Qualitative research differs from quantitative research in its goals and methods. Qualitative research aims to understand human experiences holistically rather than test hypotheses. It relies on subjective data like words rather than numbers. Small, non-random samples are used. Data comes from observations, interviews and documents. The researcher interacts closely with participants. Analysis looks for themes rather than statistics. Validity relies on rigorously applying the chosen qualitative method.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It discusses what qualitative research is, how to get the right sample, important aspects of qualitative research design such as research questions and comparisons. It also covers organizing a qualitative study, ethics, and designing for different qualitative methods like interviews, focus groups, and ethnography. Key considerations for each method are outlined.
This document provides information about research methodologies, both qualitative and quantitative. It discusses what a methodology section includes, such as data collection methods, samples, and data analysis. It describes common qualitative methods like interviews, focus groups, observations, and action research. It also discusses key aspects of quantitative research, such as developing hypotheses, questionnaires, operationalizing concepts, and question types. The document serves as a guide for writing methodology sections in a precise, academic manner.
This document discusses the importance of evaluating clinical literature for doctors. It notes that to provide best practice, doctors must systematically identify and critically appraise clinical research rather than relying on outdated information. It also summarizes that over 10,000 new medical articles are published per week, but most published research is not applicable to clinical practice. The document then provides guidance on how to efficiently and critically evaluate medical literature, including understanding journal article structures, identifying biases, and applying evidence-based healthcare practices.
The document discusses conducting research and analyzing results. It emphasizes that research must be valid, accurate and reliable to be useful. It states that incorrect research can lead to decreased sales and customer loss. It advises to choose an analysis method based on the research methods used and to review findings by identifying trends, frequencies, strengths, weaknesses and making recommendations. The document also provides tips for keeping research organized in spreadsheets or programs depending on the amount and complexity of the data collected.
Here are a few ways we could use content analysis to test that belief:
1. Select a random sample of news articles, TV shows, movies, etc. that portray poor people. Develop a coding scheme to categorize how the poor are portrayed - e.g. as lazy, criminal, dependent on welfare, hard-working but struggling, etc. Two researchers would code the same materials to check reliability.
2. Count the frequency of different portrayals to see which are most common. We could test if negative portrayals outnumber positive or neutral ones in a statistically significant way.
3. Code for socioeconomic or racial demographics of characters portrayed as poor. We could test if certain groups are disproportionately represented in
introduction to research and healthcare study designs, a focus on Qualitative research and the qualitative data analysis.
Presented by Clinical Pharmacists Ahmed Nouri, PharmD
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand opinions, experiences, and feelings through subjective data rather than numerical data. The document outlines several key characteristics of qualitative research, including that it takes place in natural settings, collects non-numerical data like words or illustrations, is concerned with processes, and analyzes data inductively by drawing out general ideas. It also discusses the need for qualitative research, ethics, and ways to link qualitative and quantitative research approaches.
Research is what I’m doing when I don’t know what I’m doing.
Wernher von Braun
Research is to see what everybody else has seen and think what nobody has thought.
Albert Szent Gyorgyi
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It discusses what qualitative research is, how to get the right sample, important aspects of qualitative research design such as research questions and comparisons. It also covers organizing a qualitative study, ethics, and designing for different qualitative methods like interviews, focus groups, and ethnography. Key considerations for each method are outlined.
This document provides information about research methodologies, both qualitative and quantitative. It discusses what a methodology section includes, such as data collection methods, samples, and data analysis. It describes common qualitative methods like interviews, focus groups, observations, and action research. It also discusses key aspects of quantitative research, such as developing hypotheses, questionnaires, operationalizing concepts, and question types. The document serves as a guide for writing methodology sections in a precise, academic manner.
This document discusses the importance of evaluating clinical literature for doctors. It notes that to provide best practice, doctors must systematically identify and critically appraise clinical research rather than relying on outdated information. It also summarizes that over 10,000 new medical articles are published per week, but most published research is not applicable to clinical practice. The document then provides guidance on how to efficiently and critically evaluate medical literature, including understanding journal article structures, identifying biases, and applying evidence-based healthcare practices.
