The document discusses various biomolecules and their applications. It describes carbohydrates like cellulose used in water filters and PHA/PLA as bioplastics. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are discussed for uses in vaccines for diseases like rabies and COVID-19, as well as for forensics applications involving DNA fingerprinting. Proteins are summarized for uses as foods from sources like whey and meat analogues, as well as plant-based proteins. Lipids are mentioned for applications like biodiesel and cleaning agents. Enzymes are provided as an example for uses in biosensors and bio-bleaching.
Biomolecules (Mainly Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids ) Production form Microorganisms and their Industrial applications were discussed....
Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Appli...Zahra Naz
This document provides an overview of biological products and biotechnological products. It begins with an introduction to biological products, which are substances produced by living organisms, such as blood, toxins, vaccines, etc. It then discusses the four main types of biological molecules - carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The document further explains biotechnology as the controlled use of biological agents like microorganisms. Examples of biotechnological products created through recombinant DNA technology are discussed, including antibiotics, vaccines, genetically modified organisms, and transgenic plants. Specific biotechnological products like proteins, antibiotics, vitamins, and their medical applications are also summarized.
Here are a few key points about hunting restrictions and regulations to consider when planning a guided hunt:
- Check with your outfitter and the relevant wildlife agency on season dates and bag limits for the game you intend to hunt. Strictly abide by these to stay legal.
- Know the outfitter's operating area and any special restrictions that may apply on public or private lands. Some zones may be off-limits or have added rules.
- Inquire about any required licenses, tags or permits beyond your regular hunting license. An outfitter can help obtain these.
- Ask if there are restrictions on weapon types, ammunition or hunting methods for the game. Follow all safety protocols for discharging firearms.
-
B sc biotech i fob unit 4 application in biotechnologyRai University
The document provides information on DNA profiling (also called DNA testing or genetic fingerprinting). It discusses how DNA profiling uses a person's DNA makeup to identify individuals and is used in criminal investigations and parental testing. It notes that DNA profiling is not the same as full genome sequencing. The technique was first reported in 1986 and is now the basis of several national DNA databases. DNA profiles are sets of letters that reflect a person's unique DNA makeup.
Cell Applications, Inc. is a leading authority and global provider of primary human and animal cell types, complimented by optimized media and cell biology products to serve your research & development goals. Primary Cells, derived directly from tissue, maintain physiological relevance and find increasing use in life science research and pharmaceutical drug discovery. In business since 1994, we have perfected the isolation, purification, subculture and growth of human and animal primary cells. Available options include proliferating or cryopreserved cells, 3D models, 96 well plated versions, disease models, or cells pre-screened for metabolic regulation markers and signal pathways.
Biotechnology uses microorganisms and cell culture techniques to produce medicines, industrial chemicals, and other useful products. Key applications include using monoclonal antibodies for diagnostics and therapeutics, producing crops with desirable traits through plant cell culture, and generating vaccines and biopharmaceuticals through insect and mammalian cell culture. Emerging technologies like recombinant DNA, cloning, protein engineering, biosensors, nanobiotechnology, and microarrays further expand biotechnology's possibilities in fields like medicine, agriculture, and environmental remediation.
The document provides an overview of the field of biotechnology, including its history, key areas and applications. It discusses topics like genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, transgenic plants and animals, DNA microarrays, bioinformatics, and careers in biotechnology. The future prospects of biotechnology in addressing global challenges like food security and healthcare are also highlighted.
Biomolecules (Mainly Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids ) Production form Microorganisms and their Industrial applications were discussed....
Introduction To Biological Products, Biotechnological Products& Their Appli...Zahra Naz
This document provides an overview of biological products and biotechnological products. It begins with an introduction to biological products, which are substances produced by living organisms, such as blood, toxins, vaccines, etc. It then discusses the four main types of biological molecules - carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The document further explains biotechnology as the controlled use of biological agents like microorganisms. Examples of biotechnological products created through recombinant DNA technology are discussed, including antibiotics, vaccines, genetically modified organisms, and transgenic plants. Specific biotechnological products like proteins, antibiotics, vitamins, and their medical applications are also summarized.
Here are a few key points about hunting restrictions and regulations to consider when planning a guided hunt:
- Check with your outfitter and the relevant wildlife agency on season dates and bag limits for the game you intend to hunt. Strictly abide by these to stay legal.
- Know the outfitter's operating area and any special restrictions that may apply on public or private lands. Some zones may be off-limits or have added rules.
- Inquire about any required licenses, tags or permits beyond your regular hunting license. An outfitter can help obtain these.
- Ask if there are restrictions on weapon types, ammunition or hunting methods for the game. Follow all safety protocols for discharging firearms.
-
B sc biotech i fob unit 4 application in biotechnologyRai University
The document provides information on DNA profiling (also called DNA testing or genetic fingerprinting). It discusses how DNA profiling uses a person's DNA makeup to identify individuals and is used in criminal investigations and parental testing. It notes that DNA profiling is not the same as full genome sequencing. The technique was first reported in 1986 and is now the basis of several national DNA databases. DNA profiles are sets of letters that reflect a person's unique DNA makeup.
