This document summarizes a large scale longitudinal study examining the effect of discovery systems on online journal usage. The study analyzed journal usage data from 24 academic libraries before and after implementing a discovery service. It found that while some publishers saw an increase in usage and some saw a decrease, the change in usage varied significantly depending on both the discovery service and the individual library. The study utilized ANOVA models to determine that discovery service, library, and the interaction between discovery service and publisher were significant predictors of changes in journal usage. The results indicate the effect of discovery systems on usage is complex and depends on multiple factors.
Discovery or Displacement?: A Large Scale Longitudinal Study of the Effect of...John McDonald
Plenary session for Charleston Conference 2013. Authors: Michael Levine-Clark, John McDonald, Jason Price. In this first large scale study of the effect of discovery systems on electronic resource usage, the authors present initial findings on how these systems alter online journal usage by academic library researchers. The study examines usage of content hosted by four major academic journal publishers at 24 libraries that have implemented one of the major discovery systems, EBSCO's EDS, Ex Libris' Primo, OCLC's Worldcat Local, or SerialsSolutions’ Summon. A statistically rigorous comparison of COUNTER-compliant journal usage at each library from the 12 months before and after implementation will determine the degree to which usage rises or falls after discovery tool implementation and address rumors that discovery tools differ in their impact on electronic resource usage.
Discovery or Displacement?: A Large Scale Longitudinal Study of the Effect of...Michael Levine-Clark
Levine-Clark, Michael, John McDonald, and Jason Price, "Discovery or Displacement?: A Large Scale Longitudinal Study of the Effect of Discovery Systems on Online Journal Usage," Charleston Conference, November 7, 2013.
Plenary session for Charleston Conference 2013. Authors: Michael Levine-Clark, John McDonald, Jason Price. In this first large scale study of the effect of discovery systems on electronic resource usage, the authors present initial findings on how these systems alter online journal usage by academic library researchers. The study examines usage of content hosted by four major academic journal publishers at 24 libraries that have implemented one of the major discovery systems, EBSCO's EDS, Ex Libris' Primo, OCLC's Worldcat Local, or SerialsSolutions’ Summon. A statistically rigorous comparison of COUNTER-compliant journal usage at each library from the 12 months before and after implementation will determine the degree to which usage rises or falls after discovery tool implementation and address rumors that discovery tools differ in their impact on electronic resource usage.
The stories we can tell ebook usage in academic librariesJane Schmidt
The uptake of ebooks is increasing in academic libraries despite myriad complexities. Providing perspectives from university libraries and consortia, this presentation will explore the evaluation of ebooks. Topics include usage by acquisition method and intended purpose, ebook management complexities and their effect on usage, and analysis of consortial purchases.
Levine-Clark, Michael, “Measuring Discovery: The Impact of Discovery Systems ...Michael Levine-Clark
Levine-Clark, Michael, “Measuring Discovery: The Impact of Discovery Systems on Journal Usage,” Invited. INFORUM Conference on Professional Information Resources, Prague, May 26, 2015. [John McDonald and Jason Price]
Levine-Clark, Michael, John McDonald, and Jason Price, Discovery or Displacement? A Large-Scale Longitudinal Study of the Effect of Discovery Systems on Online Journal Usage: Combined Presentation“ December 2014
Discovery or Displacement?: A Large Scale Longitudinal Study of the Effect of...John McDonald
Plenary session for Charleston Conference 2013. Authors: Michael Levine-Clark, John McDonald, Jason Price. In this first large scale study of the effect of discovery systems on electronic resource usage, the authors present initial findings on how these systems alter online journal usage by academic library researchers. The study examines usage of content hosted by four major academic journal publishers at 24 libraries that have implemented one of the major discovery systems, EBSCO's EDS, Ex Libris' Primo, OCLC's Worldcat Local, or SerialsSolutions’ Summon. A statistically rigorous comparison of COUNTER-compliant journal usage at each library from the 12 months before and after implementation will determine the degree to which usage rises or falls after discovery tool implementation and address rumors that discovery tools differ in their impact on electronic resource usage.