The document discusses conducting research and analyzing results. It emphasizes that research must be valid, accurate and reliable to be useful. It states that incorrect research can lead to decreased sales and customer loss. It advises to choose an analysis method based on the research methods used and to review findings by identifying trends, frequencies, strengths, weaknesses and making recommendations. The document also provides tips for keeping research organized in spreadsheets or programs depending on the amount and complexity of the data collected.
Here are a few ways we could use content analysis to test that belief:
1. Select a random sample of news articles, TV shows, movies, etc. that portray poor people. Develop a coding scheme to categorize how the poor are portrayed - e.g. as lazy, criminal, dependent on welfare, hard-working but struggling, etc. Two researchers would code the same materials to check reliability.
2. Count the frequency of different portrayals to see which are most common. We could test if negative portrayals outnumber positive or neutral ones in a statistically significant way.
3. Code for socioeconomic or racial demographics of characters portrayed as poor. We could test if certain groups are disproportionately represented in
introduction to research and healthcare study designs, a focus on Qualitative research and the qualitative data analysis.
Presented by Clinical Pharmacists Ahmed Nouri, PharmD
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand opinions, experiences, and feelings through subjective data rather than numerical data. The document outlines several key characteristics of qualitative research, including that it takes place in natural settings, collects non-numerical data like words or illustrations, is concerned with processes, and analyzes data inductively by drawing out general ideas. It also discusses the need for qualitative research, ethics, and ways to link qualitative and quantitative research approaches.
Research is what I’m doing when I don’t know what I’m doing.
Wernher von Braun
Research is to see what everybody else has seen and think what nobody has thought.
Albert Szent Gyorgyi
This document discusses research methods, including qualitative and quantitative approaches. It provides examples of various qualitative methods like interviews, focus groups, ethnographic research, text analysis, and case studies. It also examines quantitative methods such as surveys, descriptive research, and correlational research. Finally, it outlines steps for identifying an appropriate research methodology, including setting goals, planning the research, and collecting and analyzing results. The overall purpose is to understand different research methods and how to choose ones suited to answering specific research questions.
This document provides an overview of business research methods. It defines business research as obtaining and analyzing data to better manage a company. The objectives of business research are to gain insights, describe phenomena, and study relationships. The business research process involves identifying problems, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Both primary and secondary data collection methods are discussed.
This document provides an introduction and overview of nursing research. It defines research as a systematic, scientific process used to answer questions or solve problems. Nursing research specifically aims to improve nursing care, education, and administration. The purpose of nursing research is to develop the scientific knowledge base of nursing and provide an evidence base for practice. Research uses scientific methods, which are systematic, empirical, and aim to develop generalizable knowledge. There are two main types of research - quantitative research, which uses numerical data and statistics, and qualitative research, which uses descriptive data. The document outlines the general processes for both quantitative and qualitative nursing research.
Difference between quantitative and qualitative researchSafi Nawam
Researchers usually work within a paradigm that is consistent with their world view, and that gives rise to the types of question that excite their curiosity.
The maturity of the concept of interest also may lead to one or the other paradigm: when little is known about a topic, a qualitative approach is often more fruitful than a quantitative one
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It begins by defining qualitative research as an interdisciplinary field that takes a naturalistic and interpretative approach to understanding human experiences. It discusses some key characteristics, such as using multiple methods to understand subjects in their natural settings. The document then contrasts qualitative with quantitative research and covers paradigms like positivism and non-positivism. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of qualitative research, common data collection techniques, approaches to analysis, and frequently asked questions.
This document provides guidance on how to write a research proposal. It outlines the key elements that should be included such as an introduction defining the research topic and question, objectives, study design, population, methodology, ethical considerations, timeline and budget. A good research proposal convinces others that the proposed study is worthwhile and that the investigator is competent to complete it. Including all relevant components helps ensure the scientific rigor of the planned research.
This document defines research and nursing research. Research is a systematic, scientific process used to answer questions or solve problems. Nursing research specifically aims to improve nursing care, education, and administration. The purpose of nursing research includes developing the scientific knowledge base of nursing and providing an evidence base for practice. Research uses scientific methods, which are systematic, empirical processes involving formulating hypotheses, collecting data, and analyzing findings. There are two main types of research: quantitative research, which collects numerical data to test theories, and qualitative research, which collects descriptive data to understand phenomena.
