A Hybrid Differential Evolution Method for the Design of IIR Digital FilterIDES Editor
This paper establishes methodology for the robust
and stable design of infinite impulse response (IIR) digital
filters using hybrid differential evolution method. Differential
Evolution (DE) is undertaken as a global search technique
and exploratory search is exploited as a local search technique.
DE is a population based stochastic real parameter
optimization technique relating to evolutionary computation,
whose simple yet powerful and straight forward features make
it very attractive for numerical optimization. Exploratory
search aims to fine tune the solution locally in promising
search area. This proposed DE method augments the capability
to explore and exploit the search space locally as well globally
to achieve the optimal filter design parameters by applying
the opposition learning strategy and random migration. A
multivariable optimization is employed as the design criterion
to obtain the optimal stable IIR filter that minimizes the
magnitude approximation error and ripple magnitude. DE
method is implemented to design low-pass, high-pass, bandpass,
and band-stop digital IIR filters. The achieved design of
IIR digital filters by applying DE method authenticates that
its results are comparable to other algorithms and can be
effectively applied for higher filter design.
A Hybrid Differential Evolution Method for the Design of IIR Digital FilterIDES Editor
This paper establishes methodology for the robust
and stable design of infinite impulse response (IIR) digital
filters using hybrid differential evolution method. Differential
Evolution (DE) is undertaken as a global search technique
and exploratory search is exploited as a local search technique.
DE is a population based stochastic real parameter
optimization technique relating to evolutionary computation,
whose simple yet powerful and straight forward features make
it very attractive for numerical optimization. Exploratory
search aims to fine tune the solution locally in promising
search area. This proposed DE method augments the capability
to explore and exploit the search space locally as well globally
to achieve the optimal filter design parameters by applying
the opposition learning strategy and random migration. A
multivariable optimization is employed as the design criterion
to obtain the optimal stable IIR filter that minimizes the
magnitude approximation error and ripple magnitude. DE
method is implemented to design low-pass, high-pass, bandpass,
and band-stop digital IIR filters. The achieved design of
IIR digital filters by applying DE method authenticates that
its results are comparable to other algorithms and can be
effectively applied for higher filter design.
This is the presentation for the paper "Fractional Step Discriminant Pruning: A Filter Pruning Framework for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks", delivered by N. Gkalelis and V. Mezaris at the 7th IEEE Int. Workshop on Mobile Multimedia Computing (MMC2020) that was held as part of the IEEE Int. Conf. on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), in July 2020.
IMAGE QUALITY ASSESSMENT- A SURVEY OF RECENT APPROACHES cscpconf
Image Quality Assessment (IQA) is the process of quantifying degradation in image quality.
With the increasedimage-basedapplicationsIQAdeservesextensiveresearch.Inthis paper we have
presented popular IQA methods for the three types namely, Full Reference (FR), No Reference
(NR) and Reduced Reference (RR). The paper gives comparison of the approaches in terms of
the database used, the performance metric and the methods used.
