Module5a biochemicalactivities-120620065355-phpapp01
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This document discusses various biochemical tests used to identify bacteria, including: IMViC tests (Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer, Citrate) which identify bacteria based on their reactions in different media. Other tests discussed include urease, oxidase, catalase, coagulase, hemolysis, hydrogen sulfide, and pigment formation tests. The document also notes that enzymes produced by bacteria can be constitutive or adaptive, and intracellular or extracellular.
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Module 5a biochemical activities
This document discusses various biochemical tests used to identify bacteria, including:
1) IMViC tests (Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer, Citrate) which use different reagents and media to detect metabolic byproducts and acid production.
2) Other tests like urease, oxidase, catalase which detect enzymes that break down substances like urea, produce color changes, or decompose hydrogen peroxide.
3) Additional tests for properties like coagulase production, hemolysis, hydrogen sulfide formation, and pigment production which can identify pathogenic bacteria.
Microbial Biochemistry Practical view
The document discusses various biochemical tests used to identify microorganisms (M.Os). It describes tests such as decarboxylase tests to detect amino acid decarboxylation; carbohydrate fermentation tests to detect sugar utilization; starch hydrolysis and citrate utilization tests; gelatin liquefaction; coagulase production; and phenylalanine deamination. It also discusses triple sugar iron agar tests, casein digestion, urease production, methyl red/Voges-Proskauer tests, and other assays. The purpose is to biochemically characterize M.Os and diagnose bacteria based on their metabolic properties and enzyme production.
Microbiology Practical 2!!!! i will miss this class! (Ilana Kovach)
The document describes several microbiology techniques used to identify bacterial species including biochemical tests to determine enzyme production from substrates and differential and selective media. Identification of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is discussed along with their reactions in tests such as catalase, coagulase, triple sugar iron, lysine iron agar, and rapid identification methods for pathogenic species.
Biochemical tests
This document discusses methods for identifying Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, including biochemical tests like IMViC and the Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) agar test. IMViC tests examine indole production, methyl red reaction, Voges-Proskauer reaction, and citrate utilization. The TSI agar test detects glucose, lactose and sucrose fermentation, gas production, and hydrogen sulfide production. These tests can identify bacteria such as E. coli, Klebsiella, and Proteus based on their biochemical characteristics and reactions in the assays.
Biochem2 (1)
This document discusses biochemical tests used to identify Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, including the Triple Sugar Iron test, IMViC tests (Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer, Citrate), and other tests like Urease, Phenylalanine Deaminase, and Nitrate Reductase. It provides details on the procedures and expected results of each test to differentiate bacteria based on their ability to ferment sugars, produce enzymes, and catalyze other biochemical reactions.
Module 5b biochemical activities for the lab
This document summarizes various biochemical tests used to identify bacteria, including:
- Fermentation tests using Durham tubes to detect gas and acid production from carbohydrates.
- The IMVIC series of tests (Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer, Citrate) which identify metabolic pathways and substrate utilization through color changes.
- Other common tests like catalase, coagulase, urease, and oxidase which detect enzymatic activity through production of gas or color changes.
Students are assigned to prepare SIM, MRVP, and SCA media, inoculate bacterial samples, interpret test results using described reagents and expected color changes, and submit a write-
Test Review
This document provides descriptions of various microbiological tests and media, including what each tests for and how to interpret the results. It explains that Phenol Red Broth tests for carbohydrate fermentation by detecting acid production which turns the broth yellow, Durham tubes test for gas production by detecting bubbles, and O.F. Basal Medium distinguishes between oxidation and fermentation by adding oil to cut off oxygen in one tube. Similarly, it outlines several other common differential and selective tests and media, such as Citrate Agar, Decarboxylase Broth, TSB for indole production, Nitrate Broth, Urease Broth, Blood Agar for hemolysis, PEA agar for gram-
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (biochemical tests - ii)
1. The document discusses various biochemical tests used to identify bacteria, including enzymatic tests, metabolic pathway tests, and specific tests.
