This document discusses the role of women in traditional Cree society and how it has changed over time. It notes that while women historically played important roles, their status has declined in some modern communities. It then examines how a traditional Cree worldview integrated women, families, spirituality and community in a holistic way. The summary explores how women contributed to passing on cultural knowledge and helped shape Cree identity.

1. Ih¿tÃmdn
dmin-Zp¬ Kqin
kv{XobpsS cmjv{Sob
]¶m-fnØw
Ah-Imiw am{X-a-√, An-hm-cyX
Cß- s - s bmcp Xe- s °´v sImSp- t °- ≠ n- h - ∂ Xv
cmjv{Sob Pohn-X-Ønse kv{Xo]-¶m-fnØw Ct∏mgpw
Nne apkvenw- k-aq-l-ß-fn¬ Hcp {]iv-ambn ne-
n¬°p-∂p F∂XpsIm-≠m-Wv. C°m-cy-Øn¬ Ckvem-
ans‚ A[ym-]--ßfpw ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw hfsc hy‡-
am-Wv. F∂n-´pw- kv{Xosb cmjv{Sob Pohn-XØn¬n∂v
-
]msS AI-‰n-n¿Øp∂ {]h-WX ne-n¬°p-∂p.
A√m-lp-hn¬ hniz-kn-°-W-sa∂pw Ahs‚
I¬]--Iƒ°v hgn-s∏-S-W-sa∂pw DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p∂
Hcp Zoo {]ÿm--am-bn-´mWv Ckvem-ans‚ BK-a-w.
AtX-k-abw Cu {]ÿmw Hcp kaqe kmaq-lnI
cmjv{Sob hnπ-hsØbpw Bhm-ln-®n-cp-∂p. B hnπhw
-
Ad-_n-I-fpsS Pohn-XsØ Bg-Ønepw ]c-∏nepw
]q¿W-ambn am‰n-°f™p. AXn-m¬ Cu BZ¿isØ
- -
BZyw st©-‰nb kaqlw ΩpsS ImesØ e£y-
t_m-[-ap≈ hnπh {]ÿm--ß-sf-t∏m-se-bp≈ H∂m-
bn-cp-∂p. hy‡n-I-sfbpw hy‡n-_-‘-ß-sfbpw am{X-
a√ AXv am‰n-bXv. A[n-Im-cÿm-ßsfbpw AXv am‰n-
- - - -
°-f™p. bmYm-ÿn-XnI ]mc-ºcy-i‡n-Iƒs°-Xnsc
- - -
Bbn-cØn mq‰n ap∏Xv Zp¬JAZv ]{¥≠v

2. hnπ-h-{]-ÿm--Øn¬ AWn-tN-cp-∂-Xnv Xpey-am-bn-cp∂p Cu ]pXnb Zon¬
AWn-tN-cp-∂-Xpw. bmYm-ÿn-XnI Nn¥-I-sfbpw _‘-ß-sfbpw Pohn-X-ssi-en-
I-sf-bp-sa√mw AXv tNmZyw sNbvXp. nc-¥-c-amb t]mcm´w Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p
AXv. AXmbXv kz¥-tØm-Sv, Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-tfm-Sv, temI-tØmSv S-Øp∂ Hcp
Iem-]w. Cu Nn¥-bp-sSbpw AXns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ ÿm]n-X-am-hp∂ {]ÿm-
-Øn-s‚bpw A]-ISw ]mc-ºcy bmYm-ÿn-XnI i‡n-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-™n-cp-∂p.
hnπh {]ÿm-sØ XI¿°m≥ C∂sØ bmYm-ÿn-XnI hn`m-K-߃ {]tbm-
Kn-°p∂ AtX AS-hp-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv A∂sØ ]mc-ºcy i‡n-Ifpw {]tbm-
Kn-®-Xv. I≈m-tcm-]-W-߃, D]-tcm-[w, ]´n-Wn-°n-S¬, ASn-®-a¿Ø¬, B´n-tbm-
Sn-°¬, HSp-hn¬ bp≤-{]-Jym-]-w.
kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Cu hnπ-h-{]-ÿm--Øn¬ AWn-tN¿∂-h¿ AXns‚
BZ¿i-߃ kwc-£n-°m≥ th≠n Xß-fpsS tXr-Xz-Ønv ]n∂n¬ AWn-n-
c∂p. kaq-l-sØbpw cmjv{S-sØbpw kwc-£n-°m-m-bn-cp∂p Cu t]mcm-´w.
hnπh {]ÿm--Øns‚ mb-I≥ Xs‚ c£n-Xm-hn-¶-te°v bm{X-bm-b-t∏mƒ
Adnhpw ]cn-N-bhpw {]mK-¤y-hp-ap-≈-h¿ HØp-IqSn ]pXnb tXr-XzsØ sXc-
s™-Sp-Øp. Xß-fpsS mb-I≥ XpS-ßn-sh® hnπ-h-ZuXyw XpS-c-W-sa∂ Imcy-
Øn¬ Hcmƒ°pw FXn-c-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Aßs hnπ-h-Zu-Xyhpw kaq-
lhpw cmjv{Shpw tXr-Xzhpw H∂n-s®m-∂mbn apt∂m-´v.
Cu hnπh ZuXy-Øns‚ Pw apX¬ AXns‚ F√m L´-ß-fnepw
Im¬sh-∏p-I-fnepw kv{Xo ]¶m-fnØw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv An-tj-[y-am-Wv.
{]t_m-[ {]h¿Ø--ß-fnepw t]mcm-´-ß-fnepw kv{Xo kPoh km∂n-[y-a-dn-bn-
®n-cp-∂p. BZyw Ckvemw kzoI-cn-®Xv Hcp kv{Xobm-Wv. BZysØ c‡-km-
£nbpw kv{Xo Xs∂. Ahƒ FtXym-]y-bn-te-°p≈ ]em-b--Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-
bn-cp-∂p. aZo--bn-te°v ]em-bw sNømpw AhnsS Hcp Ckvem-anI `c-W-kw-
hn-[mw ÿm]n-°mpw Xocp-am--amb Ncn-{X-{]-[m--amb c≠mw AJ_m DS-º-
Sn°v Ahƒ km£n-bm-Wv. km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ kv{Xo apdpsI ]nSn-°p∂ Zmº-
Xyw, hoSv, k¥m--߃, kzØv XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw Cu BZ¿i-Øns‚ km£m-
XvIm-c-Ønv th≠n Ahƒ XyPn-®p. Ckvem-anse al-Ømb Ncn{X kw`-h-
߃s°√mw Ahƒ ZrIvkm-£n. kwL-Sm sI´p-d-∏ns De-°p∂ {]iv-߃
Db¿∂p-h∂t∏mƒ AXv ]cn-lcn-°m-mbn hnπ-hm-bI≥ Xs∂ Ah-fpsS A`n-
- - - - -
{]mbw kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. lpssZ-_nb Zn-Øn¬ tXmhpw AWn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈
_‘w Debp-sa∂v tXm∂n® L´-Øn¬ kz¥w ]Xvn DΩp-k-e-a-bpsS A`n-
{]mbw kzoI-cn-®mWv {]hm-N-I≥ {]iv-Ønv ]cn-lmcw I≠-Xv.
_n-bpsS ho´nse kv{Xobm-bn-cp-∂p -C-kvem-anI hn⁄m--߃ kzmb-
Ø-am°n Ah kaq-l-Ønv ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv. Ahƒ ZAvhØpw PnlmZpw
lnPvdbpw S-Øn, ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏-´p. ∑ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Xn∑ XS-bp-Ibpw
sNøp∂ I¿a-a-fi-e-ß-fn-se√mw Ah-fpsS km∂n[yw kPo-hw. Hcp {]tZ-i-
Øns‚ nXo-ymbapƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Db¿∂ `c-W-]-c-amb DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-߃ (J-
Zm-D¬ lnkv_) hsc Ahsf G¬]n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. Jeo-^-amsc n›-bn-°p-
tºmƒ Ah-fp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-®p. Jpe-^m-D¿dm-in-Zp-I-fn¬s]´ {]ap-J-mb
Hcp Jeo-^-s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ kmbp[ {]Xn-]£nc°v tXrXzw ¬In-bXv Hcp
kv{Xobm-Wv. Cu nc-bn¬ kz¿Kw hmKvZmw sNø-s∏-´-h¿ Dƒs∏sS {]ap-J-
c≠m-bn-cØn-sbmºXv
- HIvtSm_¿ ap∏-Øn-sbm∂v

3. cmb nc-h[n kzlm-_n-h-cy-∑m¿ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CsXm∂pw cmjv{Sob ]¶m-
fnØas√-¶n¬, ]ns∂ F¥mWv Cu cmjv{Sob ]¶m-fnØw F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv?
