter
s electronic count
s plate count – Standard agar Plate
s MPN – Most probable number
s viable count – Trypan blue
s Filtration -
s Turbidity – indirect way of extimating
s dry weight – for filamentous organisms e.g.
molds
s metabolic activity – reduction Test e.g. oxygen
uptake
Microbiology - HTL 3
37. Growth of Microorganisms
s Population - microbial growth
s Doubling time/Generation Time
• Time interval until the completion of
next bacterial division
s Growthrate
s Exponential growth
Microbiology - HTL 3
39. Bacterial Growth Curve
s Latent phase ( Lag 8000
phase) 7000
6000
s Logarithmic phase 5000
(Log phase) 4000
3000
s Stationary phase 2000
1000
s Death Phase 0
(Phase of Decline)
Microbiology - HTL 3
40. The way microrganisms die
s Rate of microbial death
- temperature, type of microbe,
physiologic state, presence of other
substances that might protect
s Decimal reduction time - D value
(time in minutes -- 90% population)
s Thermal death point - TDP
s Thermal death time - TDT
Microbiology - HTL 4
41. Bacterial Death
s Death is due to
• Lack of food
• Accumulation of toxins & dead debris
• Development of unfavorable conditions
s Death is the complete ceasation of
multiplication
Microbiology - HTL 4
42. Bacterial relationships
s Free living
s Symbiosis
s Commensalism
s Parasitism
s Synergism
s Antagonism
Microbiology - HTL 4
43. Common Types of Staining
s Simple Stain s Types of Dyes:
• methylene blue • Basic -Safranin ,
carbol fuchsin,
s Differential stain Methylene blue
• Gram’s Stain • Acidic - Eosin,
• Acid Fast Stain acid fuchsin,
congo red
s Special Stain
s Mordants
• Wirtz Conklin
s Decolorizers
• Leifson
Microbiology - HTL 4
46. Gram Stain & Acid Fast Stain
s Crystal Violet s Carbol Fuchsin
s Gram’s Iodine s Heat
s 95% Alcohol s Acid Alcohol
s Safranin s Methylene Blue
• (+) Violet to • (+) Pink to Red
Purple • (-) Blue to Violet
• (-) Pink to Red
Microbiology - HTL 4