2. Metabolic pathway tests include carbohydrate oxidation/fermentation tests like the oxidative fermentation test, carbohydrate fermentation in TSI agar, and methyl red and Voges-Proskauer tests. They also include amino acid degradation tests and single substrate utilization tests.
3. Examples of specific tests discussed are the citrate utilization test and acetate utilization test to determine if bacteria can use certain compounds as the sole carbon source.
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Module 5a biochemical activities
This document discusses various biochemical tests used to identify bacteria, including:
1) IMViC tests (Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer, Citrate) which use different reagents and media to detect metabolic byproducts and acid production.
2) Other tests like urease, oxidase, catalase which detect enzymes that break down substances like urea, produce color changes, or decompose hydrogen peroxide.
3) Additional tests for properties like coagulase production, hemolysis, hydrogen sulfide formation, and pigment production which can identify pathogenic bacteria.
Microbial Biochemistry Practical view
The document discusses various biochemical tests used to identify microorganisms (M.Os). It describes tests such as decarboxylase tests to detect amino acid decarboxylation; carbohydrate fermentation tests to detect sugar utilization; starch hydrolysis and citrate utilization tests; gelatin liquefaction; coagulase production; and phenylalanine deamination. It also discusses triple sugar iron agar tests, casein digestion, urease production, methyl red/Voges-Proskauer tests, and other assays. The purpose is to biochemically characterize M.Os and diagnose bacteria based on their metabolic properties and enzyme production.
Microbiology Practical 2!!!! i will miss this class! (Ilana Kovach)
The document describes several microbiology techniques used to identify bacterial species including biochemical tests to determine enzyme production from substrates and differential and selective media. Identification of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is discussed along with their reactions in tests such as catalase, coagulase, triple sugar iron, lysine iron agar, and rapid identification methods for pathogenic species.
Biochemical tests
This document discusses methods for identifying Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, including biochemical tests like IMViC and the Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) agar test. IMViC tests examine indole production, methyl red reaction, Voges-Proskauer reaction, and citrate utilization. The TSI agar test detects glucose, lactose and sucrose fermentation, gas production, and hydrogen sulfide production. These tests can identify bacteria such as E. coli, Klebsiella, and Proteus based on their biochemical characteristics and reactions in the assays.
Biochem2 (1)
This document discusses biochemical tests used to identify Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, including the Triple Sugar Iron test, IMViC tests (Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer, Citrate), and other tests like Urease, Phenylalanine Deaminase, and Nitrate Reductase. It provides details on the procedures and expected results of each test to differentiate bacteria based on their ability to ferment sugars, produce enzymes, and catalyze other biochemical reactions.
Module 5b biochemical activities for the lab
This document summarizes various biochemical tests used to identify bacteria, including:
- Fermentation tests using Durham tubes to detect gas and acid production from carbohydrates.
- The IMVIC series of tests (Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer, Citrate) which identify metabolic pathways and substrate utilization through color changes.
- Other common tests like catalase, coagulase, urease, and oxidase which detect enzymatic activity through production of gas or color changes.
Students are assigned to prepare SIM, MRVP, and SCA media, inoculate bacterial samples, interpret test results using described reagents and expected color changes, and submit a write-
Test Review
This document provides descriptions of various microbiological tests and media, including what each tests for and how to interpret the results. It explains that Phenol Red Broth tests for carbohydrate fermentation by detecting acid production which turns the broth yellow, Durham tubes test for gas production by detecting bubbles, and O.F. Basal Medium distinguishes between oxidation and fermentation by adding oil to cut off oxygen in one tube. Similarly, it outlines several other common differential and selective tests and media, such as Citrate Agar, Decarboxylase Broth, TSB for indole production, Nitrate Broth, Urease Broth, Blood Agar for hemolysis, PEA agar for gram-
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (biochemical tests - ii)
1. The document discusses various biochemical tests used to identify bacteria, including enzymatic tests, metabolic pathway tests, and specific tests.