Discovery or Displacement?: A Large Scale Longitudinal Study of the Effect of...Michael Levine-Clark
Levine-Clark, Michael, John McDonald, and Jason Price, "Discovery or Displacement?: A Large Scale Longitudinal Study of the Effect of Discovery Systems on Online Journal Usage," Charleston Conference, November 7, 2013.
Plenary session for Charleston Conference 2013. Authors: Michael Levine-Clark, John McDonald, Jason Price. In this first large scale study of the effect of discovery systems on electronic resource usage, the authors present initial findings on how these systems alter online journal usage by academic library researchers. The study examines usage of content hosted by four major academic journal publishers at 24 libraries that have implemented one of the major discovery systems, EBSCO's EDS, Ex Libris' Primo, OCLC's Worldcat Local, or SerialsSolutions’ Summon. A statistically rigorous comparison of COUNTER-compliant journal usage at each library from the 12 months before and after implementation will determine the degree to which usage rises or falls after discovery tool implementation and address rumors that discovery tools differ in their impact on electronic resource usage.
The stories we can tell ebook usage in academic librariesJane Schmidt
The uptake of ebooks is increasing in academic libraries despite myriad complexities. Providing perspectives from university libraries and consortia, this presentation will explore the evaluation of ebooks. Topics include usage by acquisition method and intended purpose, ebook management complexities and their effect on usage, and analysis of consortial purchases.
Levine-Clark, Michael, “Measuring Discovery: The Impact of Discovery Systems ...Michael Levine-Clark
Levine-Clark, Michael, “Measuring Discovery: The Impact of Discovery Systems on Journal Usage,” Invited. INFORUM Conference on Professional Information Resources, Prague, May 26, 2015. [John McDonald and Jason Price]
Levine-Clark, Michael, John McDonald, and Jason Price, Discovery or Displacement? A Large-Scale Longitudinal Study of the Effect of Discovery Systems on Online Journal Usage: Combined Presentation“ December 2014
Value in numbers: A Shared Approach to Measuring Usage and Impact JUSPSTATS
Presentation given as part of the NISO Virtual Conference: Expanding the Assessment Toolbox: Blending the Old and New Assessment Practices. The presentation gives an overview of JUSP and IRUS-UK and shows the value in using a shared approach to measuring usage and impact.
In November 2013, UKSG published a UKSG and Jisc-funded research project “Impact of Library Discovery Technology” that evaluates the impact of library discovery technologies, specifically Resources Discovery Systems, on the usage of academic content. The report provides a wealth of useful information and a practical set of recommendations for actions that libraries, publishers and others in the academic information supply chain should take to engage with such technologies to best support the discovery of resources for teaching, learning and research.
Valérie Spezi discussed the key findings of the report and the implications of these findings for librarians, publishers and content providers, RDS suppliers and other national and international organisations with an interest in the information chain.
UMass Medical School's Experience: NAHSL Open Forum 2013Elaine Martin
UMass Medical School School Library Director Elaine Martin, Head of Education & Clinical Services Len Levin, and Associate Director Jane Fama present how Lamar Soutter Library has implemented the 4Rs to reject old models, rethink, redo, and rejuvenate the library to offer improved services and resources for patrons.
Do you have a question that library analytics data can answer? Do you know what to ask or where to find the answers? And what to do with the answers once you have them? This session will present real-life questions from real-life users that the growing suite of library analytics tools available to UK libraries has helped them answer. You will hear questions, methods, answers, how the information received has been put into practice, and what benefits have resulted.
Capturing and Analyzing Publication, Citation and Usage Data for Contextual C...NASIG
Libraries have long sought to demonstrate the value of their collections through a variety of usage statistics. Traditionally, a strong emphasis is placed on high usage statistics when evaluating journals in collection development discussions. However, as budget pressures persist, administrators are increasingly concerned with looking beyond traditional usage metrics to determine the real impact of library services and collections. By examining journal usage in the context of scholarly communication, we hope to gain a more holistic understanding of the use and impact of our library’s resources. In this session, we begin by outlining our methodology for gathering comprehensive publication and citation data for authors affiliated with Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine, utilizing Web of Science as our primary data source and leveraging a custom Python script to manage the data. Using this data we discuss various potential metrics that could be employed to measure and evaluate journals in institutional and field-specific contexts, including but not limited to: number of publications and references per journal, co-citation networks, percentage of references per journal, and increases or decreases of references over time per title. We then consider the development of normalized benchmarks and criteria for creating field-specific core journal lists. We also discuss a process for establishing usage thresholds to evaluate existing journal subscriptions and to highlight potential gaps in the collection. Finally, we apply and compare these metrics to traditional collection development tools like COUNTER usage reports, cost-per-use analysis, Inter-Library Loan statistics and turnaway reports, to determine what correlations or discrepancies might exist. We finish by highlighting some use-cases which demonstrate the value of considering publication and citation metrics, and provide suggestions for incorporating these metrics into library collection development practices.