Hcp hnπ-h-kw-Lw, Hcp sNdnb cmjv{Sw F∂ ne-bn¬n∂v Ckvem-sa∂ {]Xy-
b-imkv{Xw AXns‚ Nn¥-Ifmepw _‘-ßfmepw ÿm]-ßfmepw Hcp BtKmf
- - - -
km∂n-[y-ambn hf¿∂-t∏mƒ, Cu hf¿®bn¬ kv{Xo]-¶m-fn-Ø-an-√mØ GsX-
¶n-ep-samcp L´-sØ Nq-≠n-°m-Wn®p Xcm≥ ]‰ptam? C∂sØ ]pXnb cmjv{Sob
-
kwhn-[m--ßfpw kam-[m]c-amb A[n-Im-c-ss°-am‰w km[y-am-°p∂ sXc-
s™-Sp∏v t]mep≈ {]{In-b-Ifpw A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√t√m Fs∂m-s° ymbw
Na-®mWv Nne¿ kv{XobpsS cmjv{Sob ]¶m-fn-ØsØ FXn¿°p-∂Xv. Nne hm°p- -
I-fnepw {]tbm-K-ß-fnepw ISn-®p-Xq-ßn -A-o-Xn-s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ t]mcm-´-ap-J-ß-
fn-sem∂pw kv{Xo th≠-Xn-s√-∂mWv Ah-cpsS Xn´q-cw. CXn-sm-s°-bp≈ Ckvem-
an-I-amb ymbw F¥mWv? Ckvemw F√m Ime-tØ°pw tZi-tØ-°p-ap-≈-Xm-
sW-¶n¬, ΩpsS ImeØp am{Xw kv{Xo Fß-s-bmWv ]pd-Øm-bn-t∏m-Ip-∂Xv?
hm°p-I-fn¬ Xqßn-∏n-Sn-°msX mw Bi-b-Øn-te°v IS-∂p-sN-√p-I.
kmaq-ln-I, cmjv{Sob Pohn-XØn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Im-p≈ apkvenw kv{Xo-bpsS
-
Ah-Im-i߃ Db¿Øn-°m-´p∂ thZ-hm-Iy-ßfpw {]hmN-IhNßfpw FSp-Øp-
- - - - -
tN¿°m≥ am{Xw hnim-e-a√ Cu A[ym-bw. Hscm‰ Imcyw man-hnsS Hm¿an-®n-
cp-∂m¬ aXn. hne-°p-Iƒ C√mØ F¥p Imcyhpw sNøm-p≈ Ap-hm-Z(-C-
_ml-Xv)hpw kzmX-{¥y-hp-amWv Ckvem-anI nb-a-kw-ln-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-w.
AXp-t]mse apkvenw kv{Xo]pcp-j-∑msc kw_-‘n-°p∂ GXp Imcy-Ønepw
ka-Xz-amWv A√m-lp njvI¿jn-°p-∂-sX-∂Xpw as‰mcp ASn-ÿm--am-Wv. Htc
{]ivw kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ hyXykvX coXn-bn¬ ssIImcyw sNø-W-sa-
¶n¬, AXns km[q-I-cn-°p∂ {]am-W-߃ hy‡-am-°n-bn-cn-°-Ww. kv{XoI-
fpsS Ah-Im-i߃ {]am-WßfpsS ]n≥_-eØn¬ t{ImUo-Icn-°s∏´ ΩpsS
- - - - - -
ImesØ G‰hpw atm-l-c-amb Hcp {KŸ-Øn-te°v Rm≥ nß-fpsS {i≤
£Wn-°p-I-bm-Wv. A_vZp¬ leow A_q iJ Fs∂m-cm-fmWv {KŸ-Im-c≥.