Cell Applications, Inc. is a leading authority and global provider of primary human and animal cell types, complimented by optimized media and cell biology products to serve your research & development goals. Primary Cells, derived directly from tissue, maintain physiological relevance and find increasing use in life science research and pharmaceutical drug discovery. In business since 1994, we have perfected the isolation, purification, subculture and growth of human and animal primary cells. Available options include proliferating or cryopreserved cells, 3D models, 96 well plated versions, disease models, or cells pre-screened for metabolic regulation markers and signal pathways.
Biotechnology uses microorganisms and cell culture techniques to produce medicines, industrial chemicals, and other useful products. Key applications include using monoclonal antibodies for diagnostics and therapeutics, producing crops with desirable traits through plant cell culture, and generating vaccines and biopharmaceuticals through insect and mammalian cell culture. Emerging technologies like recombinant DNA, cloning, protein engineering, biosensors, nanobiotechnology, and microarrays further expand biotechnology's possibilities in fields like medicine, agriculture, and environmental remediation.
The document provides an overview of the field of biotechnology, including its history, key areas and applications. It discusses topics like genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, transgenic plants and animals, DNA microarrays, bioinformatics, and careers in biotechnology. The future prospects of biotechnology in addressing global challenges like food security and healthcare are also highlighted.
The document discusses biocomputing and provides information about cells and their components. It defines biocomputing as the application of computational tools to analyze biological data. It then describes the basic components of cells, including the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Major cellular components like DNA, RNA, genes, and genomes are explained. Finally, applications of biocomputing like genome annotation and assembly are discussed.
Recombinant DNA is created using molecular cloning techniques to combine DNA from multiple sources into new sequences. There are three main methods: transformation, phage introduction, and non-bacterial transformation. Transformation involves inserting DNA into bacterial host cells like E. coli, while non-bacterial transformation uses direct microinjection or biolistics in non-bacterial cells. Phage introduction uses bacteriophages to introduce DNA. Recombinant DNA technology has important applications in agriculture, medicine, and other fields.
This document discusses polysaccharides as building blocks for nanotherapeutics in drug delivery. It defines different types of carbohydrates like monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. It then classifies polysaccharides based on their origin as plant, animal, algal, microbial, or marine. Polysaccharides are also classified based on their monomer units as homo- or heteropolysaccharides. Examples of specific polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, dextran, and cyclodextrins are provided along with their properties and applications. Requirements for efficient drug delivery vehicles and important drug delivery systems are also summarized. The document concludes that polysaccharide nanop
70-80% of people worldwide rely chiefly on traditional, largely herbal, medicines.
The global demand for herbal medicine is not only large but growing.
Various technologies- adopted for enhancing bioactive molecules in medicinal plants.
Biotechnological tools are important for the multiplication and genetic enhancement of medicinal plants.
In vitro regeneration and genetic transformation are the Techniques adopted.
Multiple antimelanoma potential of dry olive leaf extractHakeem Zamano
Various constituents of the olive tree (Olea europaea) have been traditionally used in the treatment of infection, inflammation,
prevention of chronic diseases, cardiovascular disorders and cancer.
Application of Nanotechnology in Natural ProductsMona Ismail
Nanoscience is the manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.
The word "Nano" is derived from the Greek word for “Dwarf”. It means a billionth. A nanometer is a billionth of a meter.
Home DNA testing: How do genes determine a person’s reaction to drugs, nutrients and vitamins? How can you test your genes for your biological age? Find out more!
Recombinant Dna technology, Restriction Endonucleas and Vector Dr. Priti D. Diwan
Recombinant DNA technology allows DNA from different sources to be combined to form artificial DNA molecules. This is done by cutting the DNA with restriction enzymes and joining the pieces together with DNA ligase. The artificial DNA can then be inserted into host cells where it is replicated. This technology was developed in 1973 and has many important applications, including producing human insulin in bacteria to treat diabetes, creating genetically modified crops with desirable traits, and producing other proteins and vaccines. The basic steps involve isolating DNA, cutting it with restriction enzymes, ligating the pieces, introducing the DNA into host cells, replicating the DNA within the cells, and identifying cells containing the recombinant DNA.
The document discusses the steps involved in modern vaccine production. It begins by outlining the process of selecting a strain for vaccine production, including killing or inactivating the organism. It then discusses formulation of the vaccine by suspending the microorganism in fluids, preservatives, and adjuvants. The final stages involve quality control testing, including sterility, safety, and efficacy testing before batch release and distribution.
The document discusses modern vaccine production. It describes the key steps in vaccine production which include selecting a strain for the vaccine, growing and isolating the microorganism, inactivating or attenuating the organism, formulating the vaccine by adding stabilizers and adjuvants, and performing quality control tests before distribution. The presentation provides details on each step and highlights modern approaches like using recombinant DNA technology, synthetic peptides, and viral-like particles to develop vaccines.
Traditional phenotypic methods and newer genotypic methods can both be used to identify bacteria. Phenotypic methods include gram staining, culturing, and analyzing biochemical characteristics and reactions. These methods have limitations as some bacteria cannot be cultured. Genotypic methods like MALDI-TOF, PCR, and microarrays identify bacteria based on their genetic material and can identify bacteria directly from clinical samples faster than phenotypic methods. A variety of biochemical tests are used as part of phenotypic identification to analyze carbohydrate metabolism, production of specific compounds, enzyme activity, and other characteristics.