Speakers: Joelen Pastva and Jonathan Shank, Northwestern University
Project GitHub page: https://goo.gl/2C2Pcy
Mapping the final frontier publishers experiences launching open access journalsNASIG
The open access landscape has very few roadmaps to guide publishers. Numerous OA journals have launched in the past 6 months, each with different strategies, scopes, audiences, and business models. Join ACS Publications, Nature Publishing Group, and IEEE as they walk through the lessons learned from the process of launching OA journals at their respective organizations. The American Chemical Society's newest journal, ACS Central Science, is the ACS' first attempt at a purely open access journal that has no author fees or subscription fees. The challenges of launching a new publishing model with a new business model have been a vital learning experience as ACS enters this new frontier. VP of New Business Development, Dr. Kevin Davies, will walk through the journal launch process, the impact of shifting to an OA model, the business considerations, and successes/challenges to date in this interactive session. Dr. James Butcher, Associate Director for Open Publishing at Nature Publishing Group, oversees the development of Nature Communications and Scientific Reports and will share how his work with these two journals has challenged NPG to think in new ways about the future of publishing in an open access economy. IEEE's Karen Hawkins is Senior Director, Product Design and manages all new product introductions including IEEE's OA publishing. This panel will be moderated by John Mihalick of ACS Publications. Join them as they share their experiences.
James Butcher, PhD
Associate Director, Open Publishing, Nature Publishing Group
Libraries are increasingly being called upon to extend
access to their online resources to users beyond their
core constituencies. Every institution has its own unique
arrangements, but they all raise similar questions for the
library: are these users included under our existing licences
or are separate ones needed? Will we have to pay more, and
if so, how much? Where can I go for advice? Learn about the
guidelines Jisc Collections has developed, and hear from
two librarians who have successfully implemented their own
solutions: Anna Franca on KCL’s work with an NHS Trust
and Ruth Dale on Nottingham’s overseas campuses.
SwePub is a bibliographic search service, harvesting and offering unified searching of aggregated scientific publication metadata from institutional repositories (IR:s) in Swedish universities and higher education institutions. SwePub has been developed by the National Library of Sweden.
Last year, in response to a government assignment, SwePub released a technical preview of an entirely new service – SwePub Analysis – aimed at researchers and analysts working in the areas of bibliometrics and scientometrics. SwePub Analysis is a bibliometric service enabling users to obtain enriched and validated scientific publication metadata to base their research and analyses on.
SwePub Analysis is built on linked data technologies and, together with data from other research information resources, allows users to query the database to obtain new knowledge concerning research information that would otherwise be difficult to obtain, e.g. richer Open Access information, deeper knowledge of scientific collaboration etcetera.
For the service to be able to provide high quality data, and for users to understand it’s limitations, much effort has been spent on analysing and validating harvested metadata. This enables the service to present data providers with visualised, rich data on which elements are missing or do not meet format specifications and standards. Hopefully this approach will give IR:s incentives to improve data quality.
This presentation outlines the present state of the service and planned development with emphasis on Swepub utilisation of linked data technologies and external data for validation and enrichment. It also contains insights on current developments in improving metadata markup of licenses and open access in order to improve Swedish Open Access statistics for the purposes of reporting.
Levine-Clark, Michael, John McDonald, and Jason Price. Discovery or Displacement? A Large-Scale Longitudinal Study of the Effect of Discovery Systems on Online Journal Usage. July 23, 2014.
Discovery or Displacement: A Large Scale Longitudinal Study of the Effects of...Michael Levine-Clark
McDonald, John, Jason Price, and Michael Levine-Clark, “Discovery or Displacement: A Large Scale Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Discovery Platforms on Online Journal Usage,” Plenary. UKSG Annual Conference, Harrogate, U.K., April 16, 2014.