The research process involves several key steps: 1) Identifying a research problem and justifying its importance through literature review. 2) Setting research objectives and hypotheses. 3) Choosing an appropriate study design like experiments, surveys, or observational studies. 4) Deciding on a sampling method and sample size. 5) Collecting data using methods like interviews, questionnaires or records. 6) Analyzing the collected data using statistical or qualitative techniques. 7) Reporting findings and conclusions in a research report. The research design provides a framework and plan for fulfilling objectives and answering research questions systematically.
This document presents a presentation on qualitative vs quantitative research. It defines qualitative research as a scientific method to gather non-numerical data through methods like in-depth interviews to understand human behaviors and motivations. Quantitative research is defined as using statistical techniques to measure phenomena that can be expressed in quantities and test hypotheses. The document provides several comparisons between qualitative and quantitative research in their approaches, data types, sampling, and focus on generating or testing theories.
Presentation on research methodologiesBilal Naqeeb
The document provides an overview of research methodologies. It defines research as an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions. It notes that research is systematic because there are definite procedures and steps followed, and organized because there is a planned structure. The main purpose of research is to find answers to questions. The document then discusses different types of research such as primary and secondary research, as well as pure, applied, scientific and social research. It also outlines tools and techniques used for data collection in research such as surveys, experiments, interviews and case studies. Finally, it discusses key research concepts like variables, hypotheses, sampling, questionnaires and how to design good questions.
Observation and Research: Session 1 (Blended TEFL course)Maria Mu
This document discusses research methods in education, including key concepts like independent and dependent variables, quantitative and qualitative approaches, and experimental designs. It describes the components of classroom research as involving the teacher, learner, classroom processes and products. Different data collection instruments are outlined, as are issues like reliability, validity, and triangulation. Experimental and action research are compared, and steps for developing valid and reliable research instruments are provided.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods in social science. It defines qualitative research as an exploratory approach that examines social problems through an analysis of words and detailed reports from informants in natural settings. The key characteristics include an emergent design, data collection in natural environments, and an emphasis on the researcher as the instrument of analysis. Common qualitative methods involve in-depth interviews, observations, and reviews of documents and photographs. Approaches include case studies, ethnography, grounded theory, and phenomenology. The process involves generating research questions, collecting and interpreting data, refining questions and collecting more data, and reporting findings. Qualitative research contrasts with quantitative methods in its emphasis on words over numbers and rich context over generaliz
This document discusses and compares qualitative and quantitative research methods. It notes that while qualitative and quantitative data can both be measured and coded, the key difference is that qualitative research is exploratory and inductive while quantitative research is confirmatory and deductive. Some common qualitative methods discussed include grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, and field research. Strengths of qualitative research include a focus on detail and perspective, while weaknesses include reduced objectivity, reliability and generalizability compared to quantitative methods. The document encourages researchers to consider their research goals and constraints when choosing between qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Introduction to research methodology.pptxahmedmcjdu
Introduction to research methodology. Research methodology is a structured and scientific approach used to collect, analyze, and interpret quantitative or qualitative data to answer research questions or test hypotheses. A research methodology is like a plan for carrying out research and helps keep researchers on track by limiting the scope of the research. Several aspects must be considered before selecting an appropriate research methodology, such as research limitations and ethical concerns that may affect your research.
The research methodology section in a scientific paper describes the different methodological choices made, such as the data collection and analysis methods, and why these choices were selected. The reasons should explain why the methods chosen are the most appropriate to answer the research question. A good research methodology also helps ensure the reliability and validity of the research findings. There are three types of research methodology—quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method, which can be chosen based on the research objectives.
Moreover, A research methodology describes the techniques and procedures used to identify and analyze information regarding a specific research topic. It is a process by which researchers design their study so that they can achieve their objectives using the selected research instruments. It includes all the important aspects of research, including research design, data collection methods, data analysis methods, and the overall framework within which the research is conducted. While these points can help you understand what is research methodology, you also need to know why it is important to pick the right methodology.
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methods. It begins with an outline of the topics to be covered, including the background and differences between qualitative and quantitative research. It then discusses the nature of qualitative research, noting that it seeks to understand phenomena through words rather than numbers and aims for in-depth understanding rather than generalization. The document also covers when qualitative research should be used, such as to explore issues where little is known, and how to develop a qualitative research idea by determining the research aim and questions.