{KŸ-Øns‚ t]cv "kv{Xo hntam-Nw {]hm-NI Ime-L-´-Øn¬' (X-lvco-dp¬
a¿A ^o Akzvdn cnkm-e). AXy¥w kvt^mS--ti-jn-bp≈ IrXn; H∏w Hcp
{]Im-i-tKm-]p-c-hpw. 1300 t]Pp≈ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-sf-
°p-dn®pw a‰pw _pJm-cn, apkvenw F∂o lZokv IrXn-I-fn¬ h∂ -{]-hm-NI
hN--߃ am{Xw t{ImUo-I-cn®v hni-I-ew S-Øp-I-bmWv sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv.
∑ I¬]n-°p-I, Xn∑ hntcm-[n-°p-I CXmWv Ckvem-anI {]t_m-[--
Øns‚ c≠v B[m-c-in-e-Iƒ; {]t_m-[w hy‡n-]-c-am-h-s´ kmaq-ln-I-am-hs´,
bp≤-Im-e-Øm-h-s´ kam-[m--Im-e-Øm-h-s´. CXv s]mXp-_m-[y-X-bm-Wv; ]pcp-j-
∑m¿s°∂ t]mse kv{XoIƒ°pw _m[-I-am-b-Xv. A°mcyw A¿Y-i-¶-°n-S-bn-
√m-Ø-hn[w {]Jym-]n-°p∂ Hcp alZv hN--ap≠v Jp¿-B-n¬: ""kXy-hn-izm-kn-
Ifpw hnizm-kn-n-Ifpw ]c-kv]cw klm-bn-Ifpw an{X-ß-fp-am-Ip∂p'' (AØu_
7). ]Xn-mev q‰m-≠p-Iƒ Ign™p Cu kq‡w Ah-X-cn-®n-´v. h¿W-Øn-s‚bpw
hwi-Øn-s‚bpw enwK-Øn-s‚bpw t]cn-ep≈ kI-ehn[ hnth-N߃°pw Adp-
- - -
Xn-h-cp-Ønb Ckvem-ans‚ {]Jym-]--߃. XpS¿∂p-≠mb hnπ-h-I-c-amb ]cn-
h¿Ø-߃. kIehn[- A-Sn-aØßfn¬ n∂p-ap≈ kv{XobpsS hntam-Nhpw
- -
AXn¬ s]Spw. CsXms° ]I¬sh-fn®w t]mse hy‡-am-bn-cn-s°, Nne apkvenw
Bbn-cØn mq‰n ap∏Xv Zp¬JAZv ]{¥≠v

4. Xn°v icn-sb∂v
tXm∂p∂ A`n-
{]mbw GXv thZn-
I-fnepw Xpd∂p
]d-bm-p≈ Ah-
Imiw kv{Xo°p-
≠v. ∑ {]N-cn-∏n-
°mpw Xn∑ XS-
bmpw Ahƒ°v
cwK- Ø n- d - ß mw.
Cu [¿a-߃ nd-
th- ‰ p∂ k`- I -
fn¬ Ahƒ°v AwKXzw ]mSn√ F∂v njvI¿jn-°p∂ Hcp
]cm-a¿ihpw {]am-Wßfn¬ h∂n-´n-√.