Value in numbers: A Shared Approach to Measuring Usage and Impact JUSPSTATS
Presentation given as part of the NISO Virtual Conference: Expanding the Assessment Toolbox: Blending the Old and New Assessment Practices. The presentation gives an overview of JUSP and IRUS-UK and shows the value in using a shared approach to measuring usage and impact.
In November 2013, UKSG published a UKSG and Jisc-funded research project “Impact of Library Discovery Technology” that evaluates the impact of library discovery technologies, specifically Resources Discovery Systems, on the usage of academic content. The report provides a wealth of useful information and a practical set of recommendations for actions that libraries, publishers and others in the academic information supply chain should take to engage with such technologies to best support the discovery of resources for teaching, learning and research.
Valérie Spezi discussed the key findings of the report and the implications of these findings for librarians, publishers and content providers, RDS suppliers and other national and international organisations with an interest in the information chain.
UMass Medical School's Experience: NAHSL Open Forum 2013Elaine Martin
UMass Medical School School Library Director Elaine Martin, Head of Education & Clinical Services Len Levin, and Associate Director Jane Fama present how Lamar Soutter Library has implemented the 4Rs to reject old models, rethink, redo, and rejuvenate the library to offer improved services and resources for patrons.
Do you have a question that library analytics data can answer? Do you know what to ask or where to find the answers? And what to do with the answers once you have them? This session will present real-life questions from real-life users that the growing suite of library analytics tools available to UK libraries has helped them answer. You will hear questions, methods, answers, how the information received has been put into practice, and what benefits have resulted.
Capturing and Analyzing Publication, Citation and Usage Data for Contextual C...NASIG
Libraries have long sought to demonstrate the value of their collections through a variety of usage statistics. Traditionally, a strong emphasis is placed on high usage statistics when evaluating journals in collection development discussions. However, as budget pressures persist, administrators are increasingly concerned with looking beyond traditional usage metrics to determine the real impact of library services and collections. By examining journal usage in the context of scholarly communication, we hope to gain a more holistic understanding of the use and impact of our library’s resources. In this session, we begin by outlining our methodology for gathering comprehensive publication and citation data for authors affiliated with Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine, utilizing Web of Science as our primary data source and leveraging a custom Python script to manage the data. Using this data we discuss various potential metrics that could be employed to measure and evaluate journals in institutional and field-specific contexts, including but not limited to: number of publications and references per journal, co-citation networks, percentage of references per journal, and increases or decreases of references over time per title. We then consider the development of normalized benchmarks and criteria for creating field-specific core journal lists. We also discuss a process for establishing usage thresholds to evaluate existing journal subscriptions and to highlight potential gaps in the collection. Finally, we apply and compare these metrics to traditional collection development tools like COUNTER usage reports, cost-per-use analysis, Inter-Library Loan statistics and turnaway reports, to determine what correlations or discrepancies might exist. We finish by highlighting some use-cases which demonstrate the value of considering publication and citation metrics, and provide suggestions for incorporating these metrics into library collection development practices.
Speakers: Joelen Pastva and Jonathan Shank, Northwestern University
Project GitHub page: https://goo.gl/2C2Pcy
Mapping the final frontier publishers experiences launching open access journalsNASIG
The open access landscape has very few roadmaps to guide publishers. Numerous OA journals have launched in the past 6 months, each with different strategies, scopes, audiences, and business models. Join ACS Publications, Nature Publishing Group, and IEEE as they walk through the lessons learned from the process of launching OA journals at their respective organizations. The American Chemical Society's newest journal, ACS Central Science, is the ACS' first attempt at a purely open access journal that has no author fees or subscription fees. The challenges of launching a new publishing model with a new business model have been a vital learning experience as ACS enters this new frontier. VP of New Business Development, Dr. Kevin Davies, will walk through the journal launch process, the impact of shifting to an OA model, the business considerations, and successes/challenges to date in this interactive session. Dr. James Butcher, Associate Director for Open Publishing at Nature Publishing Group, oversees the development of Nature Communications and Scientific Reports and will share how his work with these two journals has challenged NPG to think in new ways about the future of publishing in an open access economy. IEEE's Karen Hawkins is Senior Director, Product Design and manages all new product introductions including IEEE's OA publishing. This panel will be moderated by John Mihalick of ACS Publications. Join them as they share their experiences.