Learning to learn unlearned feature for segmentationNAVER Engineering
최근 machine learning 분야에서 활발히 연구되고 있는 meta-learning은 기존의 Gradient-descent 기반 학습 방법의 한계점으로 지적되는 엄청난 규모의 데이터 요구량 문제를 해결하기 위해 연구되는 분야로 학습 모델이 수 샘플으로도 충분한 학습 성능을 낼 수 있도록 하는 학습 기법이다. 메타 러닝 기법 중에서 Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML)은 학습 대상 모델의 구조와 상관없이 새로운 gradient-descent based algorithm을 통해 classification, reinforcement learning 임무를 빠른 시간 안에 높은 성능을 가지는 모델으로 학습하는 것이 실제로 가능하다고 보여주었다. 하지만 MAML은 image segmentation과 같이 복잡한 학습 네트워크 모델을 가지는 일에서는 효과적인 성능을 보여주지 못한다. 따라서 본 발표에서는 segmentation에 적용할 수 있는 MAML 기반 학습법에 대해 고찰하고, 특히 segmentation 네트워크를 re-training, transfer-learning와 같이 fine-tuning해야할 때 쓸 수 있는 meta-learning 기법을 소개하고자 한다. 제안된 기법은 active meta-tune이라 부르며, classification과 달리 복잡한 구조를 가지는 segmentation을 잘 수행하기 위해 meta-learning을 통해 학습하는 학습 데이터의 순서를 active learning 기반 알고리즘으로 정해주는 기술이다. 그러므로 본 발표에서는 active learning과 meta-learning이 어떻게 결합될 수 있는 지에 대한 이론적 배경과 active meta-tune의 알고리즘, 실제 적용 분야에 대하여 다룰 것이다.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PRACTICAL APPROACHES TO TARGET DETECTION IN LONG RANGE AND LOW QUALITY INFRAR...sipij
It is challenging to detect vehicles in long range and low quality infrared videos using deep learning
techniques such as You Only Look Once (YOLO) mainly due to small target size. This is because small
targets do not have detailed texture information. This paper focuses on practical approaches for target
detection in infrared videos using deep learning techniques. We first investigated a newer version of You
Only Look Once (YOLO v4). We then proposed a practical and effective approach by training the YOLO
model using videos from longer ranges. Experimental results using real infrared videos ranging from 1000
m to 3500 m demonstrated huge performance improvements. In particular, the average detection
percentage over the six ranges of 1000 m to 3500 m improved from 54% when we used the 1500 m videos
for training to 95% if we used the 3000 m videos for training.
Novel Scheme for Minimal Iterative PSO Algorithm for Extending Network Lifeti...IJECEIAES
Clustering is one of the operations in the wireless sensor network that offers both streamlined data routing services as well as energy efficiency. In this viewpoint, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) has already proved its effectiveness in enhancing clustering operation, energy efficiency, etc. However, PSO also suffers from a higher degree of iteration and computational complexity when it comes to solving complex problems, e.g., allocating transmittance energy to the cluster head in a dynamic network. Therefore, we present a novel, simple, and yet a cost-effective method that performs enhancement of the conventional PSO approach for minimizing the iterative steps and maximizing the probability of selecting a better clustered. A significant research contribution of the proposed system is its assurance towards minimizing the transmittance energy as well as receiving energy of a cluster head. The study outcome proved proposed a system to be better than conventional system in the form of energy efficiency.
Towards 802.11g Signal Strength Estimation in an Industrial Environment: a Pr...Dalton Valadares
Paper published in the AINA-2019 (The 33-rd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications).
March 27-th to March 29-th, 2019 at Kunibiki Messe, Matsue, Japan.
This is the presentation for the paper "Fractional Step Discriminant Pruning: A Filter Pruning Framework for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks", delivered by N. Gkalelis and V. Mezaris at the 7th IEEE Int. Workshop on Mobile Multimedia Computing (MMC2020) that was held as part of the IEEE Int. Conf. on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), in July 2020.
IMAGE QUALITY ASSESSMENT- A SURVEY OF RECENT APPROACHES cscpconf
Image Quality Assessment (IQA) is the process of quantifying degradation in image quality.
With the increasedimage-basedapplicationsIQAdeservesextensiveresearch.Inthis paper we have
presented popular IQA methods for the three types namely, Full Reference (FR), No Reference
(NR) and Reduced Reference (RR). The paper gives comparison of the approaches in terms of
the database used, the performance metric and the methods used.