2. Metabolic pathway tests include carbohydrate oxidation/fermentation tests like the oxidative fermentation test, carbohydrate fermentation in TSI agar, and methyl red and Voges-Proskauer tests. They also include amino acid degradation tests and single substrate utilization tests.
3. Examples of specific tests discussed are the citrate utilization test and acetate utilization test to determine if bacteria can use certain compounds as the sole carbon source.
Organic Synthesis
This document outlines an organic synthesis course that covers process analysis and evaluation. It discusses the history of organic synthesis, retrosynthetic analysis, linear and convergent synthesis approaches, and selectivity including chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity. The document also provides examples of synthesis processes and outlines the typical laboratory synthesis approach of running reactions, isolating products, purifying through column chromatography, obtaining NMR spectra, and more.
Laboratory Biochemical Assays Mcb1010 L
This document provides a summary of common laboratory biochemical assays used to identify bacteria:
1. Staining techniques like Gram stain, acid-fast stain, spore stain, and capsule stain are used to distinguish bacteria based on cell wall structure and presence of structures.
2. Differential and selective media like Mannitol Salt Agar, Blood Agar, MacConkey Agar, and Eosin Methylene Blue Agar are used to isolate and distinguish bacteria based on metabolic characteristics and reactions.
3. Biochemical tests like carbohydrate fermentation, starch hydrolysis, gelatin liquefaction, Triple Sugar Iron, IMViC, citrate utilization, and litmus milk are used to determine a bacteria
List of biochemical tests
The Seliwanoff's test distinguishes between aldose and ketose sugars. It involves heating the sugar with resorcinol and hydrochloric acid. Ketoses are more rapidly dehydrated than aldoses under these conditions. The dehydrated ketose will react with resorcinol to produce a deep cherry red color, indicating a positive test. Aldoses may produce a faint pink color. Fructose and sucrose give a positive test since sucrose contains fructose. The test exploits the difference in reactivity between aldehyde and ketone functional groups.
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This document contains 114 multiple choice questions related to microbiology and laboratory testing. The questions cover topics such as culture media, microscopy, gram staining, bacteria identification, parasitology, hematology, clinical chemistry, immunology and other areas of laboratory medicine. Answer choices are provided for each question.
Carbohydrate fermentation test 1
The carbohydrate fermentation test is used to determine whether a bacterium can utilize a certain carbohydrate or not.
It tests for the presence of acid and/gas produced from the fermentation of a single carbohydrate.
Sugar fermentation tests, Cetrimide agar medium, Hugh Leifson medium
1. The document discusses sugar fermentation, how to test for it using media like phenol red carbohydrate broth, and the interpretation of results.
2. Hugh Leifson medium and Cetrimide agar are described as media used to differentiate bacterial metabolism and isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively.
3. Key components, principles, preparation, and expected results are outlined for both Hugh Leifson medium and Cetrimide agar tests.
Phosphoric acid by HCl
Phosphate rock is reacted with hydrochloric acid to produce phosphoric acid and calcium chloride, with side reactions also producing hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrafluoride. The mixture undergoes solvent extraction using an organic alcohol to separate the phosphoric acid, which is then concentrated through evaporation to produce phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and other products and byproducts.
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This document lists 31 alcaloids grouped into 8 frameworks based on their chemical structure. The alcaloids are named and their chemical formulas and functional groups at various positions (R1, R2, R3, R4) are specified. Some of the alcaloids listed include lycorin, pratorimin, pratorinin, pratosin, and belladin.
Biochemical test of bacteria
The document provides instructions for performing several microbiological tests, including sugar fermentation tests, indole production, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, citrate utilization, nitrate reduction, urease, triple sugar iron, oxidase, catalase, amylase, and lipase. It explains the principles, expected results, and interpretations for each test. The tests can be used to differentiate bacterial species and determine their metabolic abilities.
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Group presentation for identifying an unknown bacterium, done for bacteriology lab (VPA 5351) at RUSVM.