- -
cmPy-ß-fn¬n-s∂-¶nepw kv{XobpsS cmjv{Sob ]¶m-fnØw hne-°p∂ ^Xvh-
Iƒ ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂Xv e÷m-I-c-at√? kv{Xosb Hcp thm´-dmbn AwKo-I-cn-°m≥
t]mepw Nne aX-hr-Ø߃ Xbm-d√. hnj-bØns‚ c≠masØ `mKw, kv{Xo°v
- - -
Hcp {Kma-Øn-s‚tbm Hcp K-c-Øn-s‚tbm at‰m A[n-Imc ÿm-ß-fn-te°v
a’-cn-°mtam F∂-Xm-Wv. auemm A_p¬ AAvem auZq-Zn-sb-t]mse Dƒ°m-
gvN-bp≈ ]fin-X-∑m¿ hsc kv{XoIƒ ÿmm¿Yn-I-fm-Ip∂Xv hne-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
apl-Ω-Zp¬ K€m-en, bqkp-^p¬ Jd-Zmhn XpS-ßnb ka-Im-enI Ckvem-an-I-{]-
ÿm--ß-fpsS ap≥n-c-bn-ep-≈-h¿ kv{Xo°v ÿmm¿Yn-bmhmw F∂v Ap-h-
Zn-®n-´pap≠v. {]Xn-n[n k`-I-fn-te°v kv{Xo a’-cn-®p-IqSm F∂v hmZn-°p-∂-h¿
]d-bp∂Xv, AXv cmjv{S `cW(hn-emb BΩ)-Øns‚ afi-e-am-sW∂pw ]pcp-j-
∑m¿°-√msX kv{XoIƒ°v AhnsS {]th-i--an-s√-∂p-am-Wv. ]pcp-j-∑m¿
kv{XobpsS mY-∑m-cm-sW∂v ka¿Yn-°p∂ Jp¿-B≥ kq‡-Ønv (A-∂n-kmAv
34) CXv FXn-cm-hp-sa∂pw Ah¿ hmZn-°p-∂p. Cu ne A´n-a-dn®v ]pcp-j-
∑m¿°pta¬ kv{XoIƒ hmgp-∂Xv Fßs s]mdp-∏n°pw? ChnsS c≠v Imcy-
߃ hy‡-am-°m≥ Rm≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂p.
H∂v, s]mXp-`-cW ÿm]--ß-fn-te°v ÿmm¿Yn-I-fm-hp∂ kv{XoI-fpsS
FÆw Ft∏mgpw hfsc ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. ko‰p-I-fpsS knwl-`m-Khpw ]pcp-
j-∑m-cpsS ssIhiw Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°pw. ]pcp-j-∑m¿°v `qcn-]-£-ap≈ Hcp k`/
kanXn Bbn-cn-°p-at√m Imcy-߃ Xocp-am-n-°p-∂Xpw S-∏m-°p-∂-Xpw. AXn-
m¬ kv{XoIƒ a’-cn®v XpS-ßn-bm¬ Ah-cpsS Iogn-embn-t∏mIpw ]pcp-j∑m¿
F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬ bmsXmcp ymb-hp-an-√.1
c≠v, ]pcp-j∑m¿ kv{XoI-fpsS mY-∑m-cmWv F∂ ]cm-a¿iw sshhmlnI
-
Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈-Xm-sW-∂-Xnv B Jp¿-B-nI kq‡-Øn¬ Xs∂ sXfn-
hp-I-fp-≠v. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ mY≥ ]pcp-j-mWv F∂v ]d-bp-I-bm-Wv. ""]pcp-j-
c≠m-bn-cØn-sbmºXv
- HIvtSm_¿ ap∏-Øn-sbm∂v

5. ∑m¿ Ah-cpsS [w sNe-hgn-°p-∂Xn-mepw'' (A∂n-kmAv 34) F∂v B kq‡-
- -
Øn¬ h∂n-´p-≠v. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ tXrXzw (J-∆m-a) F∂Xv ]pcp-j-∑m¿°v
¬Inb Hcp ÿm-am-sW∂pw Xmsg sImSp-°p∂ kq‡-Øn¬n∂v sXfn-bp-
∂p≠v: ""kv{XoIƒ°v _m[y-X-Iƒ D≈-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ ymb-am-b -A-h-Im-i-
