_n(k)-bpsS acWw - _n(k) was a prominent philosopher who lived in the 6th century CE and advocated for compassion towards all people. - He fell ill and was cared for by his student Banni (d) and Banni's family at their home. His condition deteriorated over several days until he finally passed away peacefully at Banni's home while being cared for by Banni.

1. _n (k)-bpsS acWw
"kakvX ap-jycpw ac-Wam-kz-Zn-t°-≠hcm-Ip∂p' ˛Jp¿-B≥
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A√m-lp-hns‚ ktµ-i-hp-ambn temI-Øn-m-I-amw dlva-Ømbn nbp-‡-mb {]hm-N-I-mWv apl-ΩZv _n
(k). temIm-h-kmw hsc-bp≈ kIe ap-jycpw k∑m¿K-Øn-mbn ]n≥]-t‰-≠Xv A¥y-{]-hm-N-I-mb apl-ΩZv
_n (k)sb BWv.
Pw: B-°el h¿jw ({In-kvXp-h¿jw 571 G{]n¬) Xn¶-fmgvN A_vZp-√bp-tSbpw Ban-bp-tSbpw aI-
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mbn apl-ΩZv _n (k) a°-bn¬ lminw IpSpw-_Øn¬ Pn-®p. Ipd™ Imew kpssh-_bpw ]n∂oSv leo-abpw
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_n°v ]meq-´n. sIm®p mfn¬ BSv ta°p-Ibpw bph-Xz-Øn¬ I®-h-S-Ønte¿s∏-Sp-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn. 25-˛mw hb-
n¬ Jpssdin {]ap-Jbmb hn[h JZoP _ohnsb Ah-cpsS 40˛mw hb- n¬ hnhmlw Ign-®p. kXy-k‘Xbpw
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D¬IrjvS Pohn-Xhpw ImcWw A¬ Aao≥ F∂m-bn-cp∂p C°m-eØv m´p-Im¿ At±-lsØ hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv. lP- -
dp¬ AkvhZns‚ ]p¿sh-∏n¬ bphm-hmb apl-ΩZns‚ Xocp-amw kt¥m-jtØmsS kzoI-cn-°m≥ am{Xw At±lw
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m´n¬ kzoIm-cy-m-bn. a°-bn¬ nd-™p-n∂ kIe sIm≈-cp-Xm-bva-I-fn¬n∂pw At±lw hn´p-n-∂p.
m¬]XmasØ hb- n¬ p_p-hØv e`n-®p. ]Xn-aq∂v h¿jw a°-bnepw ]ns∂ ]Øp h¿jw aZo-bnepw IjvS -
jvSßfpw {]bm-kßfpw kln®pw Zons {]t_m-[w sNøp-∂Xn¬ Xncp-tan hym]r-Xm-bn.
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A√m-lp-hns‚ ktµiw P-߃°v FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°pI F∂ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw nd-th-‰n-b-tXmsS {]hm-N-
I≥(-k)-bpsS hntbmK e£-W߃ {]Xy-£s∏´p XpS-ßn. Ah-bn¬ NneXv ˛
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_n(-k)-bpsS Ah-km da-Zm-n¬ Ccp-]Xv Znh-kamWv Ahn-SØv CA-vXn-Im-^n-cp-∂Xv. ap≥ da-Zm-p-Ifn-enXv
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]Øv Znhkw am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. klm-_-Øn-tm-sSm∏w ASpØ h¿jw D≠m-hp-I-bn-s√∂v l÷-Øp¬ hnZm-C¬
{]hm-N-I≥ kqN ¬In. At±-l-Øn¬n∂v l÷v I¿a-߃ ∂mbn ]Tn-°mpw Ah-tcmSv At∂ Znhkw
Bh-iy-s∏-´p.-th¿]m-Sns‚ hy‡-amb AS-bm-fambn kqd-Øp-∂kz¿ Cu ka-bØv Ah-Xo¿W-am-bn.
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lnPvd ]Xn-sm∂mw h¿jw k^¿ Bcw-`Øn¬ _n (k) DlvZn-te°v t]mbn. bm{X ]d-bp-Isbt∂mWw ipl-
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Zm-°ƒ°mbn {]m¿Yn-®p. XpS¿∂v klm-_n-am-tcm-Smbn S-Ønb {]kw-KØn¬ Ah¿°v aptº t]mhp-Ibm-sW∂pw
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lufp¬ Iuk¿ tm°n-°m-Wp-∂p-sh∂pw ]d-™p. Fn°v tijw n߃ _lp-ssZh hnizm-kn-I-fm-tb-°p-
sa∂v Rm≥ `b-°p-∂n-√. Zp≥bmhv tSp-∂-Xn¬ n߃ a’-cn-t®-°p-sa-∂mWv `b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-sX∂pw At±lw
XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ klm-_-Øns Adn-bn-®p. A∂v ]mXn-cm-hn¬ P∂-Øp¬ _Jo-C-seØn ad-am-S-s∏-´-h-cpsSta¬
kemw ]d™ {]hm-NI≥ Ah¿°mbn s]mdp-°en-s-tØ-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
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tcmK-Øns‚ XpS°w: lnPvd ]Xn-sm∂v k^¿ 29-˛v Xn¶-fmgvN P∂-Øp¬ _Jo-C¬ Hcp Pm-kbn¬ -
]s¶-SpØp aS-ßth {]hm-N-Iv ISpØ Xe-th-Z-bpw ]nbpw _m[n-®p.