Learning to learn unlearned feature for segmentationNAVER Engineering
최근 machine learning 분야에서 활발히 연구되고 있는 meta-learning은 기존의 Gradient-descent 기반 학습 방법의 한계점으로 지적되는 엄청난 규모의 데이터 요구량 문제를 해결하기 위해 연구되는 분야로 학습 모델이 수 샘플으로도 충분한 학습 성능을 낼 수 있도록 하는 학습 기법이다. 메타 러닝 기법 중에서 Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML)은 학습 대상 모델의 구조와 상관없이 새로운 gradient-descent based algorithm을 통해 classification, reinforcement learning 임무를 빠른 시간 안에 높은 성능을 가지는 모델으로 학습하는 것이 실제로 가능하다고 보여주었다. 하지만 MAML은 image segmentation과 같이 복잡한 학습 네트워크 모델을 가지는 일에서는 효과적인 성능을 보여주지 못한다. 따라서 본 발표에서는 segmentation에 적용할 수 있는 MAML 기반 학습법에 대해 고찰하고, 특히 segmentation 네트워크를 re-training, transfer-learning와 같이 fine-tuning해야할 때 쓸 수 있는 meta-learning 기법을 소개하고자 한다. 제안된 기법은 active meta-tune이라 부르며, classification과 달리 복잡한 구조를 가지는 segmentation을 잘 수행하기 위해 meta-learning을 통해 학습하는 학습 데이터의 순서를 active learning 기반 알고리즘으로 정해주는 기술이다. 그러므로 본 발표에서는 active learning과 meta-learning이 어떻게 결합될 수 있는 지에 대한 이론적 배경과 active meta-tune의 알고리즘, 실제 적용 분야에 대하여 다룰 것이다.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PRACTICAL APPROACHES TO TARGET DETECTION IN LONG RANGE AND LOW QUALITY INFRAR...sipij
It is challenging to detect vehicles in long range and low quality infrared videos using deep learning
techniques such as You Only Look Once (YOLO) mainly due to small target size. This is because small
targets do not have detailed texture information. This paper focuses on practical approaches for target
detection in infrared videos using deep learning techniques. We first investigated a newer version of You
Only Look Once (YOLO v4). We then proposed a practical and effective approach by training the YOLO
model using videos from longer ranges. Experimental results using real infrared videos ranging from 1000
m to 3500 m demonstrated huge performance improvements. In particular, the average detection
percentage over the six ranges of 1000 m to 3500 m improved from 54% when we used the 1500 m videos
for training to 95% if we used the 3000 m videos for training.
Novel Scheme for Minimal Iterative PSO Algorithm for Extending Network Lifeti...IJECEIAES
Clustering is one of the operations in the wireless sensor network that offers both streamlined data routing services as well as energy efficiency. In this viewpoint, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) has already proved its effectiveness in enhancing clustering operation, energy efficiency, etc. However, PSO also suffers from a higher degree of iteration and computational complexity when it comes to solving complex problems, e.g., allocating transmittance energy to the cluster head in a dynamic network. Therefore, we present a novel, simple, and yet a cost-effective method that performs enhancement of the conventional PSO approach for minimizing the iterative steps and maximizing the probability of selecting a better clustered. A significant research contribution of the proposed system is its assurance towards minimizing the transmittance energy as well as receiving energy of a cluster head. The study outcome proved proposed a system to be better than conventional system in the form of energy efficiency.
Towards 802.11g Signal Strength Estimation in an Industrial Environment: a Pr...Dalton Valadares
Paper published in the AINA-2019 (The 33-rd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications).
March 27-th to March 29-th, 2019 at Kunibiki Messe, Matsue, Japan.
It Does What You Say, Not What You Mean: Lessons From A Decade of Program RepairClaire Le Goues
In this talk we present lessons learned, good ideas, and thoughts on the future, with an eye toward informing junior researchers about the realities and opportunities of a long-running project. We highlight some notions from the original paper that stood the test of time, some that were not as prescient, and some that became more relevant as industrial practice advanced. We place the work in context, highlighting perceptions from software engineering and evolutionary computing, then and now, of how program repair could possibly work. We discuss the importance of measurable benchmarks and reproducible research in bringing scientists together and advancing the area. We give our thoughts on the role of quality requirements and properties in program repair. From testing to metrics to scalability to human factors to technology transfer, software repair touches many aspects of software engineering, and we hope a behind-the-scenes exploration of some of our struggles and successes may benefit researchers pursuing new projects.
Static Memory Management for Efficient Mobile Sensing ApplicationsFarley Lai
Memory management is a crucial aspect of mobile sensing applications that must process high-rate data streams in an energy-efficient manner. Our work is done in the context of synchronous data-flow models in which applications are implemented as a graph of components that exchange data at fixed and known rates over FIFO channels. In this paper, we show that it is feasible to leverage the restricted semantics of synchronous data-flow models to optimize memory management. Our memory optimization approach includes two components: (1) We use abstract interpretation to analyze the complete memory behavior of a mobile sensing application and identify data sharing opportunities across components according to the live ranges of exchanged samples. Experiments indicate that the static analysis is precise for a majority of considered stream applications whose control logic does not depend on input data. (2) We propose novel heuristics for memory allocation that leverage the graph structure of applications to optimize data exchanges between application components to achieve not only significantly lower memory footprints but also increased stream processing throughput.