Class 6 research quality in qualitative methods rev may 2014tjcarter
This document provides an overview of key concepts in qualitative research methods, including assumptions, characteristics, and techniques for ensuring rigor. It discusses the researcher's role, data collection steps, interviewing, focus groups, coding, and strategies for establishing trustworthiness and credibility. Specific qualitative approaches covered include narrative inquiry, ethnography, case studies, phenomenology, and grounded theory. Examples are provided for each approach. The document concludes with guidance on coding qualitative data and establishing inter-rater reliability among coding teams.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It outlines that qualitative research involves intense contact within real-life settings to gain a holistic overview from participants' perspectives. It describes various qualitative paradigms and strategies like case studies, ethnography, and grounded theory. It also covers sampling strategies, the researcher's role, data collection methods like interviews and observation, ensuring validity and reliability, and generalizing findings from qualitative studies.
This document outlines the quantitative research process in 8 stages: 1) selecting a topic, 2) reviewing literature, 3) developing theoretical frameworks, 4) clarifying research questions, 5) designing the study, 6) collecting data, 7) analyzing data, and 8) drawing conclusions. It describes key aspects of each stage and different quantitative approaches including experimental, correlational, survey, ex post facto, and single-case designs. The objective of quantitative research is to develop mathematical models of natural phenomena by measuring relationships between data and observations.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data in research studies. It describes primary methods like observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It also discusses secondary data collection. For each method, it provides details on their types, merits, demerits and essential aspects to consider. Focus group discussions and depth interviews are also covered as additional qualitative data collection tools.
This document discusses research methods, including qualitative and quantitative approaches. It provides examples of various qualitative methods like interviews, focus groups, ethnographic research, text analysis, and case studies. It also examines quantitative methods such as surveys, descriptive research, and correlational research. Finally, it outlines steps for identifying an appropriate research methodology, including setting goals, planning the research, and collecting and analyzing results. The overall purpose is to understand different research methods and how to choose ones suited to answering specific research questions.
This document provides an overview of business research methods. It defines business research as obtaining and analyzing data to better manage a company. The objectives of business research are to gain insights, describe phenomena, and study relationships. The business research process involves identifying problems, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Both primary and secondary data collection methods are discussed.
This document provides an introduction and overview of nursing research. It defines research as a systematic, scientific process used to answer questions or solve problems. Nursing research specifically aims to improve nursing care, education, and administration. The purpose of nursing research is to develop the scientific knowledge base of nursing and provide an evidence base for practice. Research uses scientific methods, which are systematic, empirical, and aim to develop generalizable knowledge. There are two main types of research - quantitative research, which uses numerical data and statistics, and qualitative research, which uses descriptive data. The document outlines the general processes for both quantitative and qualitative nursing research.
Difference between quantitative and qualitative researchSafi Nawam
Researchers usually work within a paradigm that is consistent with their world view, and that gives rise to the types of question that excite their curiosity.
The maturity of the concept of interest also may lead to one or the other paradigm: when little is known about a topic, a qualitative approach is often more fruitful than a quantitative one
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It begins by defining qualitative research as an interdisciplinary field that takes a naturalistic and interpretative approach to understanding human experiences. It discusses some key characteristics, such as using multiple methods to understand subjects in their natural settings. The document then contrasts qualitative with quantitative research and covers paradigms like positivism and non-positivism. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of qualitative research, common data collection techniques, approaches to analysis, and frequently asked questions.
This document provides guidance on how to write a research proposal. It outlines the key elements that should be included such as an introduction defining the research topic and question, objectives, study design, population, methodology, ethical considerations, timeline and budget. A good research proposal convinces others that the proposed study is worthwhile and that the investigator is competent to complete it. Including all relevant components helps ensure the scientific rigor of the planned research.
This document defines research and nursing research. Research is a systematic, scientific process used to answer questions or solve problems. Nursing research specifically aims to improve nursing care, education, and administration. The purpose of nursing research includes developing the scientific knowledge base of nursing and providing an evidence base for practice. Research uses scientific methods, which are systematic, empirical processes involving formulating hypotheses, collecting data, and analyzing findings. There are two main types of research: quantitative research, which collects numerical data to test theories, and qualitative research, which collects descriptive data to understand phenomena.