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Legionella pneumophila is a fastidious, aerobic bacterium that stains poorly and requires special staining techniques. It can cause pneumonia by growing in warm, moist environments like air conditioning systems and shower heads. It is susceptible to erythromycin and other drugs. Several other Bartonella species can cause diseases in humans transmitted via insect bites like trench fever. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with Gardnerella vaginalis, which is detected in wet smears as it covers vaginal cells. It has a fishy odor and high pH. Metronidazole is used to treat it.
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Gram positive cocci include medically important genera such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus. Staphylococcus aureus can cause skin infections, food poisoning, and pneumonia. Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep) is a cause of pharyngitis and Streptococcus agalactiae can cause neonatal meningitis. Viridans streptococci are associated with dental caries and endocarditis.
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UNKNOWN BAC
The unknown bacteria was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on several tests. A gram stain showed pink rods that were gram negative and not in chains. A glucose fermentation test with phenol red broth was negative, as the broth remained pink/orange with no gas or color change. An aerobic thioglycolate tube test showed thick growth at the top, indicating it was an obligate aerobe. A blood agar plate initially showed possible alpha-hemolysis but upon further incubation showed definitive beta-hemolysis. Research confirmed that P. aeruginosa has these identifying characteristics of being a gram negative bacillus, producing a grape-like odor, being an obligate aerobe, and causing beta-hemolysis.
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This document provides a review of materials for a biology lab practical exam covering topics related to dichotomous keys, microbes, viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi, non-vascular plants, vascular plants, and plant anatomy. It defines dichotomous keys and provides rules for writing good keys. It also describes various microbes like viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi and their characteristics. Plant topics covered include non-vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms and their anatomy.
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lab report
The document discusses Streptococcus pyogenes, a common bacterial pathogen in humans. It causes diseases like strep throat, scarlet fever, and puerperal fever. S. pyogenes is Gram-positive and spherical, often appearing in chain-like formations under a microscope. It is sensitive to penicillin. The author describes experiments identifying an unknown bacteria as S. pyogenes based on tests showing Gram-positive cocci, negative catalase, beta hemolysis on blood agar, and inconsistent growth on selective media. The document reviews several studies on S. pyogenes strains isolated from children with pharyngitis.
History of microbiology
1. Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) was the first to discover microbes using his homemade microscope. He observed "animalcules" in rain water, pond water, blood, and his own tooth scrapings.
2. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) proved the theory of biogenesis and disproved spontaneous generation through experiments using swan-necked flasks. He developed pasteurization and vaccines for anthrax and rabies.
3. Robert Koch (1843-1912) perfected bacteriological techniques including staining and solid media isolation. He discovered the bacteria that cause anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera and formulated Koch's postulates
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The document discusses several genera of bacteria including Spirochetes, Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia and Chlamydia. Spirochetes are long, spiral shaped bacteria that can be pathogenic, causing diseases like syphilis, relapsing fever, and Lyme disease. Treponema pallidum causes syphilis in humans. Borrelia recurrentis causes relapsing fever. Leptospira interrogans can cause leptospirosis.
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Organic Synthesis
This document outlines an organic synthesis course that covers process analysis and evaluation. It discusses the history of organic synthesis, retrosynthetic analysis, linear and convergent synthesis approaches, and selectivity including chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity. The document also provides examples of synthesis processes and outlines the typical laboratory synthesis approach of running reactions, isolating products, purifying through column chromatography, obtaining NMR spectra, and more.
Laboratory Biochemical Assays Mcb1010 L
This document provides a summary of common laboratory biochemical assays used to identify bacteria:
1. Staining techniques like Gram stain, acid-fast stain, spore stain, and capsule stain are used to distinguish bacteria based on cell wall structure and presence of structures.
2. Differential and selective media like Mannitol Salt Agar, Blood Agar, MacConkey Agar, and Eosin Methylene Blue Agar are used to isolate and distinguish bacteria based on metabolic characteristics and reactions.
