Module 11, lesson 1
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Genetic engineering is the process of modifying an organism's DNA to change its characteristics. One example is a rabbit that was given jellyfish DNA, causing its fur to glow green under black light. This rabbit is called a transgenic organism. Recombinant DNA techniques cut DNA from two different organisms using restriction enzymes and combine the DNA into a new form. This allows for useful applications like producing disease-resistant crops or human proteins like insulin from bacteria. DNA fingerprinting can identify criminals by comparing their DNA to samples left at crime scenes, while cloning creates genetically identical copies of an organism.
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![How are changes made to DNA? ,[object Object],Under a black light, this rabbit’s fur glows green. DNA from a jellyfish was inserted into the rabbit’s DNA to make her glow. This rabbit is called a transgenic organism because it has been modified. Muskopf, Shannan. Online Images. The Biology Corner . 13 May 2007. http://www.biologycorner.com/bio4/notes/recombinant.html](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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The document provides information on genetic engineering techniques including selective breeding, hybridization, inbreeding, inducing mutations, polyploidy, DNA extraction, restriction enzymes, recombinant DNA, polymerase chain reaction, cell transformation, transgenic organisms, cloning, and applications of genetic engineering such as glowing plants and animals, disease resistance, and producing human proteins.
Recombinant DNA.pptx
This document provides information about a lecture series on methods in molecular biology. The course is titled "Methods in Molecular Biology" and is worth 3 credit hours. It will be taught by Dr. Sumera Shaheen in the department of biochemistry at Govt. College Women University Faisalabad. The lectures will cover topics such as recombinant DNA technology, vectors, PCR, DNA sequencing, gel electrophoresis, expression of recombinant proteins, antibodies, and blotting techniques. Recommended textbooks for the course are also listed.
Genetic Engineering, Types and Artificial Selection
This document defines several key genetic engineering terms:
1. Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. This includes techniques like cloning, gene splicing, and recombinant DNA technology.
2. Recombinant DNA technology involves removing genetic sequences from one organism and inserting them into another using tools like restriction enzymes and vectors.
3. Other terms discussed include artificial selection techniques like selective breeding, hybridization, and inbreeding used to indirectly manipulate genes and traits in organisms.
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering involves transferring DNA between organisms. It uses recombinant DNA techniques where the gene of interest is isolated and inserted into a vector like a plasmid or virus, which is then used to introduce the gene into a host cell. This allows the production of useful proteins like insulin through genetically modified bacteria. While genetic engineering has benefits like producing important medicines, there are also potential health and environmental risks to consider.
Rdna ppt presntation
The following powerpoint presentation consist of all the essential knowledge about recombinant DNA technology, its techniues and different uses, advantages, disadvantages,
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Diseases m15 l2
Diseases can be either communicable, which means they can be passed between individuals, or uncommunicable, which cannot. They are caused by pathogens like viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi or worms, environmental factors, genetics, or a combination. Pathogens are the agents that directly cause the disease, and can be transmitted by vectors like mosquitoes. Some notable diseases include HIV, influenza, malaria, tuberculosis, and diabetes. Lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, and avoiding toxins and bad health habits can impact disease risk, while vaccines, antibiotics, and general hygiene help prevent and treat diseases.
Mechanisms and patterns of evolution
Stabilizing selection favors average or intermediate traits in a population, reducing variation. This causes the population to stay the same over time. Directional selection favors one extreme trait, causing the population to evolve in one direction. Disruptive selection favors two extreme traits, leading to the emergence of two new species separated by intermediate forms. Geographic isolation and behavioral differences can cause speciation as populations separated by barriers evolve independently.
Module 10 human heredity
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- Pedigree charts show the genetic history and inheritance of traits in a family over generations using symbols to represent individuals and their genotypes
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Organic compounds c
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Module 12 Lesson 1
The document discusses several theories related to the origins and evolution of life:
1) The theory of spontaneous generation, which was disproven by experiments showing that living things come from other living things, not nonliving matter.
2) Oparin's primordial soup theory that early Earth conditions allowed organic compounds to form from chemical elements and sunlight, providing building blocks for early life.
3) The distinction between microevolution, involving small changes within a population over time, and macroevolution, referring to large changes that resulted in new taxonomic groups like bacteria evolving into humans.
Unit 14 lesson 3
After Stalin's death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev became leader of the Soviet Union and aimed to reduce Stalin's harsh policies through "destalinization". However, he failed to reform communist rule in Eastern Europe, leading to uprisings. In 1964, Leonid Brezhnev replaced Khrushchev and cracked down on dissent while asserting Soviet control over satellite states. He invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968 to prevent liberalization. Under Brezhnev's rule, tensions grew between the Soviet Union and China but remained peaceful. In the 1970s, detente policies under Nixon and Brezhnev lessened tensions between the US and USSR through arms control talks, but Reagan ended detente in the 1980s.
Unit 6 lesson 2
The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644. A peasant rebel army overthrew the Mongols and established the Ming Dynasty, with Hongwu as the first emperor. The Ming Dynasty established an effective centralized bureaucracy and flourished economically through international trade, but declined in the 1600s due to weak rulers, corruption, high taxes, and a major epidemic. This led to a peasant revolt in 1644 that overthrew the Ming Dynasty.
Unit 12 lesson 2 (2)
The document summarizes the economic and political impacts of World War I and the Great Depression globally. It discusses how [1] the US loaned money to Europe after WWI to rebuild but this led to worldwide depression when the US economy collapsed, [2] Germany struggled with inflation and political instability under the new Weimar Republic after its defeat in WWI, and [3] the Great Depression caused high unemployment, falling prices, and business/bank failures around the world, weakening democracies and allowing the rise of authoritarian regimes in Germany and Italy.