Animal cell culture media typically contain energy sources like glucose, amino acids as nitrogen sources, vitamins, inorganic salts, fatty acids, antibiotics, growth factors, and hormones. Most media also require an incubator to maintain optimal temperature, pH, osmolality, and gaseous environment for cell growth. Cell cultures can be grown adhered to surfaces or in suspension, and may have limited or continuous proliferation. Common applications of animal cell culture include vaccine production, cancer research, pharmaceutical drug production, and studying nerve cell function.
This document provides an introduction to food science and the basic composition of food. It discusses the main macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water), fiber, and how the body uses these nutrients. Carbohydrates are divided into simple and complex categories. The roles and sources of dietary fiber are explained. Overall, the document outlines the nutritional, technological, and safety aspects of food as an introduction for food safety regulators.
ABSTRACT- Fruits and vegetables are the important source in human life. It should be safe and consists of good shelf
life which can improve the level of consumption of fruits and vegetable among the society. The processing is such a great
parameter which analyses the quality of food. Today fruits and vegetables are susceptible to the growth of microorganism
which may be air borne, soil borne and water borne disease. Enzymes offer potential for many exciting applications for
the improvement of foods. There is still, however, a long way to go in realizing this potential. Economic factors i.e.
achievement of the optimum yields and efficient recovery of desired protein are the main deterrents in the use of enzymes.
Changing values in society with respect to recombinant DNA & protein engineering technologies and the growing need to
explore all alternative food sources may in time make enzyme applications more attractive to the food industry
Key-words- Enzyme, immobilization, Screening, Food spoilage, Enzymes, Bacterial contamination, Food poisoning,
Perishable foods
This document discusses several model organisms used for research including E. coli, Arabidopsis thaliana, yeast, and Caenorhabditis elegans. It provides details on the characteristics and reasons for using each as a model organism. E. coli is described as a commonly used prokaryote that reproduces rapidly. Arabidopsis is highlighted as a popular plant model with a small genome. Yeast is noted for its simple eukaryotic cells and fully sequenced genome. C. elegans is discussed as a transparent roundworm useful for studying development and behaviors.
Chemistry and biotechnology of carotenoids.pptxSaloniSen3
Carotenoids, the colored pigments ranging from light yellow through orange to deep red, are biosynthesized by all photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae, higher plants and also by some non-photosynthetic bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. The characteristic colors of many birds, insects, and marine invertebrates are also due to the presence of carotenoids, which originate from the diet. Animals are not able to synthesize carotenoids and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. More than 600 carotenoids are characterized structurally and the list is increasing continuously as newer compounds are being discovered. Commercially, carotenoids are used as colorants for human food and nutritional supplements, as feed additives to enhance the pigmentation of fish and eggs, as pharmaceutical products, and in the agriculture and cosmetic industry (Bramley,2003).
The major function of these isoprenoid molecules in plants is in photosynthesis wherein they protect the photosynthetic apparatus from excess light. They are also intermediates in the biosynthesis of abscissic acid and other apocarotenoids.
In recent years there has been considerable interest in the dietary carotenoids due to their provitamin A activity (Olson and Hayaishi, 1965; Nagao et al., 1997), high antioxidant potential (Sies and Stahl, 2003), and their ability to prevent the onset of certain cancers (Giovannuci, 1999; Gann et al., 1999) as well as age-related macular degeneration (Landrum and Bone, 2001).
The beneficial role of carotenoids in maintaining human health, their important role in plant photo protection, their versatile usage as food and feed supplements, and their applications in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries make them potential candidates for enhancement and manipulation. Over
the past three decades advances in molecular genetics and biotechnological approaches have led to the understanding of carotenoid biosynthesis and its manipulation in microorganisms and higher plants. Even though the structural genes of carotenoid biosynthesis have been identified and cloned, the regulation of
carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is poorly understood. Therefore, the type and amount of carotenoids to be accumulated by transformation is still unpredicted. The current paper reviews the advances made in carotenoid biosynthesis and its regulation. It also gives information about the metabolic engineering attempted in various microbes and higher plants with future research directions.
57.insilico studies of cellulase from Aspergillus terreusAnnadurai B
This document describes various in silico studies performed on cellulases from Aspergillus terreus. The physicochemical properties of the cellulases were analyzed using tools from the ExPASy bioinformatics server. It was found that the molecular weights ranged from 40,927 to 100,058 Daltons and the isoelectric points were acidic. Secondary structure prediction using SOPMA showed that random coils dominated. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis were performed using CLC Workbench. 3D structures were obtained from ESyPred 3D server. The analyses provide insight into cellulase properties that can aid in purification and industrial applications.
The document discusses how agriculture in schools can help by providing fresh ingredients through student-run cultivation of fruits and vegetables. Students ages 10-14 receive training in best agricultural practices like composting, sowing, and cultivation. Participating students learn to appreciate the importance of agriculture. While some students from farm backgrounds may not want agriculture courses, it could be offered as an elective or club to interest those wanting to learn more.
This document provides information on cell culture techniques. It discusses:
1. Primary cell culture involves directly culturing cells separated from tissues using enzymatic or mechanical methods. Adherent cells attach to surfaces while suspension cells remain floating.
2. Secondary cell cultures are produced when primary cells are subcultured. Cell lines can be either finite, with limited life spans, or continuous, capable of indefinite growth.