3. Biochemical tests like carbohydrate fermentation, starch hydrolysis, gelatin liquefaction, Triple Sugar Iron, IMViC, citrate utilization, and litmus milk are used to determine a bacteria
List of biochemical tests
The Seliwanoff's test distinguishes between aldose and ketose sugars. It involves heating the sugar with resorcinol and hydrochloric acid. Ketoses are more rapidly dehydrated than aldoses under these conditions. The dehydrated ketose will react with resorcinol to produce a deep cherry red color, indicating a positive test. Aldoses may produce a faint pink color. Fructose and sucrose give a positive test since sucrose contains fructose. The test exploits the difference in reactivity between aldehyde and ketone functional groups.
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This document contains 114 multiple choice questions related to microbiology and laboratory testing. The questions cover topics such as culture media, microscopy, gram staining, bacteria identification, parasitology, hematology, clinical chemistry, immunology and other areas of laboratory medicine. Answer choices are provided for each question.
Carbohydrate fermentation test 1
The carbohydrate fermentation test is used to determine whether a bacterium can utilize a certain carbohydrate or not.
It tests for the presence of acid and/gas produced from the fermentation of a single carbohydrate.
Sugar fermentation tests, Cetrimide agar medium, Hugh Leifson medium
1. The document discusses sugar fermentation, how to test for it using media like phenol red carbohydrate broth, and the interpretation of results.
2. Hugh Leifson medium and Cetrimide agar are described as media used to differentiate bacterial metabolism and isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively.
3. Key components, principles, preparation, and expected results are outlined for both Hugh Leifson medium and Cetrimide agar tests.
Phosphoric acid by HCl
Phosphate rock is reacted with hydrochloric acid to produce phosphoric acid and calcium chloride, with side reactions also producing hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrafluoride. The mixture undergoes solvent extraction using an organic alcohol to separate the phosphoric acid, which is then concentrated through evaporation to produce phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and other products and byproducts.
Nguyen huulacthuy la23
This document lists 31 alcaloids grouped into 8 frameworks based on their chemical structure. The alcaloids are named and their chemical formulas and functional groups at various positions (R1, R2, R3, R4) are specified. Some of the alcaloids listed include lycorin, pratorimin, pratorinin, pratosin, and belladin.
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Sugar fermentation tests, Cetrimide agar medium, Hugh Leifson medium
Sugar fermentation tests, Cetrimide agar medium, Hugh Leifson medium
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The document provides instructions for performing several microbiological tests, including sugar fermentation tests, indole production, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, citrate utilization, nitrate reduction, urease, triple sugar iron, oxidase, catalase, amylase, and lipase. It explains the principles, expected results, and interpretations for each test. The tests can be used to differentiate bacterial species and determine their metabolic abilities.
G positive cocci nursing-dr manar
This document summarizes key microbiological characteristics of gram positive cocci including staphylococci and streptococci. It describes how staphylococci such as Staphylococcus aureus appear as golden yellow colonies with beta hemolysis on blood agar and are catalase positive. It also discusses the coagulase test to differentiate S. aureus from other staphylococci. For streptococci such as Streptococcus pyogenes, it notes their appearance as small colonies with wide beta hemolysis on blood agar. The document outlines Lancefield grouping and diseases associated with different streptococci species.
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Group presentation for identifying an unknown bacterium, done for bacteriology lab (VPA 5351) at RUSVM.
Module 8b unusual bacterial pathogens
Legionella pneumophila is a fastidious, aerobic bacterium that stains poorly and requires special staining techniques. It can cause pneumonia by growing in warm, moist environments like air conditioning systems and shower heads. It is susceptible to erythromycin and other drugs. Several other Bartonella species can cause diseases in humans transmitted via insect bites like trench fever. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with Gardnerella vaginalis, which is detected in wet smears as it covers vaginal cells. It has a fishy odor and high pH. Metronidazole is used to treat it.