The research process involves several key steps: 1) Identifying a research problem and justifying its importance through literature review. 2) Setting research objectives and hypotheses. 3) Choosing an appropriate study design like experiments, surveys, or observational studies. 4) Deciding on a sampling method and sample size. 5) Collecting data using methods like interviews, questionnaires or records. 6) Analyzing the collected data using statistical or qualitative techniques. 7) Reporting findings and conclusions in a research report. The research design provides a framework and plan for fulfilling objectives and answering research questions systematically.
This document presents a presentation on qualitative vs quantitative research. It defines qualitative research as a scientific method to gather non-numerical data through methods like in-depth interviews to understand human behaviors and motivations. Quantitative research is defined as using statistical techniques to measure phenomena that can be expressed in quantities and test hypotheses. The document provides several comparisons between qualitative and quantitative research in their approaches, data types, sampling, and focus on generating or testing theories.
Presentation on research methodologiesBilal Naqeeb
The document provides an overview of research methodologies. It defines research as an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions. It notes that research is systematic because there are definite procedures and steps followed, and organized because there is a planned structure. The main purpose of research is to find answers to questions. The document then discusses different types of research such as primary and secondary research, as well as pure, applied, scientific and social research. It also outlines tools and techniques used for data collection in research such as surveys, experiments, interviews and case studies. Finally, it discusses key research concepts like variables, hypotheses, sampling, questionnaires and how to design good questions.
Observation and Research: Session 1 (Blended TEFL course)Maria Mu
This document discusses research methods in education, including key concepts like independent and dependent variables, quantitative and qualitative approaches, and experimental designs. It describes the components of classroom research as involving the teacher, learner, classroom processes and products. Different data collection instruments are outlined, as are issues like reliability, validity, and triangulation. Experimental and action research are compared, and steps for developing valid and reliable research instruments are provided.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods in social science. It defines qualitative research as an exploratory approach that examines social problems through an analysis of words and detailed reports from informants in natural settings. The key characteristics include an emergent design, data collection in natural environments, and an emphasis on the researcher as the instrument of analysis. Common qualitative methods involve in-depth interviews, observations, and reviews of documents and photographs. Approaches include case studies, ethnography, grounded theory, and phenomenology. The process involves generating research questions, collecting and interpreting data, refining questions and collecting more data, and reporting findings. Qualitative research contrasts with quantitative methods in its emphasis on words over numbers and rich context over generaliz
This document discusses and compares qualitative and quantitative research methods. It notes that while qualitative and quantitative data can both be measured and coded, the key difference is that qualitative research is exploratory and inductive while quantitative research is confirmatory and deductive. Some common qualitative methods discussed include grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, and field research. Strengths of qualitative research include a focus on detail and perspective, while weaknesses include reduced objectivity, reliability and generalizability compared to quantitative methods. The document encourages researchers to consider their research goals and constraints when choosing between qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Introduction to research methodology.pptxahmedmcjdu
Introduction to research methodology. Research methodology is a structured and scientific approach used to collect, analyze, and interpret quantitative or qualitative data to answer research questions or test hypotheses. A research methodology is like a plan for carrying out research and helps keep researchers on track by limiting the scope of the research. Several aspects must be considered before selecting an appropriate research methodology, such as research limitations and ethical concerns that may affect your research.
The research methodology section in a scientific paper describes the different methodological choices made, such as the data collection and analysis methods, and why these choices were selected. The reasons should explain why the methods chosen are the most appropriate to answer the research question. A good research methodology also helps ensure the reliability and validity of the research findings. There are three types of research methodology—quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method, which can be chosen based on the research objectives.
Moreover, A research methodology describes the techniques and procedures used to identify and analyze information regarding a specific research topic. It is a process by which researchers design their study so that they can achieve their objectives using the selected research instruments. It includes all the important aspects of research, including research design, data collection methods, data analysis methods, and the overall framework within which the research is conducted. While these points can help you understand what is research methodology, you also need to know why it is important to pick the right methodology.