Unsupervised Deep Learning for Accelerated High Quality EchocardiographyShujaat Khan
Echocardiography is a pivotal imaging tool for emergency medicine. Unfortunately, it suffers from poor image quality due to the intrinsic limitations of sonography systems. Towards this end, a better quality can be achieved at the cost of reduced frame rate by increasing the number of transmit/receive events and utilizing computationally expensive noise suppression algorithms. However, this visual quality and temporal resolution trade-off is a bottleneck for many echocardiography applications. Conventional acceleration methods, such as multi-line acquisition (MLA), work only for limited acceleration factors and produce blocking artifacts at a high frame rate. Accordingly, various machine learning algorithms have been designed to reduce blocking artifacts in MLA. These algorithms require access to either high-quality raw RF data or time-delayed baseband IQ data. Unfortunately, in many lower-end commercial systems, such data are not accessible. On the other hand, ultrasound images are badly affected by speckle noises which significantly reduces the image quality. We propose an image domain unsupervised deep learning framework using cycleGAN architecture for high quality accelerated echocardiography that simultaneously reduces the blocking artifacts and the speckle noise. The method is evaluated on real in-vivo and phantom data and achieves notable performance gain.
Realtime, Non-Intrusive Evaluation of VoIP Using Genetic Programmingadil raja
Realtime, Non-Intrusive Evaluation of VoIP Using Genetic Programming
A presentation made and delivered for our entry in human competitive awards competition in GECCO 2007.
Extend Your Journey: Introducing Signal Strength into Location-based Applicat...Chih-Chuan Cheng
Reducing the communication energy is essential to facilitate the growth of emerging mobile applications. In this paper, we introduce signal strength into location-based applications to reduce the energy consumption of mobile devices for data reception. First, we model the problem of data fetch scheduling, with the objective of minimizing the energy required to fetch location-based information without adversely impacting user experience. Then, we propose a dynamic-programming algorithm to solve the fundamental problem and prove its optimality in terms of energy savings. We also provide an optimality condition with respect to signal strength fluctuations. Finally, based on the algorithm, we consider implementation issues. We have also developed a virtual tour system integrated with existing web applications to validate the practicability of the proposed concept. The results of experiments conducted based on real-world case studies are very encouraging.
Dr. Fariba Fahroo presents an overview of her program, Optimization and Discrete Mathematics, at the AFOSR 2013 Spring Review. At this review, Program Officers from AFOSR Technical Divisions will present briefings that highlight basic research programs beneficial to the Air Force.
Similar to Modeling the Effect of Packet Loss on Speech Quality: Genetic Programming Based Symbolic Regression (20)
This is inspired from Tom Mitchell's book on Machine Learning. You can achieve a bit exact implementation of the back propagation algorithm if you follow the code in this.
A simple client-server application in java in which a client sends a message to a server and the server tries to be funny by sending back a funny response.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
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Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and Training
Modeling the Effect of Packet Loss on Speech Quality: Genetic Programming Based Symbolic Regression
1. 1
Modeling the Effect of Packet Loss on Speech Quality:
Genetic Programming Based Symbolic Regression
Adil Raja
adil.raja@ul.ie
1
2. 2
Contents
• Packet Loss Modeling approaches: Related Research
• Current Approach.
• A Brief Intoduction to Genetic Programming (GP).
• Simulation Environment and GP Parameters.
• Analysis and Results.
• Conclusion and Future Aspirations.
2
3. 3
Packet Loss Modeling Approaches
Packet Based Approaches.
• Based on regression of packet loss parameters to MOS.
• Parameters include mean Loss rate, conditional loss probability etc.
• Some approaches include:
Markov Models [1].
Regression Using Artificial Neural Networks. [2] [3] [4]
Speech Based Approaches
• Intrusive: ITU-T Recommendation P.862 (PESQ).
• Non-intrusive: ITU-T Recommendation P.563 (PSEAM).
• Non-intrusive PESQ [5].