James Butcher, PhD
Associate Director, Open Publishing, Nature Publishing Group
Libraries are increasingly being called upon to extend
access to their online resources to users beyond their
core constituencies. Every institution has its own unique
arrangements, but they all raise similar questions for the
library: are these users included under our existing licences
or are separate ones needed? Will we have to pay more, and
if so, how much? Where can I go for advice? Learn about the
guidelines Jisc Collections has developed, and hear from
two librarians who have successfully implemented their own
solutions: Anna Franca on KCL’s work with an NHS Trust
and Ruth Dale on Nottingham’s overseas campuses.
SwePub is a bibliographic search service, harvesting and offering unified searching of aggregated scientific publication metadata from institutional repositories (IR:s) in Swedish universities and higher education institutions. SwePub has been developed by the National Library of Sweden.
Last year, in response to a government assignment, SwePub released a technical preview of an entirely new service – SwePub Analysis – aimed at researchers and analysts working in the areas of bibliometrics and scientometrics. SwePub Analysis is a bibliometric service enabling users to obtain enriched and validated scientific publication metadata to base their research and analyses on.
SwePub Analysis is built on linked data technologies and, together with data from other research information resources, allows users to query the database to obtain new knowledge concerning research information that would otherwise be difficult to obtain, e.g. richer Open Access information, deeper knowledge of scientific collaboration etcetera.
For the service to be able to provide high quality data, and for users to understand it’s limitations, much effort has been spent on analysing and validating harvested metadata. This enables the service to present data providers with visualised, rich data on which elements are missing or do not meet format specifications and standards. Hopefully this approach will give IR:s incentives to improve data quality.
This presentation outlines the present state of the service and planned development with emphasis on Swepub utilisation of linked data technologies and external data for validation and enrichment. It also contains insights on current developments in improving metadata markup of licenses and open access in order to improve Swedish Open Access statistics for the purposes of reporting.
Levine-Clark, Michael, John McDonald, and Jason Price. Discovery or Displacement? A Large-Scale Longitudinal Study of the Effect of Discovery Systems on Online Journal Usage. July 23, 2014.
Discovery or Displacement: A Large Scale Longitudinal Study of the Effects of...Michael Levine-Clark
McDonald, John, Jason Price, and Michael Levine-Clark, “Discovery or Displacement: A Large Scale Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Discovery Platforms on Online Journal Usage,” Plenary. UKSG Annual Conference, Harrogate, U.K., April 16, 2014.
Levine-Clark, Michael, Jane Burke, and Henning Schönenberger, “Assessing the ...Michael Levine-Clark
Levine-Clark, Michael, Jane Burke, and Henning Schönenberger, “Assessing the Value and Impact of Discovery Systems,” Invited, Special Libraries Association – Arabian Gulf Chapter, Kuwait City, April 20, 2016.
About the Webinar
The "single search box" approach of web search engines like Google and Bing have forced libraries and system developers to rethink their whole approach to end-user searching for library and publisher resources and electronic content. Discovery systems are continuing to evolve from simple keyword search systems, to more elaborate indexed discovery, to new forms of usage-based discovery and beyond. Because discovery of content is such a critical component of library services, understanding in what potential ways these systems will develop is critical for library staff, either when selecting a system, or seeking ways to improve its service. NISO launched a research study in early 2014 on the status of discovery systems, their potential future development directions, and the systems interoperability needs of these services.
This webinar will cover some of the latest developments of library discovery systems as well as discuss the findings of the NISO research study, and the implications of those results.