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methods. It begins with an outline of the topics to be covered, including the background and differences between qualitative and quantitative research. It then discusses the nature of qualitative research, noting that it seeks to understand phenomena through words rather than numbers and aims for in-depth understanding rather than generalization. The document also covers when qualitative research should be used, such as to explore issues where little is known, and how to develop a qualitative research idea by determining the research aim and questions.
Class 6 research quality in qualitative methods rev may 2014tjcarter
This document provides an overview of key concepts in qualitative research methods, including assumptions, characteristics, and techniques for ensuring rigor. It discusses the researcher's role, data collection steps, interviewing, focus groups, coding, and strategies for establishing trustworthiness and credibility. Specific qualitative approaches covered include narrative inquiry, ethnography, case studies, phenomenology, and grounded theory. Examples are provided for each approach. The document concludes with guidance on coding qualitative data and establishing inter-rater reliability among coding teams.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It outlines that qualitative research involves intense contact within real-life settings to gain a holistic overview from participants' perspectives. It describes various qualitative paradigms and strategies like case studies, ethnography, and grounded theory. It also covers sampling strategies, the researcher's role, data collection methods like interviews and observation, ensuring validity and reliability, and generalizing findings from qualitative studies.
This document outlines the quantitative research process in 8 stages: 1) selecting a topic, 2) reviewing literature, 3) developing theoretical frameworks, 4) clarifying research questions, 5) designing the study, 6) collecting data, 7) analyzing data, and 8) drawing conclusions. It describes key aspects of each stage and different quantitative approaches including experimental, correlational, survey, ex post facto, and single-case designs. The objective of quantitative research is to develop mathematical models of natural phenomena by measuring relationships between data and observations.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data in research studies. It describes primary methods like observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It also discusses secondary data collection. For each method, it provides details on their types, merits, demerits and essential aspects to consider. Focus group discussions and depth interviews are also covered as additional qualitative data collection tools.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
2. How does Qualitative Research differ
from Quantitative?
•A systematic, subjective approach used to describe life experiences
and give them meaning
•Useful in understanding human experiences such as pain, caring,
powerlessness, and comfort
•Focuses on understanding the whole
•Consistent with holistic philosophy of nursing
3. What are the Frameworks for Qualitative
studies?
•The goal of qualitative research is not hypothesis testing.
•Frameworks are used in a different sense in qualitative research.
•Each type of qualitative research is guided by a particular
philosophical stance.
4. How does the Data in Qualitative
research look different?
•Data is subjective, systematic
•Describes life experiences and gives them meaning
•Data in qualitative research are typically words versus numbers in
quantitative research
•Focus on the whole, holistic
•Data incorporate perceptions and beliefs of researcher and
participants
6. Qualitative Research Methods
•Multiple realities
•Natural setting for data collection
•Researchers and participants interact
•Results are rich descriptions
7. Approaches to Qualitative Research
Phenomenological
Grounded Theory
Ethnography
Exploratory-descriptive-qualitative
Historical
8. Approaches to Qualitative Research
•Based on the philosophical orientation and intended outcome
•The type of qualitative approach taken is often dependent on the
research question(s) asked and the purpose of the research study
12. Exploratory-Descriptive
•No specific approach described except for naturalistic inquiry,
descriptive, or qualitative
•Addresses the research purpose and question from a qualitative
method
14. Qualitative Research Process
•Select topic and problem
•Justify the significance of the study
•Design study
•Identify and gain access to subjects
•Select study subjects and data
•Interpret results
15. Check Your Understanding: Question
Which of the following is true about qualitative research?
A.Categories are established for analysis purposes.
B.Data are usually collected in a laboratory setting.
C.Focus is on studying the “whole.”
D.Intuition and abstraction are suppressed.
16. Check Your Understanding: Answer
•ANSWER: C
•Qualitative research focuses on understanding the whole, which is consistent
with the holistic philosophy of nursing.
•Generally the plan for analysis occurs after the data are collected. Qualitative
research focuses on understanding the whole, which is consistent with the
holistic philosophy of nursing.
•More often than not, data are collected in naturalistic settings. Qualitative
research focuses on understanding the whole, which is consistent with the
holistic philosophy of nursing.
•The researcher often uses intuition while collecting data and must be able to
abstract when analyzing it. Qualitative research focuses on understanding the
whole, which is consistent with the holistic philosophy of nursing.