Adil Raja, Wireless Access research Centre University of Limerick, June 2006 3
4. 4
Our Previous Work
ANN based Regression of network traffic metrics on speech quality.
• Useful Network loss Metrics.
• Mean Loss Rate.
• Means and Variances of Burst and Gap Length Distributions.
• Codec Type and Packetization Interval.
• Inter Loss Distance/Gap Length.
Packet loss was modeled using a Gilbert Model.
Results: -
• rtraining=0.9835;
• rvalidation=0.9821;
• rtesting=0.9763
Adil Raja, Wireless Access research Centre University of Limerick, June 2006 4
5. 5
Packet Loss Simulation
The Gilbert-Elliot Loss Model.
p =
n−1
i=1
mi/m0
/mi
q = 1 −
n−1
i=2
mi × (n − 1)
/
n−1
i=1
mi × i
π1 =
p
p + q
Adil Raja, Wireless Access research Centre University of Limerick, June 2006 5
6. 6
Packet Loss Simulation ...
Parameters of Geometrically Distributed Burst and Gap Lengths
• Mean Burst Length = 1/q
• Variance of Burst Length Distribution = (1-q)/q2
• Mean Gap Length = 1/p
• Variance of Gap Length Distribution = (1-p)/p2
The Gilbert Model:
• Packet loss can be simulated for certain values of p and q.
• During network operation bursts have to be captured for determining clp and ulp.
• The Gilbert model also models the packet loss due to jitter buffer discard/overflow.
Adil Raja, Wireless Access research Centre University of Limerick, June 2006 6
7. 7
Current Approach and Experimental Details
• Genetic Programming has been used for mapping the effect of VoIP traffic parameters on speech
quality.
• Codecs: G.729 and G.723.1 and AMR-NB.
• Packet/frame loss simulation is done using Gilbert Model.
• Mean Loss rate (ulp) was set to 10, 20, 30 and 40 %. clp was set to 10, 60, 80 and 90 %.
• Input Variables.
Mean loss rate.
Means and variances of burst and gap length distributions (VAD).
Codec type and packetization interval.
VAD: Different packets have different importance [6].
• From a total of 1408 speech files:
35% were used for training.
15% were used for validation.
50% were used for Speaker independent testing.
• Speech activity - 70-80%
Adil Raja, Wireless Access research Centre University of Limerick, June 2006 7
8. 8
A Brief Introduction to Genetic Programming (GP)
• GP is a Machine Learning Technique inspired by biological evolution. A branch of Evolutionary
Algorithms.
• Aimed at evolving program expressions/computer code.
• Each individual encodes a symbolic expression.
• Solution Representation.
A tree structure is the most popular representation.
Other representations include graphs and linear structures such as arrays.
• Primary application area is modelling.
Commercial Application - predicting stock index.
Scientific Application - modelling physical processes.
Engineering Application - reverse engineering, designing circuitry, regression, classifica-
tion.
Data Mining.
Adil Raja, Wireless Access research Centre University of Limerick, June 2006 8
9. 9
A simplified GP Breeding Cycle
GP uses four steps to solve problems:
• Generate an initial population of random compositions of the functions and terminals of the
problem (computer programs).
Functions: plus, minus, times, sin, cos, mylog, mypower, divide, sqrt, mylog2, mylog10.
Terminals: Can be variables (network traffic parameters) and constants.
• Execute each program in the population and assign it a fitness value according to how well it
solves the problem.
Minimization of χ2
error.
Minimization of MSE ().
Maximization of Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient.
• Copy the best existing programs (Selection).
Roullete Wheel Selection - Fitness Proportinate Selection.
Tournament Selection.
Lexicographic Parsimony Pressure ().
...
• Create new computer programs by mutation and crossover.
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A simplified GP Breeding Cycle: A Symbolic Representation
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Mutation
Two types of mutation are possible1
:
• A terminal replaces a terminal or a function replaces a function.
• A subtree can replace an entire subtree.
1
http://www.geneticprogramming.com/Tutorial/#anchor181526
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Crossover
Two solutions are recombined to form two new solutions or offspring.
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The GP Environment
GPLAB - A Matlab tool-box by Sara Silva (sara@dei.uc.pt).
Other GP Parameters
• Survival: Replacement (), Elitism.