Module 6a cocci
Gram positive cocci include medically important genera such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus. Staphylococcus aureus can cause skin infections, food poisoning, and pneumonia. Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep) is a cause of pharyngitis and Streptococcus agalactiae can cause neonatal meningitis. Viridans streptococci are associated with dental caries and endocarditis.
Module 10a virology
This document provides information on viruses including their structure, classification, life cycles, and examples of common viral diseases. It defines key terms like capsids, genomes, and envelopes. It describes the four main types of viral structures: helical, icosahedral, enveloped, and complex. It covers taxonomy and the bases for viral classification such as host range, size, and antigenic properties. Examples are given of major viral families that infect animals like Herpesviruses, Hepadnaviruses, Retroviruses, Arenaviruses, Flaviviruses, and more.
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This document summarizes key concepts in immunology, including the three lines of defense against pathogens, organs of the immune system, types of lymphocytes and immunity, immunologic disorders, and common immunologic problems. It covers topics such as antibody classes, lymphokines, hypersensitivity reactions, organ transplantation rejection, and primary and secondary immunodeficiencies.
UNKNOWN BAC
The unknown bacteria was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on several tests. A gram stain showed pink rods that were gram negative and not in chains. A glucose fermentation test with phenol red broth was negative, as the broth remained pink/orange with no gas or color change. An aerobic thioglycolate tube test showed thick growth at the top, indicating it was an obligate aerobe. A blood agar plate initially showed possible alpha-hemolysis but upon further incubation showed definitive beta-hemolysis. Research confirmed that P. aeruginosa has these identifying characteristics of being a gram negative bacillus, producing a grape-like odor, being an obligate aerobe, and causing beta-hemolysis.
Identifying Unknown Bacteria Lab
This document summarizes a student laboratory experiment to identify two unknown bacterial strains, one gram-positive and one gram-negative, through a series of biochemical tests over two weeks. The student's gram-positive strain was identified as Enterococcus faecalis and the gram-negative strain as Salmonella typhimurium based on results from tests including gram staining, catalase, oxidase, hemolytic activity, salt tolerance, bile-esculin hydrolysis, DNase production, and sugar fermentation patterns. A variety of selective and differential media were used to isolate and characterize the bacteria through observation of colony morphology and biochemical reactions.
Lab Study Guide
This document provides a review of materials for a biology lab practical exam covering topics related to dichotomous keys, microbes, viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi, non-vascular plants, vascular plants, and plant anatomy. It defines dichotomous keys and provides rules for writing good keys. It also describes various microbes like viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi and their characteristics. Plant topics covered include non-vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms and their anatomy.
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The document describes different types of bacilli classified by their Gram staining characteristics and other properties. It discusses Gram positive non-spore forming bacilli like Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus, Erysipelothrix, and Listeria. It also covers Gram positive spore forming bacilli such as Bacillus, Clostridium, and anaerobic spore-forming bacilli. Finally it summarizes some characteristics of Gram negative bacilli.
lab report
The document discusses Streptococcus pyogenes, a common bacterial pathogen in humans. It causes diseases like strep throat, scarlet fever, and puerperal fever. S. pyogenes is Gram-positive and spherical, often appearing in chain-like formations under a microscope. It is sensitive to penicillin. The author describes experiments identifying an unknown bacteria as S. pyogenes based on tests showing Gram-positive cocci, negative catalase, beta hemolysis on blood agar, and inconsistent growth on selective media. The document reviews several studies on S. pyogenes strains isolated from children with pharyngitis.
History of microbiology
1. Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) was the first to discover microbes using his homemade microscope. He observed "animalcules" in rain water, pond water, blood, and his own tooth scrapings.
2. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) proved the theory of biogenesis and disproved spontaneous generation through experiments using swan-necked flasks. He developed pasteurization and vaccines for anthrax and rabies.
3. Robert Koch (1843-1912) perfected bacteriological techniques including staining and solid media isolation. He discovered the bacteria that cause anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera and formulated Koch's postulates
Module 8a spirochetes
The document discusses several genera of bacteria including Spirochetes, Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia and Chlamydia. Spirochetes are long, spiral shaped bacteria that can be pathogenic, causing diseases like syphilis, relapsing fever, and Lyme disease. Treponema pallidum causes syphilis in humans. Borrelia recurrentis causes relapsing fever. Leptospira interrogans can cause leptospirosis.