17. Which methods are unique to Qualitative
Research?
•Selection of subjects
•Researcher-participant relationship
•Data collection methods
•Data management
•Data analysis
•Interpretation
18. How are subjects selected?
•Subjects are referred to as participants.
•May volunteer to be involved in study
•May be selected by researcher because of their particular
knowledge, experience, or views related to study
19. What is purposive sampling?
•May select individuals typical in relation to the phenomenon under
study
•May seek out individuals different in some way from other
participants to get diverse perspectives
•Snowballing technique is commonly used.
20. How do sample sizes differ from
quantitative studies?
•Decisions regarding sample size differ
◦ Based on needs related to study purpose
◦ Number of subjects is usually smaller
◦ Case studies with only one subject may be used
◦ Six to 10 subjects not unusual
21. What are the characteristics of
researcher-participant relationships?
•Participants are treated as colleagues rather than subjects.
•The researcher must have the support and confidence of
participants to complete the study.
•Maintaining relationships is of utmost importance.
22. What does Observation Include?
•A process of understanding ‘What is going on here?’
•Look and listen carefully.
•Note routine activities.
•Focus on details.
•Note processes as well as discrete events.
•Note unexpected events.
23. What is Included in Interviewing?
•Open-ended format
•Researcher defines focus.
•No fixed sequence of questions
•Questions tend to change as researcher gains insights from previous
interviews and/or observations.
•Respondents are encouraged to raise issues not addressed by
researcher.
24. Check Your Understanding: Question
Data for qualitative studies are:
A. Based on words rather than numbers.
B. Easy and straightforward to interpret.
C. Gathered quickly from large numbers of people.
D. Precisely analyzed on a computer.
25. Check Your Understanding: Answer
•ANSWER: A
•In each approach to qualitative research, the purpose is to examine meaning, and the
unit of analysis is a word or phrase instead of a numerical value.
•Data are neither easy nor straightforward to interpret. In each approach to qualitative
research, the purpose is to examine meaning, and the unit of analysis is a word or
phrase instead of a numerical value.
•Qualitative data collection often takes a long time and must be conducted individually.
In each approach to qualitative research, the purpose is to examine meaning, and the
unit of analysis is a word or phrase instead of a numerical value.
•Although computer programs are available to assist with analysis, many researchers still
find them cumbersome and incomplete. In each approach to qualitative research, the
purpose is to examine meaning, and the unit of analysis is a word or phrase instead of a
numerical value.
26. How is text collected?
•May be written by participants on a particular topic at request of
researcher
•Narratives may be solicited by mail rather than in person.
•Text developed for other purposes, such as patient records or
procedure manuals, can be accessed for qualitative analysis.
•Published text (books, newspapers, etc.)
27. Check Your Understanding: Question
Which of the following is not a common data collection method in
qualitative research?
A. Examining written text
B. Interviewing participants
C. Observing participants
D. Obtaining written surveys
28. Check Your Understanding: Answer
•ANSWER: D
•Survey research is a type of quantitative research. Data collection methods in qualitative
research include observing participants, interviewing participants, and examining written
text.
•Examining written data is a method of data collection used in qualitative research. Survey
research is a type of quantitative research. Data collection methods in qualitative research
include observing participants, interviewing participants, and examining written text.
•Interviewing participants is a method of data collection used in qualitative research. Survey
research is a type of quantitative research. Data collection methods in qualitative research
include observing participants, interviewing participants, and examining written text.
•Observing participants is a method of data collection used in qualitative research. Survey
research is a type of quantitative research. Data collection methods in qualitative research
include observing participants, interviewing participants, and examining written text.
29. How are Qualitative research results
interpreted?
•The researcher offers his or her interpretation of what is going on.
•The focus is on understanding and explaining beyond that which can
be stated with certainty.
•May focus on usefulness of findings for clinical practice
•Researcher develops hunches about relationships that can be used
to formulate tentative propositions.
31. Rigor
•Rigor is impacted by all of the following negative factors:
◦ Inconsistency in adhering to method or philosophy
◦ Poorly developed methods
◦ Lack of data collection time
◦ Poor data collection methods
◦ Failure to consider multiple sources of data