Agenda
Introduction
Todd Carpenter, Executive Director, NISO
Differential Discovery: Effect of Discovery on Online Journal Usage
John McDonald, Associate Dean, Collections, University of Southern California Libraries
Jason Price, Program Manager, Statewide California Electronic Library Consortium (SCELC)
A Single Search Box is Definitely Not Enough
Steve Guttman, Senior Director of Product Management, ProQuest
Library Resource Discovery: Next Steps
Marshall Breeding, Library Consultant, librarytechnology.org
Where Do We Go From Here? Assessing the Value and Impact of Discovery Systems
Michael Levine-Clark, Professor / Associate Dean for Scholarly Communication and Collections Services, University of Denver Libraries
Jason S Price, PhD, Director of Licensing Operations, SCELC Library Consortium
NISO Virtual Conference: Expanding the Assessment Toolbox: Blending the Old and New Assessment Practices
Value in numbers: A Shared Approach to Measuring Usage and Impact
Jo Alcock MSc(Econ) MCLIP, Researcher, Evidence Base, Birmingham City University
The NISO Update provides the latest news about NISO's current efforts, including standards, recommended practices and community meetings covering many areas of interest to the library community. Working group members will provide updates on projects newly underway or recently completed.
Open Discovery Initiative (ODI), Laura Morse, Director, Library Systems, Harvard University
Levine-Clark, Michael, “Going Beyond COUNTER: Strategies for Analyzing Data t...Michael Levine-Clark
Levine-Clark, Michael, “Going Beyond COUNTER: Strategies for Analyzing Data to Better Understand Collections Usage,” Invited Workshop, 14th International Southern Africa Online Information Meeting (SAOIM), Pretoria, June 19, 2018.
This presentation was given by Bobbi Patham of Springer Nature, at the NISO Annual Meeting and Standards Update on June 25. The event was held as a part of ALA Annual 2021.
Research Impact in Specialized Settings: 3 Case StudiesElaine Lasda
Presentation of 3 case studies where research impact metrics are used to further the mission of institutions and organizations out of the traditional academic millieu.
This presentation was provided by Elizabeth Winter of Georgia Tech Library, Adam Chandler of Cornell University, Andreas Biedenbach of Springer Science+Business Media, Sarah Pearson of The University of Birmingham, and Maria Stanton of Serials Solutions, during the NISO webinar "It’s Only as Good as the Metadata: Improving OpenURL and Knowledge Base Quality" which was held on October 13, 2010.
This presentation was provided by Sarah Koechlein of James Madison University, during the NISO event "From Submission to Publication: Creating and Conveying Quality," held on August 21, 2019.
What does success look like when it comes to library discoverability? Index based discovery systems have seen a dramatic rate of adoption since introduction to the research ecosystem in 2009, with more than 9,000 libraries relying on a discovery system to provide users with a comprehensive index to their offerings. Some issues bar the way to providing this comprehensive view, but many challenges have been overcome through collaboration between libraries, content providers and discovery partners. The NISO ODI initiative began to examine these issues in 2011, and released a best practice in June 2014.
Speakers will highlight examples of successful collaboration, note continued areas of challenge, and provide insight on how the Open Discovery Initiative Conformance Checklists can be used as a mechanism to evaluate content provider or discovery provider conformance with the best practice.
Presentation given to the Librarian Association of the University of California (LAUC) assembly in Palm Desert, CA on May 13, 2009. Focused on UC's pilot WorldCat Local project, code named Next Gen Melvyl.
This presentation by Judith Coffey Russell, Dean of University Libraries, University of Florida and Alicia Wise, Director of Universal Access, Elsevier describes expanding access to publications by University of Florida authors through the university's institutional repository using ScienceDirect supplied data and links. See the webcast at https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/9995/125071.
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Discovery or Displacement? A Large Scale Longitudinal Study of the Effect of Discovery Systems on Online Journal Usage
1. Discovery or Displacement?
A Large Scale Longitudinal Study of the
Effect of Discovery Systems on Online
Journal Usage
Charleston Conference
November 7, 2013
Michael Levine-Clark, University of Denver
John McDonald, University of Southern California
Jason Price, SCELC Consortium
2. “…a steep increase in full text
downloads and link resolver click‐
throughs suggests Summon had a
dramatic impact on user behavior and
the use of library collections during
this time period.”