h^m-Øns‚ Ah-km BgvN: _n (k)°v tcmKw ISp-Øp. a‰p `mcy-am-cpsS kΩ-XtØmsS Bbni (d)- -
bpsS ho´n-te°v Xmakw am‰n. Bbni (d) apA-∆n-Z-ssØ-nbpw ZpB-Ifpw HmXn _n-bpsS ico-c-Øn¬ DuXp-
Ibpw XS-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-Øp.
A©v Znhkw apºv: _p[-mgvN thZ ITn-am-bXn-s-Øp-S¿∂v t_m[-£bap-≠m-bn. t_m[w sXfn-™-
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t∏mƒ ico-cØn¬ Ggp ]m{Xw sh≈-sam-gn-∏n-®p. tcnb Bizmkw Ap-`hs∏´ {]hm-NI≥ ]≈n-bn-seØn anº-
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dn¬ Ibdn klm-_-Ønv D]-tZiw ¬In. "{]hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS J_-dp-Iƒ Bcm-[-m-e-b-ß-fm-°n-bXp ImcWw
blq-Zscbpw {InkvXym-n-Itfbpw A√mlp i]n-s®'∂v Adn-bn® {]hm-NI≥(-k) At±-lØns‚ J_¿ Bcm-[m-
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e-bam-°cp-sX∂v i‡n-bmbn Bh-iy-s∏-´p. h√-h¿°pw X∂n¬n∂v Aymbw D≠m-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ ]c-tem-ItØ°v
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sh°msX Chn-S∂v Xs∂ {]Xn-Imcw sNømpw Bh-iy-s∏-´p. fpldv a-kIm-cØnv tijw ho≠pw anº-dn¬ Ibdn
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CXm-h¿Øn®p. ho´m-p-≠m-bn-cp∂ aq∂v Zn¿lw ¬Im≥ G¿∏m-Sm-°n. A≥kzm-dp-I-tfmSv √ ne-bn¬ h¿Øn-
°m≥ D]-tZ-in-®p. A√m-lp-hns‚ ]°-ep-≈Xv sXc-s™-Sp-°p-IbmWv ssZh-Zm-kmb Xms∂v Adn-bn-®p. A_q-
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_-°¿ (d) Ckvem-anv sNbvX tkh-ßfpw kln® IjvS∏m-Sp-Ifpw Imc-WØm¬ At±l-tØm-Sp≈ kvtl-sØ-
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∏‰n ]cm-a¿in® _n (k) BZ¿i _‘-amWv G‰hpw {][m-s∏-´sX∂pw hy‡-am-°n.
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mev Znhkw apºv: hymgmgvN ho≠pw tcmKw IqSp-Xem-bn. aZo-bn¬n∂v blq-Ztcbpw {InkvXym-n-Itfbpw
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apivcn°p-Itfbpw ]pd-Øm-°p-I, Jp¿-Bpw kp∂Øpw apdpsI ]nSn-°p-I, a-kImcw apd-{]-Imcw ne-n¿ØpI
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F∂o Imcy-ß-sf-∏‰n {]tXyIw hkzn-bØv sNbvXp. Cim Bb-t∏m-tg°v thZ ho≠pw IqSn. ]≈n-bn-te°v
t]mIm≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cp-∂Xn-m¬ A_q-_°¿ (d) BWv _n(-k)-bpsS Bh-iy-{]-Imcw Cim°v Cam-aØv n∂-Xv.
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h^m-Øns‚ c≠v Znhkw apºv: tcnb Bizmkw Ap-`-h-s∏-´-t∏mƒ c≠v t]cpsS klm-b-tØm-sS
]≈n-bn-seØn Cam-am-bn-cp∂ A_q-_°¿ (d)-hns‚ CS-Xp-`m-KØv a-kvIm-cØnv tXrXzw ¬In.
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2. Hcp Znhkw apºv: Xs‚ ASn-asb tamNn-∏n-®p. ssIbn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ggv Znmdpw ]S-t°m∏pw Zmw ¬In.