Unit 15 lesson 1
International organizations are groups of countries that work together on common goals and interests. Their purposes include promoting economic cooperation and growth, political unity, security, and progress on issues like education, technology, and sustainable development. Some of the major international organizations mentioned are the European Union, African Union, League of Arab States, Commonwealth of Independent States, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, NATO, G8, and United Nations.
Unit 14 lesson 4
The document discusses several Cold War conflicts outside of the major US-Soviet confrontations in Korea, Cuba, and Vietnam. It describes how the US opposed Communist influences in Nicaragua, Iran, and Afghanistan in line with its containment policy. In Nicaragua, the US initially supported the Somoza dictatorship but later backed anti-Communist Contras against the Sandinista government. In Iran, the US aided the Shah's Western-backed regime until the 1979 Iranian Revolution established an anti-American Islamic state under Ayatollah Khomeini. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1970s to prop up a Communist government also drew US support for anti-Soviet Muslim rebels.
Unit 13 lesson 2
The document outlines key details about the Holocaust:
- It describes the progression of discriminatory policies passed by the Nazis against Jews in the 1930s in Germany.
- The "Final Solution" was Hitler's plan to annihilate the entire Jewish population of Europe, carried out between 1941-1945. Jews were sent to concentration and death camps across Europe where many were killed or died from starvation/disease.
- The most notorious death camps were Auschwitz, Treblinka, and Sobibor, where over 1 million Jews were murdered mostly in gas chambers using Zyklon B gas. Medical experiments were also conducted on prisoners.
Unit 12 lesson 2
The document summarizes the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I. It discusses Wilson's 14 Points plan for peace, the negotiations between the Big Four countries, and the results of the treaty. The treaty established the League of Nations, stripped Germany of military and territory, and placed blame for the war on Germany. However, the treaty failed because the US Congress rejected it, Germany felt bitter about blame, and colonial powers were denied independence as outlined in the treaty.
Unit 11 lesson 1
Absolute monarchs during the 1500s-1700s believed in the divine right to rule and governed strictly. Louis XIV of France spent lavishly while many of his people struggled. In response, Enlightenment thinkers developed new ideas about government such as natural rights, separation of powers, and consent of the governed. These ideas spread and led people to criticize absolute monarchs more and more, questioning their way of life and eventually fighting for political revolution and change.
Unit 10 lesson 2
The document provides an overview of exploration and colonization from the 1400s to 1600s. It describes major explorers from Europe, China, Japan and their voyages of discovery. Key developments included Europeans seeking new trade routes to Asia which led to colonization of the Americas. The slave trade emerged as a triangular route between Europe, Africa and the Americas, with slaves used for labor in the colonies. Exploration and colonization resulted in global interdependence and the rise of joint stock companies.
Unit 8 lesson 1
The Renaissance began in 14th century Italy after the Black Death and spread across Europe over the following two centuries. It was a period of cultural and intellectual change as ideas from classical antiquity were rediscovered and secular thought developed. Merchants funded the arts, supporting artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael as well as the spread of new ideas through the printing press and use of the vernacular in writing instead of just Latin.
Unit 7 lesson 2
The fall of the Roman Empire led to the rise of the Middle Ages. As large cities declined and invaders increased, people formed isolated self-sufficient communities called manors centered around a lord for protection. This feudal system established hierarchies with kings, lords, and knights controlling land and serfs. The Catholic Church rose to power in the absence of strong empires, establishing monasteries that preserved knowledge and converted people to Christianity. Conflicts between powers led to events like the Norman invasion of England and Crusades that impacted medieval development.
Unit 7 lesson 1
The Merovingians ruled Francia from the 5th to 8th centuries, with their kings appointing major domos to rule in their stead over time. One major domo, Charles Martel, passed rulership to his son Pepin III, who had himself proclaimed king in 754 with papal support. This marked the rise of the Carolingian dynasty, which expanded the Frankish kingdom under the rule of Charlemagne from 768 to 814. However, upon Charlemagne's death the Carolingian lands were split among his sons, mirroring the divisions of the Merovingians.
Unit 6 lesson 3 manchu dynasty power point
The Manchus, originally from Manchuria, conquered Beijing in 1644 after a peasant revolt overthrew the Ming dynasty. They established the Qing dynasty and ruled China until 1911. The Manchus faced resistance from the Chinese people and ordered all men to adopt Manchu hairstyles and clothing. To balance their ethnic differences with the majority Han Chinese, the Manchus maintained their own legal status and military units while also recruiting Chinese into government positions. The Qing dynasty began to decline in the late 18th century due to factors such as corruption, high taxes, overpopulation, and the costly suppression of rebellions. Their refusal of more liberal trade with European powers also contributed to later problems with Western military advances.
Unit 6 lesson 2 ming dynasty power point
The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644. A peasant rebellion overthrew the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, establishing the Ming Dynasty. The early Ming emperors ran an effective centralized bureaucracy and presided over a period of economic prosperity. However, weak later rulers, corruption, high taxes, and natural disasters led to widespread unrest and rebellion, culminating in the fall of Beijing and the end of the Ming Dynasty in 1644.
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Early societies in northern and central Africa were semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers that lived in loose social structures led by elder males. They lived in stateless societies organized by lineages and traced ancestry matrilineally or patrilineally. By the 670s CE, Muslim rule had spread to Egypt and began invading areas to the west, with some local groups converting to Islam. Two prominent Berber empires, the Almoravid and Almohad, arose in North Africa in the 11th-12th centuries, spreading Islamic rule and culture through conquest across the region.
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- 8. Who is the criminal??? The DNA from the scene matches Dino Online Images. Access Excellence. 13 May 2007. http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1994/fly_forensics.html