The Impact of Web-scale Discovery on the Use of a Library
Collection
Doug Way (2010)
http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/library_sp/9/
6. Web-scale discovery services
• Single source for
finding information
– Books
– Articles
– Local content
• Metadata and/or full
text
• Content is pre-indexed
and/or pre-harvested
• Single fast search
ILS
ILS
Publisher
Publisher
Metadata
Metadata
MLA
MLA
Bibliography
Bibliography
Institutional
Institutional
Repository
Repository
HathiTrust
HathiTrust
Discovery Service
Discovery Service
7. An assumption
• At any given institution, given a relatively
stable user base, the total search effort will
remain roughly the same.
– X students will have Y assignments and Z hours
per day to search
– X faculty will publish Y papers and have Z hours
per day to search
8. Discovery services
Will take up an increasing amount of a finite
time for searching
Will draw users from other (more or less
efficient) search tools
Will alter the overall productivity of searches
(users will find more or less)
Will alter the overall efficiency of users (users
will access more or less full-text)
9. Prior studies
• Some studies have indicated substantial
increases in usage after Discovery
implementation
– Descriptive statistics only
– Single institution studies only
• Some publishers report decreased usage of
content
– Anecdotal, may affect some and not others
10. Data collection
• List of libraries with discovery services
> Searched on lib-web-cats
• Surveyed Libraries
> Discovery service Implemented
> Implementation Date (month/year)
> Search box location
> Marketing effort
• 149 Libraries Gave Approval
> 24 libraries selected for this phase
> 6 for each of the 4 major discovery services
11. Library demographics
• 20 US, 1 each from UK, AUS, NZ, CA
• 10 ARL Libraries included
• WorldCat book holdings
> Average: 1,114,193
> Median: 1,044,153
> High: 2,665,796
> Low: 298,365
• Implementation dates:
> 2010 (3), 2011 (19), 2012 (2)
14. Methodology
Compared COUNTER JR1 total full text article views for the
12 months before vs 12 months after implementation date
Year 1
Year 2
Included implementation month in Year 1 to ensure that
both periods included an entire academic year
15. Collections notes
o Excluded journals that did not have 24
months of COUNTER reporting
o Limited ability to control for changes in
aggregator, backfile access, or expanded
holdings
o Outliers removed from analysis
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22. General trends
• Variation by institution within each
discovery service
• Variation by publisher within each
discovery service
• Some publishers saw overall net
increase, while some experienced a
decrease in usage
23.
24. Goals of our inferential statistics
Determine whether observed differences are
significant or resulted from chance effects
Determine which of the three factors
(i.e. library, publisher, discovery service)
contribute to determining differences in usage
change at the journal level
Start with an exploratory analysis and end with
a comprehensive model
25. ANOVA - Analyzing the data
Observation
=
Fit
+ Residual
Change
In = Library x + Publisher y + Disc Svc z + Residual Err
usage
+17
= (+2)
+
(-3)
+ (+10)
+
(+8)
After Cobb 2003 Introduction to design and analysis of experiments. Fig 3.1
26. ANOVA – F Ratio
Tests whether the means for levels within a
factor are distinguishable from each other
Average variability due to the factor
F-ratio = --------------------------------------------------Average variability due to chance error
So, when F ≈ 1, means are not distinguishable,
when F is > 1, there are real differences among
some means
27. Does usage change vary across libraries?
Overall Average = 8.5
Institution (sorted by Mean Change)
28. Does usage change vary across libraries?
Overall Average = 8.5
Institution (sorted by Mean Change)
29. Does usage change vary across publishers?
Overall Average = 8.9
Publisher (sorted by Mean Change)
30. Does usage change vary across discovery services?
Overall Average = 8.9
31. Does the affect of discovery service differ across publishers?
32. Does the affect of discovery service differ across publishers?
Publishers (distinguished by color)
33. Do the discovery service means differ in the 2 way model?
15.0
12.3
4.5
3.7
Publishers (distinguished by color)
41. Results - Can we detect differences between
Discovery Services, Publishers, and/or
Libraries and/or their interactions?
Discovery Service – Yes
Publisher – No
Library – Yes
Differential discovery service effect by
publisher – Yes
Differential library effect by publisher -- Yes
42. Interpretations & Conclusions
Analyzing usage is a complex task
No discovery service increased or decreased
usage across all libraries and/or all publishers
> Discovery service and publisher as variables on
their own were significant predictors of usage
change
> Interaction of Discovery service & Publisher was
significant
> Some control needed for no discovery service
and for size of institution.
