This document discusses prime factor decomposition, which is writing a number as the product of its prime factors. It provides examples of decomposing the numbers 36 and 28. To decompose 36, it is broken down as 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 or 2^2 x 3^2. To decompose 28, it is broken down as 2 x 2 x 7 or 2^2 x 7. The key steps are finding factors that multiply to the original number and checking if those factors are prime, continuing to break down non-prime factors into prime factors.