• Adaptive genetic operator probabilities.
• Initial Population Size: 100.
• Generational Gap: 1.
Linear Scaling [7]
MSE (y, t) = 1/n
n
i
(ti − yi)
2
MSEs (y, t) = MSE (a + by, t) = 1/n
n
i
(ti − (a + byi))
2
a = ¯t − b ¯f(x)
b =
cov(t, y)
var(y)
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Advantages of Linear Scaling
• Bloat Control.
• Faster Training.
• Solutions better suited for real-time evaluations.
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Analysis and Results
A total of 50 runs were performed. Each run was spanned over 50 gener-
ations.
Fitness Curves:
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Analysis and Results ...
Diversity and Tree Size plots
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Analysis and Results ...
Parameter Representation in GP Environment
GP Representation Parameter
X1 codec type
X2 Packetization Interval (PI)
X3 Mean Loss Rate (mlr)
X4 Mean Burst Length (mbl)
X5 Mean Gap Length (mgl)
X6 Variance of Burst Length (vbl)
X7 Variance of gap length (vgl)
• Talkspurt based values of all the parameters are used.
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Analysis and Results ...
• Fitness= 0.0523; Test Fitness=0.0496 rtraining=0.9074;rvalidation=0.9183;
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Analysis and Results ...
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Analysis and Results
• A less bloated solution.
• Fitness= 0.0670; Test Fitness=0.0555 rtraining=0.8796rvalidation= 0.9079;
GP − MOS − LQO = −2.3843 sin
√
X3 + sin (X3) + 3.6112
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Analysis and Results ...
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Analysis and Results ...
• Fitness= 0.0678; Validation Fitness=0.0556; Test Fitness=0.0650; rtraining=0.8780rvalidation=
0.9074; rtesting=0.8881.
GP − MOS − LQO = −3.3432
√
X3 + 3.6881
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Analysis and Results ...
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Analysis and Results ...
• Fitness= 0.0678; Validation Fitness=0.0556; Test Fitness=0.0650; rtraining=0.8780rvalidation=
0.9074; rtesting=0.8881.
GP − MOS − LQO = −10.0296 X3/9 + 3.6881
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Analysis and Results ...
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Conclusions and Future Aspirations
• Results obtained by GP have advantages over other machine learning algorithms (such as
ANNs).
Simplified results: A mathematical expression.
GP searches for global minimum of the error function and is less prone to getting stuck
in local minima (due to mutation property).
The prelimanary results are not comparable to ANN based approaches but there is
room for improvement.
• Improvements: Some Speculations; The Known Knowns.
Population size should be increased to 500 for the sake of having more diverse search
space.
Selection: Lexicographic parsimony pressure vs Tournament selection.
Survival: Replacement vs some elitism criterion.
• The work can be split to two parts:
The Telecommunications intensive aspects.
The GP intensive aspects.
• Developing an in-depth understanding of GP shall be a part of future endeavors.
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References
[1] A. D. Clark. Modeling the effects of burst packet loss and recency on subjective voice quality.
In 2nd IP-Telephony Workshop, Columbia University, New York, April 2001.
[2] S. Mohamed, F. Cervantes-Perez, and H. Afifi. Integrating networks measurements and speech
quality subjective scores for control purposes. In Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer
and Communications Societies (INFOCOM), pages 641Ű649, 2001.
[3] S. Mohamed, G. Rubino, and M. Varela. A method for quantitative evaluation of audio quality
over packet networks and its comparison with existing techniques. In Measurement of Speech and
Audio Quality in Networks (MESAQIN), 2004.
[4] L. F. Sun and E. C. Ifeachor. Perceived speech quality prediction for voice over ip-based networks.
In IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), volume 4, pages 2573 -Ű 2577, 2002.
[5] A.E. Conway, Output-based method of applying PESQ to measure the perceptual quality of
framed speech signals, IEEE Communications Society, 2004.
[6] L. Sun, G.Wade, B. M. Lines, and E. C. Ifeachor. Impact of packet loss location on perceived
speech quality. In 2nd IP-Telephony Workshop, Columbia University, New York, April 2001.
[7] M. Kaijzer. Scaled Symbolic Regression. 2003.
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