Module5b biochemicalactivitiesforthelab-120620065407-phpapp02
This document discusses various biochemical tests used to identify bacteria. It provides details on tests like indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, and citrate utilization (IMVIC) tests. For each test, it lists the principle, required reagents and media, and positive and negative results. Students are assigned to research additional biochemical tests, tabulating the working principle, reagents, media, and results for each. They are also instructed on proper media preparation and inoculation techniques to perform the tests in class and report their results.
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This document discusses the nutritional and environmental requirements for bacterial growth, including the need for carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other elements. It describes different types of culture media like liquid broth, semi-solid agar, and solid agar plates and how they are used. The document also covers bacterial colony morphology, describing smooth, mucoid, and rough colony types. It discusses factors that provide a suitable growth environment for bacteria, such as oxygen levels, temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure requirements.
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- Oral bacteria play an important role in both health and disease. The oral cavity contains over 700 bacterial species that form complex biofilm communities on teeth and in other areas.
- Certain bacteria like Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli are associated with dental caries due to their ability to produce acid from carbohydrates, tolerate low pH environments, and form biofilms. These cariogenic bacteria were first isolated in the early 1900s.
- While many people harbor cariogenic bacteria, not everyone develops caries. The ecological plaque hypothesis suggests that caries results from an environmental shift, like frequent sugar intake, that upsets the balance between pathogenic and commensal oral bacteria.
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Gram positive cocci include medically important genera such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus. Staphylococcus aureus can cause skin infections, food poisoning, and pneumonia. Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep) is a pathogen associated with pharyngitis, scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever. Streptococcus agalactiae commonly causes neonatal meningitis. Viridans streptococci are oral commensals occasionally linked to endocarditis.
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This document discusses the nutritional and environmental requirements for bacterial growth, including the need for carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other elements. It describes different types of culture media like liquid broth, semi-solid agar, and solid agar plates and how they are used. The document also covers bacterial colony morphology, describing smooth, mucoid, and rough colony types. Various growth conditions that bacteria require like temperature, oxygen levels, pH, and osmotic pressure are also summarized.
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Coccobacilli is a transitional shape between coccus and bacillus. It has the shape of short rods or ovals.
Bacillus do not form tetrads or clusters because their shape does not allow them to arrange in those patterns like cocci can. As individual rods, bacillus cannot cluster in the same symmetrical ways as cocci.
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This document provides an overview of general microbiology as a 3-unit subject for dental students. It discusses the history of microbiology, including key figures such as Fracastorius, Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Lister, and Koch. It also summarizes the development of microscopy, the spontaneous generation controversy, and proofs that microbes cause disease. Finally, it briefly outlines the divisions, applications, and career opportunities within the field of microbiology.
Module11 immunology-120620071937-phpapp01
This document summarizes key concepts in immunology, including the three lines of defense against pathogens, primary and secondary immune organs, lymphocytes and immunity types, immunologic disorders, antibodies, and common immunologic problems. It covers cellular and humoral immunity, the immune response process, and immunologic terminology.
Module10a virology-120620071932-phpapp02
This document provides information on viruses including their structure, classification, life cycle, and diseases they cause. It defines key terms like capsids, genomes, and envelopes. It describes the four main types of viral structures and how viruses are classified based on attributes like morphology, genome, and host. Common animal viruses are outlined including families like Adenoviridae, Flaviviridae, and Picornaviridae. Public health issues like influenza, SARS, Ebola, and dengue are also summarized.
Module9a mycology-120620071104-phpapp02
1) Fungi include yeasts, molds, and slime molds and are classified based on their morphology and cellular structure.
2) Fungi obtain nutrients through heterotrophic nutrition and can reproduce both sexually through specialized sex organs and asexually through spores, budding, or fission.