3. Cell culture media must provide nutrients and an appropriate environment for cell growth. Serum-containing and serum-free media are commonly used. Equipment like incubators, storage units, and cryogenic tanks are also needed to maintain cell cultures.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
The document discusses biocomputing and provides information about cells and their components. It defines biocomputing as the application of computational tools to analyze biological data. It then describes the basic components of cells, including the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Major cellular components like DNA, RNA, genes, and genomes are explained. Finally, applications of biocomputing like genome annotation and assembly are discussed.
Recombinant DNA is created using molecular cloning techniques to combine DNA from multiple sources into new sequences. There are three main methods: transformation, phage introduction, and non-bacterial transformation. Transformation involves inserting DNA into bacterial host cells like E. coli, while non-bacterial transformation uses direct microinjection or biolistics in non-bacterial cells. Phage introduction uses bacteriophages to introduce DNA. Recombinant DNA technology has important applications in agriculture, medicine, and other fields.
This document discusses polysaccharides as building blocks for nanotherapeutics in drug delivery. It defines different types of carbohydrates like monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. It then classifies polysaccharides based on their origin as plant, animal, algal, microbial, or marine. Polysaccharides are also classified based on their monomer units as homo- or heteropolysaccharides. Examples of specific polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, dextran, and cyclodextrins are provided along with their properties and applications. Requirements for efficient drug delivery vehicles and important drug delivery systems are also summarized. The document concludes that polysaccharide nanop
70-80% of people worldwide rely chiefly on traditional, largely herbal, medicines.
The global demand for herbal medicine is not only large but growing.
Various technologies- adopted for enhancing bioactive molecules in medicinal plants.
Biotechnological tools are important for the multiplication and genetic enhancement of medicinal plants.
In vitro regeneration and genetic transformation are the Techniques adopted.
Multiple antimelanoma potential of dry olive leaf extractHakeem Zamano
Various constituents of the olive tree (Olea europaea) have been traditionally used in the treatment of infection, inflammation,
prevention of chronic diseases, cardiovascular disorders and cancer.
Application of Nanotechnology in Natural ProductsMona Ismail
Nanoscience is the manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.
The word "Nano" is derived from the Greek word for “Dwarf”. It means a billionth. A nanometer is a billionth of a meter.
Home DNA testing: How do genes determine a person’s reaction to drugs, nutrients and vitamins? How can you test your genes for your biological age? Find out more!
Recombinant Dna technology, Restriction Endonucleas and Vector Dr. Priti D. Diwan
Recombinant DNA technology allows DNA from different sources to be combined to form artificial DNA molecules. This is done by cutting the DNA with restriction enzymes and joining the pieces together with DNA ligase. The artificial DNA can then be inserted into host cells where it is replicated. This technology was developed in 1973 and has many important applications, including producing human insulin in bacteria to treat diabetes, creating genetically modified crops with desirable traits, and producing other proteins and vaccines. The basic steps involve isolating DNA, cutting it with restriction enzymes, ligating the pieces, introducing the DNA into host cells, replicating the DNA within the cells, and identifying cells containing the recombinant DNA.
The document discusses the steps involved in modern vaccine production. It begins by outlining the process of selecting a strain for vaccine production, including killing or inactivating the organism. It then discusses formulation of the vaccine by suspending the microorganism in fluids, preservatives, and adjuvants. The final stages involve quality control testing, including sterility, safety, and efficacy testing before batch release and distribution.
The document discusses modern vaccine production. It describes the key steps in vaccine production which include selecting a strain for the vaccine, growing and isolating the microorganism, inactivating or attenuating the organism, formulating the vaccine by adding stabilizers and adjuvants, and performing quality control tests before distribution. The presentation provides details on each step and highlights modern approaches like using recombinant DNA technology, synthetic peptides, and viral-like particles to develop vaccines.
Traditional phenotypic methods and newer genotypic methods can both be used to identify bacteria. Phenotypic methods include gram staining, culturing, and analyzing biochemical characteristics and reactions. These methods have limitations as some bacteria cannot be cultured. Genotypic methods like MALDI-TOF, PCR, and microarrays identify bacteria based on their genetic material and can identify bacteria directly from clinical samples faster than phenotypic methods. A variety of biochemical tests are used as part of phenotypic identification to analyze carbohydrate metabolism, production of specific compounds, enzyme activity, and other characteristics.
Animal cell culture media typically contain energy sources like glucose, amino acids as nitrogen sources, vitamins, inorganic salts, fatty acids, antibiotics, growth factors, and hormones. Most media also require an incubator to maintain optimal temperature, pH, osmolality, and gaseous environment for cell growth. Cell cultures can be grown adhered to surfaces or in suspension, and may have limited or continuous proliferation. Common applications of animal cell culture include vaccine production, cancer research, pharmaceutical drug production, and studying nerve cell function.
This document provides an introduction to food science and the basic composition of food. It discusses the main macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water), fiber, and how the body uses these nutrients. Carbohydrates are divided into simple and complex categories. The roles and sources of dietary fiber are explained. Overall, the document outlines the nutritional, technological, and safety aspects of food as an introduction for food safety regulators.
ABSTRACT- Fruits and vegetables are the important source in human life. It should be safe and consists of good shelf
life which can improve the level of consumption of fruits and vegetable among the society. The processing is such a great
parameter which analyses the quality of food. Today fruits and vegetables are susceptible to the growth of microorganism
which may be air borne, soil borne and water borne disease. Enzymes offer potential for many exciting applications for
the improvement of foods. There is still, however, a long way to go in realizing this potential. Economic factors i.e.
achievement of the optimum yields and efficient recovery of desired protein are the main deterrents in the use of enzymes.