Cu ka-bØv {]hm-NIs‚ A¶n Hcp PqXs‚ ]°¬ ]W-bam-bn-cp-∂p. (A∂v IØn-°m-p≈ FÆ ISw-hm-ßp-
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I-bmWv sNbvXX)v . -
Ah-km Znhkw: Xn¶-fmgvN apkvenw-Iƒ {]`mX a-kvImcw A_q-_°¿ (d)-s‚ tXr-Xz-Øn¬ n¿h-ln-
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°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p. {]hm-NI≥ ho´nse hncn o°n Ahsc tm°n ]p©ncn XqIn. ]≈n-bn-te°v t]mIm-m-hm-Xn-
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cp-∂-Xn-m¬ Ahn-S∂v ho´n¬ Xs∂ Xßn. fplm a-kvImc ka-b-am-b-t∏mƒ ^mXzn-a(-d)sb hnfn®v acWw ASp-
sØ∂pw IpSpw-_-Øn¬n∂v BZyw Xt∂m-sSm∏w tNcpI Ah-cm-sW∂pw kzImcyw ]d™ {]hm-N-I≥ kv{XoI-
fpsS tXm-hmWv Ah-sc∂pw kt¥mj hm¿Ø Adn-bn-®p. _n(-k)-bpsS acW thZ I≠v hnj-an® ^mXzn-a(-d)sb
kam-[m-n-∏n-®p-sIm≠v {]hm-NI≥ ]d™p ˛"tamtf, CXnv tijw D∏m°v bmsXmcp thZ-bpw hnj-ahpw Ap-`-
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hn-t°-≠n-hcn-√.' lk≥, lpssk≥ (d) F∂n-hsc DΩ sh®p-sIm≠v Ah-tcmSv √ ne-bn¬ h¿Øn-°m≥ hkzn-
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bØv sNbvXp. `mcy-am¿°v {]tXyIw D]-tZ-i-߃ ¬In. _n°v thZ IqSn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. a-kvIm-c-Øn¬
hogvN kw`-hn-°cp-sX∂pw ASn-aItfmSv √ ne-bn¬ h¿Øn-°Wsa∂pw ho≠pw hkzn-bØv sNbvXp.
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acWw Bk-∂-ambn: Cu kµ¿`-Øn¬ _n(-k) Bbni (d)-bn-te°v Nmcn-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ Nh®v ]Xw
hcpØn ¬Inb ankvhm°v sIm≠v ∂mbn ]√v tX®p. sh≈-Øn¬ CS-°nsS Icw ap°n kzi-cocw XS-hn-s°m-
≠n-cp∂ {]hm-NI≥ "em Ceml C√-√mlp' F∂v Dcp-hn-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw ac-WØnv h√mØ thZ-bm-Wp-≈-
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sX∂v Bh¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hnc¬ apI-fn-te°v Nq≠nb Xncp-tan Atßm´v Xs∂ tm°n-s°m-≠n-cp-
∂p. {]hm-N-Is‚ Np≠p-Iƒ sas√ Nen-®p. Bbni (d) _n-bpsS Npt≠m-S-SpØv sNhn tN¿Øv {i≤n-®-t∏mƒ
Ahn-S∂v Cßs ]d-bp-∂-XmWv tI´-Xv ˛"]S-®-h-t, o Ap-{K-ln® {]hm-N-I-cp-tSbpw kn≤o-Jp-I-fp-tSbpw
kzmen-lo-ß-fp-tSbpw ipl-Zm-°-fp-tSbpw IqsS Fs∂ o tN¿t°-W-ta, Fn°v s]mdpØp Xcn-Ibpw Ft∂mSv
IcpW ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-Wta. D∂X ÿmo-bcmb B al-Øp-°fn-te°v Fs∂ Db¿Ø-Wta'. Ah-km
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hmNIw aq∂v {]mhiyw Ahn-S∂v Bh¿Øn-®p. AtXmsS Xncp-ta-n(-k)-bpsS Icw kmh-[m--Øn¬ Xmgv∂p.
Np≠p-Iƒ n›-eam-bn. d_n-D¬ A∆¬ 12 Xn¶-fmgvN fplm ka-bØv alm-mb {]hm-NI≥(-k) Cu temI-tØmSv
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hnS-]d™p ˛C∂m en√mln h C∂m Csseln dmPn-Du≥. h^m-Øm-Ip-tºmƒ {]hm-NIs‚ {]mbw 63 hb pw 4
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Znh-khp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
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h^m-Ønv tijw Jeo-^sb sXc-s™-SpØv aq∂m-asØ Znhkw Xncp icocw ·-am-°msXXs∂ Ipfn∏n®v
I^≥ sNbvXv Pmk a-kvIm-c-Ønv tijw Bbn-i(-d)-bpsS ho´n¬ Xs∂ ad-am-Sn. BZyw IpSpw-_hpw ]ns∂
aplm-Pn-dp-Ifpw XpS¿∂v A≥kzm-dp-Ifpw tijw Ip´n-Ifpw hgnsb kv{XoIfpw sIm®p sIm®p kwL-ßfm-bn-´mWv -
a-kvIcn-®Xv. AXp-hsc hnip≤ tZlw apdn-°p-≈n¬ hmXn-eS®v sh°-s∏´ ne-bn-em-bn-cp∂p.