>
>
43. A plethora of pending possible pursuits
• Design & test for effects of:
–Aggregator full text availability
–Institution Size / Enrollment Profile
–Publisher Size
–Journal Subject
–Overall usage trends (Requires Disc Srvc ‘control’)
–Configuration options in Discovery services
• Follow-up presentation at UKSG (April 2014)
–Including Control group & Additional libraries
–Add Additional variables & further analysis
Selecting the libraries:
Maximized number of libraries balancing the number and size of libraries representing each discovery service and keeping implementation dates within a year or two of each other
Mention that there were only 3 institutions + publisher groupings that we had to leave out
Usable observations = journals at institutions that had counter report values for individ
Explain concept of outliers and why they are removed.
Z-Score on the Y axis is calculated as the number of standard deviations from the mean.
Of the 141,048 obs, we eliminated only ~100 outliers.
Although we were asked to keep the identity of the publishers confidential, we have used a consistent color scheme to identify results that pertain to each publisher
Summary of all journals from a publisher to the libraries having that discovery service. Many of the bars include total journal observations in excess of 10,000 while some of those, particularly for the smallest two publishers (in green an orange) include between 500-1000 observations.
Analysis of Variance (or ANOVA ) allows us to determine whether the dffferences we observed are significant
The analysis Breaks down the influences on each observation into the effect of levels of the factor of interest (I.e. Lib, Pub, Disc) and error
The numbers show an analysis of one observation – each value expresses the difference from the mean of 1 level (Lib x, Pub Y, and Disc Srvc Z) as well as the portion of the value that is not determined by these factors (i.e. the residual error)
If we imagine the hundreds of observations for each combination, we can understand that the size of the residual error relative to the value determines whether the effects are significant predictors of the observed values
Determines whether means (or averages) of each level within a factor are distinguishable from each other
or put another way it assesses the likelihood that journal change values sampled from different levels of a factor (say libraries) are actually estimating the same population…
or statistically different populations
So, in response to our first question: Does usage change vary across libraries?
We see the 24 libraries sorted by mean change along the x axis and
mean change in usage plus or minus two standard errors on the y axis
Standard errors are a measure of the variability around each individual library
In general, when 2xSE bars overlap, those means are not distinguishable
The overall average change was 8.5….
And our F-ratio of about 32 tells us that institution alone is a significant predictor of mean change in usage after discovery service implementation.
Whenever the p value (shown in the significance column) is less than 0.05, it indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis that there is no differences among levels of the factor (in this case, libraries)
But for our single factor anovas, this ignores the impact of different discovery services and journal publishers on mean change in usage
Click The grand mean for change in usage across publishers is 8.9
One publisher appears to have a mean change that isnt distinguishable from zero, whereas…
And the significant F value and non overlapping error bars suggest that the mean change varied across publishers, BUT
As we will see, when we add the other factors we’ll find that these differences are actually explained by discovery service and institution effects rather than publisher differences
This data shows that the mean usage increase was positive for all discovery services, ….
Although we cant distinguish these from industry wide increases since we didn’t examine usage change in libraries that did NOT implement a discovery service
So when we just look at discovery srvc & ignore the variation due to publisher or library we do see differences
When we include both Discovery Service and Publisher in a Two way model,
We can ask whether we can detect differences when we take both Discovery Means & Publisher means into account
In addition to asking whether we can detect a difference across discovery service alone and publisher alone
The two way model addresses whether the impact of discovery service is equivalent for each publisher
We can think of it as asking whether these lines are parallel (statistically) or whether they cross
These are the same data in the previous slide separated into panels by discovery service.
The following slides will step through testing for an effect of discovery service, publisher, and their interaction
Do the discovery service means we see here differ significantly in the two way model?
Do the discovery service means we see here differ significantly in the two way model?
No– they do not.
Do the publisher means we see here differ significantly in the two way model?
Do the publisher means we see here differ significantly in the two way model?
No–they do not.
Does the affect of discovery service differ across publishers?
Does the affect of discovery service differ across publishers?
Yes, it does. Statistically these lines are not parallel.
Mixed Nested Parially-crossed model
Acknowledges that each library can only implement one discovery tool
Takes all three variables into account in the same test.