Changing values in society with respect to recombinant DNA & protein engineering technologies and the growing need to
explore all alternative food sources may in time make enzyme applications more attractive to the food industry
Key-words- Enzyme, immobilization, Screening, Food spoilage, Enzymes, Bacterial contamination, Food poisoning,
Perishable foods
This document discusses several model organisms used for research including E. coli, Arabidopsis thaliana, yeast, and Caenorhabditis elegans. It provides details on the characteristics and reasons for using each as a model organism. E. coli is described as a commonly used prokaryote that reproduces rapidly. Arabidopsis is highlighted as a popular plant model with a small genome. Yeast is noted for its simple eukaryotic cells and fully sequenced genome. C. elegans is discussed as a transparent roundworm useful for studying development and behaviors.
Chemistry and biotechnology of carotenoids.pptxSaloniSen3
Carotenoids, the colored pigments ranging from light yellow through orange to deep red, are biosynthesized by all photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae, higher plants and also by some non-photosynthetic bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. The characteristic colors of many birds, insects, and marine invertebrates are also due to the presence of carotenoids, which originate from the diet. Animals are not able to synthesize carotenoids and rely upon the diet as a source of these compounds. More than 600 carotenoids are characterized structurally and the list is increasing continuously as newer compounds are being discovered. Commercially, carotenoids are used as colorants for human food and nutritional supplements, as feed additives to enhance the pigmentation of fish and eggs, as pharmaceutical products, and in the agriculture and cosmetic industry (Bramley,2003).
The major function of these isoprenoid molecules in plants is in photosynthesis wherein they protect the photosynthetic apparatus from excess light. They are also intermediates in the biosynthesis of abscissic acid and other apocarotenoids.
In recent years there has been considerable interest in the dietary carotenoids due to their provitamin A activity (Olson and Hayaishi, 1965; Nagao et al., 1997), high antioxidant potential (Sies and Stahl, 2003), and their ability to prevent the onset of certain cancers (Giovannuci, 1999; Gann et al., 1999) as well as age-related macular degeneration (Landrum and Bone, 2001).
The beneficial role of carotenoids in maintaining human health, their important role in plant photo protection, their versatile usage as food and feed supplements, and their applications in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries make them potential candidates for enhancement and manipulation. Over
the past three decades advances in molecular genetics and biotechnological approaches have led to the understanding of carotenoid biosynthesis and its manipulation in microorganisms and higher plants. Even though the structural genes of carotenoid biosynthesis have been identified and cloned, the regulation of
carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is poorly understood. Therefore, the type and amount of carotenoids to be accumulated by transformation is still unpredicted. The current paper reviews the advances made in carotenoid biosynthesis and its regulation. It also gives information about the metabolic engineering attempted in various microbes and higher plants with future research directions.
57.insilico studies of cellulase from Aspergillus terreusAnnadurai B
This document describes various in silico studies performed on cellulases from Aspergillus terreus. The physicochemical properties of the cellulases were analyzed using tools from the ExPASy bioinformatics server. It was found that the molecular weights ranged from 40,927 to 100,058 Daltons and the isoelectric points were acidic. Secondary structure prediction using SOPMA showed that random coils dominated. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis were performed using CLC Workbench. 3D structures were obtained from ESyPred 3D server. The analyses provide insight into cellulase properties that can aid in purification and industrial applications.
The document discusses how agriculture in schools can help by providing fresh ingredients through student-run cultivation of fruits and vegetables. Students ages 10-14 receive training in best agricultural practices like composting, sowing, and cultivation. Participating students learn to appreciate the importance of agriculture. While some students from farm backgrounds may not want agriculture courses, it could be offered as an elective or club to interest those wanting to learn more.
This document provides information on cell culture techniques. It discusses:
1. Primary cell culture involves directly culturing cells separated from tissues using enzymatic or mechanical methods. Adherent cells attach to surfaces while suspension cells remain floating.
2. Secondary cell cultures are produced when primary cells are subcultured. Cell lines can be either finite, with limited life spans, or continuous, capable of indefinite growth.
3. Cell culture media must provide nutrients and an appropriate environment for cell growth. Serum-containing and serum-free media are commonly used. Equipment like incubators, storage units, and cryogenic tanks are also needed to maintain cell cultures.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
1. Module-1
BIOMOLECULES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
(QUALITATIVE):
Carbohydrates (cellulose-based water filters, PHA and PLA
as bioplastics), Nucleic acids (DNA Vaccine for Rabies and
RNA vaccines for Covid19, Forensics – DNA fingerprinting),
Proteins (Proteins as food – whey protein and meat
analogs, Plant-based proteins), lipids (biodiesel, cleaning
agents/detergents), Enzymes (glucose-oxidase in
biosensors, lignolytic enzyme in bio-bleaching).
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2. • Characteristics of Biomolecules
• Important Biomolecules of Life
• Table: Fundamental Biological Molecules
(Biomolecules)
• Carbohydrates (Cellulose-Based Water
Filters, PHA, and PLA as Bioplastics)
• There Are Three Main Types of
Carbohydrates
• Biomolecules are molecules produced by living organisms
and are essential for life processes like reproduction,
growth, and sustenance. They are divided into four main
categories: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins.