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{]hm-N-Is‚ `mcy-am¿: Jpssh-enZv aIƒ JZo-P, kwA aIƒ kuZ, A_q-_°¿ aIƒ Bbn-i, Da¿ aIƒ -
l^vkØ,v Jpsska aIƒ ssk-_, A_q Daø aIƒ DΩp-keaØ,v Plviv aIƒ Ppssh-cn-bØ,v A_q kp^vbm≥
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aIƒ DΩp l_o_ dwe-Øv, lmcnkv aIƒ ssaaq-Øv (d-fn-b≈mlp A≥lp-∂) ASna Ppssh-cnø (d)
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{]hm-N-Is‚ a°ƒ: ssk-_, dpJn-b, DΩp Ip¬kp, ^mXzn-a, C{_m-lnw, Jmknw, A_vZp-√. B¨
a°sf√mw Ip´n {]mb-Øn¬ Xs∂ ac-Ws∏-´p. -
{]hm-N-I-tm-Sp≈ IS-a-Iƒ: A√m-lp-hns Ign-™m¬ _n(k)sb a‰m-tc-°mfpw kvtln-°p-I. Jp¿-
Bpw kp∂Øpw ]Tn-°pI. Jp¿-B-npw {]hm-N-Is‚ am¿K n¿tZ-i-߃°p-a-p-k-cn®v Pohn-°p-I, Xncp-ta-
nsb hgn-Im-´nbpw amXr-Ibp-ambn kzoI-cn-°p-I, {]hm-NIs ]d-bp-tºmƒ kzemØv sNm√p-I.
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auen-Zm-tLmjw: _n-bpsS P∑-Zn-m-tLmjw Jp¿-Btm kp∂tØm ]Tn-∏n-®-X-√. klm-_tØm Xm_n-D-
Itfm Cam-ao-ßtfm ke-^p-kzm-en-lo-ßtfm sNbvXv amXrI ImWn-®Xp-a√. - -
C_vp lP-dp¬ AkvJemn (d) ]d-bp∂p ˛au-en-Zm-tLmjw _nZvAØm-Wv. D¬Ir-jvSsa∂v _n(-k) ]d™
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aq∂v q‰m-≠nse kze-^p-kzm-en-lo-ßfn¬n∂v auen-Zm-tLmjw D≤-cn-°s∏-´n-´n-√. (A¬ lmho en¬^-Xm-hm).
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^X-lp¬ apCu-ns‚ lminb Cl-Øp-Øzm-en-_o-n¬ ]d-bp∂p ˛Camw kJm^n ]d-bp-∂p. n›-bambpw
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Cu auen-Zm-tLmjw S-Øp∂ G¿∏mSv lnPvd aq∂p q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v tijw ]pXp-Xm-bp-≠mb Imcy-am-Wv.
X^vko-dp¬ am-dn¬ ]d-bp∂p ˛-_n-bpsS auen-Zm-tLmjw Bdmw q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-Øntem Ggmw q‰m- -
≠ns‚ Bcw-`Øntem XpS-ßn-bXm-Wv. alm-mb Camw ^mI-lmn auen-Zm-tLm-jØnv sXfn-hn-s√∂pw AXv Xo‰-
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s°m-Xn-b∑m-cp-≠m-°nb _nZvAØm-sW∂pw ]d-™Xmbn Camw knbqXzn (d) D≤-cn-®n-´p-≠v.
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ssiJv C_vp-_m-kn-s-t∏msebp≈ B[p-nI ]fin-Xcpw auen-Zm-tLmjw _nZvAØm-sW∂pw h¿Pn-t°- - -
≠-Xm-sW∂pw ^Xvh ¬In-bn-´p-≠v.
BCi (d) ]d-bp∂p ˛d-kq¬ {]kvXm-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ΩpsS C°m-cy-Øn¬ (Zo-n¬) AXn-en-√mØ h√Xpw
Bsc-¶nepw ]pXp-Xmbn D≠m-°n-bm¬ AXv X≈-s∏-tS-≠Xm-Ip∂p (l-Zo-kv).
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{]km-[w: Imƒ B‚v ssKU≥kv, km-C-b, Pn±, kuZn Atd_y ss^k-enø ]px-{]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.