3) Important fungi include Saccharomyces cerevisiae used in brewing and baking, Penicillium species that produce antibiotics and cheeses, and edible mushrooms and truffles.
Module8a spirochetes-120620072704-phpapp02
The document discusses several genera of bacteria that are morphologically similar as they are all motile microorganisms with helical or spiral shapes. It focuses on Spirochetes including Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, Borrelia which causes relapsing fever, and Leptospira that can cause leptospirosis. It also briefly covers Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Chlamydia and their roles in various infectious diseases.
Module7 bacilli-120620071554-phpapp01
This document provides taxonomic classifications and descriptions of various gram-positive and gram-negative bacilli. It covers characteristics of Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Lactobacillus, Erysipelothrix, Listeria, and several enteric bacteria including Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Proteus. It describes their morphology, staining properties, culture characteristics, pathogenicity and diseases associated with each genus.
Module4a sterilizationdisinfection-120620065336-phpapp01 (1)
This document discusses microbial control through various sterilization and disinfection methods including physical agents like heat, radiation, and filtration as well as chemical agents like phenols, alcohols, and antibiotics. It covers topics such as bacteriostatic vs bactericidal effects, modes of microbial transmission, and biological vectors of infection.
General pathology lecture 4 cellular adaptation
Cellular adaptations can occur in response to stress through hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, or metaplasia. Hyperplasia involves an increase in cell number through cell proliferation. Hypertrophy is an enlargement of existing cells without cell division. Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and number. Metaplasia is the replacement of one adult cell type with another through reprogramming of stem or mesenchymal cells. These adaptations allow tissues and organs to respond to changes in workload, stimulation levels, injury, or other stresses.
Revised drug therapy
The document discusses the process of drug therapy, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the body. It covers how drugs are administered and travel through the blood to reach their site of action. Key concepts include the factors that influence absorption like lipid solubility and ionization. It also discusses distribution of drugs through plasma and binding to tissues. The half-life and storage depots that prolong a drug's effects are summarized as well.
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General pathology lecture 3 cell death or necrosis
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Overview
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Module5a biochemicalactivities-120620065355-phpapp01
- 1. Biochemical Tests Principles Reagents & Media Procedures & Results
- 3. IMViC x Indole - x Methyl Red - – product of hydrolysis – pH indicator of tryptophan – production of – Reagent - (Ehrlichs) sufficient acidity Para-dimethyl- from glucose aminobenzaldehyde – Media- MR-VP – (+) pink or red color broth – (+) red - acid – (-) yellow - alkaline
- 5. IMViC (2) x Vogues Proskauer - x Citrate Utilization Test – production of – citrate as a source acetyl-methyl of Carbon carbinol from – media :Simmon glucose Citrate (SCA) – media: MR-VP – (+) blue color broth – (-) green color – reagent: 40% KOH – (+) production of an eosin like color
- 7. Biochemical Tests (3) x Urease Test - x Oxidase Test - – Hydrolysis of urea – catalysis of Oxidase by Proteus sp. through cytochrome – media: by N. gonorrhea Christensen’s urea – media: CAP – (+) Pink color media – reagent: 1% para- /hemolysis amino-dimethyl- – (-) colorless aniline hydrochloride – (+) black
- 9. Biochemical Tests (4) x Catalase Test - x Coagulase Test - – decomposition of – coagulation of 3% Hydrogen plasma with enzyme peroxide coagulase by – (+) rapid evolution pathogenic of gas staphylococcus – organisms: – media: Blood plasma y(+) staphylococci – (+) clotting of plasma y micrococci y (-) streptococci
- 11. Biochemical Tests (5) x Hemolysis test - x Hydrogen Sulfide – destruction of RBC test - – media : Blood agar – production of plate Hydrogen sulfide – (+) clearing zone – any media with x Greig’s Test Fe – hemolysis of – (+) black ppt. sheep’s rbc x Pigment formation – (+) El tor (-) vibrio – chromogens
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