These molecules are found in and produced by living
organisms.
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3. Characteristics of Biomolecules
1) Most of them are organic
compounds.
2) They have specific shapes and
dimensions.
3) Functional group determines
their chemical properties.
4) Many of them are asymmetric.
5) Macromolecules are large
molecules and are constructed from
small building block molecules.
6) Building block molecules have
simple structure.
7) Biomolecules first gorse by
chemical evolution.
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4. Important Biomolecules of Life
Water is essential for life, making up 60%
of any living body. Carbohydrates provide
energy, proteins are for tissue and cell
formation, lipids for energy and nutrition,
nucleic acids for hereditary information,
and enzymes are proteins that act as
catalysts for body processes.
Fundamental Biological Molecules
(Biomolecules):
Sr. No. Small Molecule Atomic Constituents Derived Macro –
Molecule
1 Amino Acid C, H, O, N (S) Proteins
2 Sugars C, H, O Starch, Glycogen
3 Fatty Acids C, H, O Fats, Oils
4 Purines and Pyrimidine C, H, O, N Nucleic Acids
5 Nucleotide C, H, O, N, P Nucleic Acids (DNA
and RNA)
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5. Carbohydrates (Cellulose-Based Water Filters, PHA,
and PLA as Bioplastics)
Carbohydrates are sugar molecules and are one of
the three main nutrients found in food and drinks.
When broken down, they become glucose (blood
sugar), which is the main source of energy for the
body. Glucose can be used immediately or stored for
later use.
There are three main types of carbohydrates:
Sugars are simple carbohydrates that can be naturally
present in food or added to many processed foods.
Starches are complex carbohydrates that need to be
broken down into sugars for the body to use as energy.
They are present in bread, cereal, pasta, and certain
vegetables.
Fiber is also a complex carbohydrate that cannot be
broken down by the body. Eating foods with fiber can
make one feel full, help prevent digestive issues, and lower
cholesterol and blood sugar levels. Fiber is found in fruits,
vegetables, nuts, seeds, beans, and whole grains.
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6. Cellulose: A Versatile and Sustainable Material for Water Filtration
Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate made of 3,000+ glucose units and is found in
plant cell walls. It makes up 90% of cotton and 50% of wood and is the most abundant
organic compound. It is renewable, biodegradable and insoluble in water, but difficult
to dissolve with common solvents.
Applications of Cellulose: Cellulose-Based Water Filters
Interest in using bio-based filters for water purification has grown in recent
years. Research has been focussed on creating bio-based membranes from
cellulose nanofibrils. However, these filters do not sufficiently remove
bacteria and other techniques are needed. One approach is to incorporate
antibacterial metal nanoparticles like silver and copper nanoparticles into
cellulose-based filters. An alternative method is to use positively charged
filters that adsorb negatively charged bacteria onto the filter surfaces,
regardless of size. This allows for efficient and non-selective removal of both
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria from water without reducing the
filter pore size or adding toxic chemicals.
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7. Methods Used
Cellulose filter papers are used for microfiltration, trapping
particulates in a cellulose fiber matrix. It can be used qualitatively
or quantitatively, depending on the application. This includes
nitrogen analysis, SEM, flow rate, bacterial removal, filtration of
natural water samples, and fluorescence microscopy.
LBL Layer by layer. Modification.
Nitrogen analysis.
SEM Scanning electron microscopy.
Flow rate for free flow filtration.
Bacterial removal, and efficiency of
filtration.
Filtration of natural water samples.
Fluorescence microscopy.
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8. PHA and PLA as Bioplastics
Bioplastics are a type of plastic that is derived from renewable sources such
as vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, straw, woodchips, sawdust, and food
waste. They can also be obtained from natural biopolymers like
polysaccharides and proteins, or from sugar derivatives and lipids through
chemical synthesis. In contrast, traditional plastics are derived from
petroleum or natural gas.
PLA as Bioplastic
PLA is a polyester derived from renewable biomass sources such as corn,
cassava, sugarcane, or sugar beet pulp. Lactic acid, the building block of PLA,
can be produced via bacterial fermentation of a carbohydrate source, making
the production process sustainable and renewable. PLA offers significant
environmental advantages over petroleum-derived plastics.
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9. PHA as Bioplastic
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters produced in nature by
microorganisms and used to make bioplastics. Properties and
biocompatibility of PHA can be changed through blending, modifying the
surface or combining with other polymers, enzymes and inorganic
materials, making it suitable for many applications.
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10. Nucleic Acid
Nucleic acids are biomolecules essential to
all life. They are made up of nucleotides -
sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base.
DNA and RNA are the two main classes,
with RNA having a ribose sugar and DNA
having the ribose derivative, deoxyribose.
Biological Function
Nucleic acids are naturally occurring chemical compounds found in all living things
that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules and are responsible for the
transmission and expression of information inside and outside the cell nucleus. The
encoded information is contained in the nucleic acid sequence, which is made up of
strings of nucleotides forming helical backbones and assembled into chains of base-
pairs selected from five primary nucleobases - adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine,
and uracil. Thymine is only found in DNA and uracil only in RNA.
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11. DNA Vaccine for Rabies
A DNA rabies vaccine uses a eukaryotic
expression vector with the rabies virus
glycoprotein gene and a suitable promoter.
When tested on mice, it imparted 60%
protection against a standard strain of
rabies virus at a dose of 20LD50.
Rabies Overview
Rabies, progressive fatalencephalitis is
caused by rabies virus of genus Lyssavirus.
Majority ofrabies cases reported from
developed countries involve wild animals
likeraccoons, skunks, bats, and foxes. DNA
vaccines being free from foreignproteins
may not cause the various side reactions,
which may be observed forconventional
vaccines.
Vaccine Effectiveness
Mice immunized with modified antigens
produced Rabies virus-neutralizing
antibodies (RVNA) greater than 0.5 IU/ml,
the minimum recommended by WHO. The
lowest level of RVNA was seen with a TPA-
tagged vaccine, equivalent to an
unmodified antigen-based DNA vaccine.
Vector and PBS immunized groups did not
produce neutralizing antibodies.
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13. RNA VACCINE FOR COVID-19
mRNA vaccine technology has been developed to rapidly
respond to public health emergencies of infectious diseases. It
involves giving cells instructions to create the S protein found
on the surface of the COVID-19 virus. This causes the body to
create antibodies. Improvements to the technology have
increased the feasibility to manufacture mRNA-based products
and decreased associated inflammatory responses. It is
particularly needed in the event of newly emergent pathogens,
such as SARS-CoV-2. International regulatory convergence is
needed to further develop this technology.
Regulatory Considerations
“Evaluation of the quality, safetyand
efficacy of messenger RNA vaccines for the
prevention of infectiousdiseases: regulatory
considerations”
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14. Forensics – DNA fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory technique used to determine
the probable identity of a person based on the nucleotide
sequences of certain regions of human DNA that are unique to
individuals.
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15. Uses in Forensics
DNA is present in nearly every cell of our bodies, and can be found in
things such as flakes of skin, drops of blood, hair, and saliva. Forensic
science uses these small bits of shed DNA to link criminals to the crimes
they commit. The process of extracting a DNA fingerprint and determining
the likelihood of a match between a suspect and a crime scene is
complicated and relies on probability. Government-administered DNA
databases, such as the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) can speed
up the process, but ethical issues arise when considering victims' and
suspects' rights. To obtain a DNA fingerprint, a sample of cells from your
body can be taken from your mouth, skin, hair, saliva, sweat, or other body
fluids. The DNA is then cut into smaller segments, copied millions of times,
times, and treated with chemicals to make the samples longer for easier
study.
Obtaining a DNA Fingerprint
Lab workers mix DNA strips into a gel and pass an electric
current through it. A dye is added to make the strips visible
under an ultraviolet light or laser. The more the DNA segments
are tested, the more accurate the profile will be. The pattern of
the strips can then be compared to another sample to find a
match.
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17. Proteins are large molecules that play a critical role in the structure, function,
and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. They are made up of long
chains of amino acid residues and can be found throughout the body. Proteins
perform a range of functions in organisms, such as aiding metabolic reactions,
responding to stimuli, providing structure, and transporting molecules. The
amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by the nucleotide sequence of
its gene. The genetic code is a set of three nucleotides that designate an amino
acid, and the process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is
called translation.
Protein as Food
Protein is an essential part of a healthy diet, composed of
amino acids used to build and repair muscles, bones,
hormones, and enzymes. Most Australians get enough
protein from food alone, however a variety of proteins are
necessary for those following a vegetarian or vegan diet.
Animal products are known as 'complete' protein as they
contain all essential amino acids, while plant proteins are
considered 'incomplete' as they usually lack at least one
essential amino acid. To ensure adequate intake of essential
amino acids, a variety of protein sources from plant foods
should be consumed.
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18. Whey Protein
Whey protein is a mixture of proteins isolated from whey,
a by-product of cheese production, and is commonly
marketed as a protein supplement. A review published in
2010 concluded that the literature did not adequately
support the proposed health claims of whey protein.
Research has shown that it is slightly more effective than
other types of protein for muscle growth. Whey is left
over when milk is coagulated during cheese production,
and contains lactose, water soluble proteins and some
lipid content. There are several companies innovating
microbe-produced whey and cheese, though the protein
composition of their products is not known.
Types of Whey Protein
Whey Protein Concentrates (WPC) have low levels of fat and
cholesterol, but also contain carbohydrates in the form of lactose.
They are typically between 29%-89% protein by dry weight. Whey
Protein Isolates (WPI) are processed to remove fat and lactose,
and are typically over 90% protein by dry weight. Whey Protein
Hydrolysates (WPH) are whey proteins that are predigested and
partially hydrolyzed for easier metabolizing. Native whey protein
is extracted from skim milk and is more bio-available than casein
or soy protein.
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19. Plant Based Protein
Plant protein is a food source of protein that is derived from plants,
such as pulses, tofu, soya, tempeh, seitan, nuts, seeds, certain grains,
and peas. It is easy to find these sources of protein in the grocery
store as they are high in fiber, vitamins, minerals, and other
important nutrients. Pre-mixing of plant proteins such as soy, lentils,
and chickpeas, or mushroom fermentation, with water, steam,
and/or oil is used to create a product for extrusion. Plant-based
proteins are beneficial for weight loss as they are lower in calories
and fat than animal proteins, but higher in fiber and essential
nutrients. The benefits of plant-based proteins include increased
intake of fiber, lower risk of cardiovascular disease and some types
of cancers, and benefits for weight management.
Meat Analogues
Meat analogues are products that mimic animal products in
terms of taste, texture, and appearance. They are generally
composed of proteins from either animal or plant origin,
insoluble fiber, starch, and further ingredients for taste and
texture. Commonly referred to as meat substitutes, mock meat,
imitation meat, and faux meat, these products are made from
meat-based compounds such as surimi, which is a cheaper and
healthier alternative to meat.
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20. • Lipids:
• Lipids are fatty compounds that perform a variety of functions in your body. They're
part of your cell membranes and help control what goes in and out of your cells
• Lipids contain the same elements as carbohydrates: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (C,
H, and O). However, lipids are mainly made of hydrocarbon chains (or rings) and
contain fewer polar hydroxyl groups (-OH).
• Lipids are a broad group of naturally-occurring molecules which includes fats,
waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids,
and others.
• Lipids may be broadly defined as hydrophobic or amphiphilic small molecules; the
amphiphilic nature of some lipids allows them to form structures such as vesicles,
multilamellar/unilamellar liposomes, or membranes in an aqueous environment.
• Although the term "lipid" is sometimes used as a synonym for fats, fats are a
subgroup of lipids called triglycerides. Lipids also encompass molecules such as fatty
acids and their derivatives (including tri-, di-, monoglycerides, and phospholipids), as
well as other sterol-containing metabolites such as cholesterol.
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21. Biodiesel:
Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable fuel manufactured
domestically from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant
grease. Biodiesel meets both the biomass-based diesel and overall
advanced biofuel requirement of the Renewable Fuel Standard.
Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel derived from plants or animals and
consisting of long-chain fatty acid esters. It is typically made by
chemically reacting lipids such as animal fat (tallow), soybean oil, or
some other vegetable oil with an alcohol, producing
a methyl, ethyl or propyl ester by the process of transesterification.
Unlike the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel converted diesel
engines, biodiesel is a drop-in biofuel, meaning it is compatible with
existing diesel engines and distribution infrastructure. However, it is
usually blended with petrodiesel (typically to less than 10%) since most
engines cannot run on pure biodiesel without modification. Biodiesel
blends can also be used as heating oil.
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23. • Detergents:
• A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleansing
properties when in dilute solutions. There are a large variety of
detergents, a common family being the alkylbenzene sulfonates,
• Detergents are a group of compounds with an amphiphilic structure,
where each molecule has a hydrophilic (polar) head and a long
hydrophobic (non-polar) tail. The hydrophobic portion of these
molecules may be straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbons,
• Detergent molecules aggregate to form micelles, which makes them
soluble in water.
• The micelle can remove grease, protein or soiling particles. The
concentration at which micelles start to form is the critical micelle
concentration (CMC),
• Detergents work better in an alkaline pH. The properties of detergents
are dependent on the molecular structure of the monomer.
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24. • Enzymes:
• Enzymes are proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in
our bodies. They build some substances and break others down. All living things
have enzymes.
• One of the most important roles of enzymes is to aid in digestion. reathing. Building
muscle. Nerve function. Ridding our bodies of toxins.
• Enzymes can be classified into 7 categories according to the type of reaction they
catalyse. These categories are oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases,
isomerases, ligases, and translocases.
• Some of the most common digestive enzymes are:
• Carbohydrase breaks down carbohydrates into sugars.
• Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids.
• Protease breaks down protein into amino acids.
• An enzymatic biosensor comprises of an enzyme, which recognizes and then reacts
with the target analyte producing a chemical signal, a transducer, which produces a
physical signal out of that chemical one, and an electronic amplifier, which
conditions and then amplifies the signal. Biosensors permit the analysis in complex
biological media.
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26. Glucose Oxidase Biosensor:
The basic concept of the glucose biosensor is based on the fact that the
immobilized GOx catalyzes the oxidation of β-D-glucose by molecular
oxygen producing gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide [35]. In order to
work as a catalyst, GOx requires a redox cofactor—flavin adenine
dinucleotide (FAD).
The sensor measures the level of glucose in the interstitial fluid (fluid
surrounding the cell) every 10 seconds and changes it into an electrical
signal. The signal represents the amount of sugar in the blood. A small
transmitter attaches to the sensor.
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27. lignolytic enzyme in bio-bleaching:
Ligninolytic enzymes play a key role in degradation and detoxification of
lignocellulosic waste in environment. The major ligninolytic enzymes are laccase,
lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and versatile peroxidase.
Biobleaching, also known as prebleaching, is the process of pretreating pulp with
enzymes. Biobleaching is achieved using several microbial enzymes, that is, laccases,
xylanases, MnPs, pectinases, and LiPs. In general, xylanase has an indirect influence
on the final pulp brightness.
The major ligninolytic enzymes are laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese
peroxidase, and versatile peroxidase. The activities of these enzymes are enhanced by
various mediators as well as some other enzymes (feruloyl esterase, aryl-alcohol
oxidase, quinone reductases, lipases, catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase) to facilitate the
process for degradation and detoxification of lignocellulosic waste in environment.
Lignin can be efficiently used for the production of biofuel or other useful compounds
by two ways. The first one is uncoupling lignin polymer from other cell wall
polymers and secondly by exploiting the properties of lignin polymer for biofuel or
for the production of other commercially useful compounds.
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