ß-fp-ap-≠.v F∂m¬ ]pcp-j∑m¿°v Ah-tc-°mƒ Hcp ]Zhn IqSp-Xep≠v'' (A¬_-
- -
Jd 228). Ip-Spw-_-L-S-°v ]pdØv Nne Imcy-ß-fn¬ ]pcp-j-∑m¿°v tXrXzw
¬Ip-∂Xv kv{Xo Bbn-t∏m-bm¬ AXv XS-tb-≠XmWv Fs∂m∂pw Cu kq‡-
-
ß-fn¬n∂v kn≤n-°p-∂n-√. ""Xß-fpsS Imcyw-kv{Xosb G¬]n® Hcp kaq-
lhpw hnP-bn-°n√'' F∂ _pJmcn D≤cn-®--_n-h-N--Øn¬n∂v, `c-Wm-[n-Im-
c-Øns‚ tXrXzw kv{Xosb G¬]n-°-cpXv Ft∂ s∂-°-hn-™m¬ kn≤n-
°p-Ibp-≈q. "Xß-fpsS Imcyw' (Aw-dlpw) F∂ {]tbm-KØn¬n∂v AXv hy‡-
- - -
am-Wv. AtX-k-abw ^Xvh, CPvXn-lm-Zv, A[ym-]-w, lZokv nth-Z-w, `c-W-
n¿h-lWw XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Ahƒ°v tXr-]-Z-hn-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn¬ (hn-
em-b-Øv) Hcp ]fin-Xpw sX‰v ImWp-∂n-√. oXn-ym-b-Øn¬ hsc, Nne hyh-
ÿ-I-tfm-sS, CXm-Im-sa∂v A_q-l-o-^-sb-t∏m-ep≈ ]fin-X-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-b-
s∏-´n-´p-≠v. C°m-cy-ßfn-sem∂pw kv{Xohnem-bØns XSbp∂ Ckvem-an-Im-[ym-
- -
]--߃ C√ F∂m-Wt√m CXns‚ A¿Yw. tcsØ kqNn-∏n® _n-h-N--
Ønv Hcp {]tXyI Ncn{X ]›m-Ø-e-ap-≠v. t]¿jy-bnse N{I-h¿Øn acn-®-
t∏mƒ Ahn-SsØ-bm-fp-Iƒ- A-t±-lØns‚ aIsf `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmbn sXc-s™-
- -
Sp-Øp. At∏m-gmWv _n Aßs ]-d™-Xv. `c-Wm-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ ]cn-an-X-amWv
B ]cm-a¿i-sa∂v hy‡w.
Xn°v icn-sb∂v tXm∂p∂ A`n-{]mbw GXv thZn-I-fnepw Xpd∂v ]d-bm-
p≈ Ah-Imiw kv{Xo°p-≠v. ∑ {]N-cn-∏n-°mpw Xn∑ XS-bmpw Ahƒ°v
cwK-Øn-d-ßmw. Cu [¿a-߃ nd-th-‰p∂ k`-I-fn¬ Ahƒ°v AwKXzw ]mSn√
F∂v njvI¿jn-°p∂ Hcp ]cm-a¿ihpw {]am-W-ß-fn¬ h∂n-´n-√. Ckvem-anI
Ncn-{X-Ønse D∂X IqSn-bm-tem-Nm kan-Xn-I-fn¬ (iq-dm) kv{XoIsf ImWp-
∂n-√t√m F∂v Nne¿ hmZn-°m-dp-≠v. CXp]t£ kv{XoIƒ°v {]th-iw ntj-
[n-°p-∂-Xnv Ckvem-an-I-amb sXfn-hm-Ip-∂n-√. Ime-tZ-i-߃ amdp-tºmƒ aX-
hn-[n(-^-Xvh)bpw amdWw F∂ C-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Cu hnjbw N¿®
sNtø-≠-Xv. ]pcp-j-∑m¿°m-h-s´, kv{XoIƒ°m-hs´ hyhÿm-]n-X-amb coXn-
bn¬ iqdm kwhn-[mw ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
iqdm t]mep≈ kwhn-[m--ß-fpsS {][m ZuXy-ß-fn-sem∂v nb-a-n¿am-
W-am-Wv. `c-W-tØ-°mfpw s]mXp-t-Xr-Xz-tØ-°mfpw Kuc-h-X-c-amWv CsX∂v
Nne ISpw-]n-Sp-Ø-°m¿-A-Xyp‡n Ie¿Øn ]d-bm-dp-≠v. cmjv{S-Ønv th≠n-bm-
Wt√m nb-aap-≠m-°p-∂-Xv. kwKXn hfsc A]-ISw ]n-Sn-®-Xm-b-Xn-m¬
kv{XoIsf Atßm´v ASp-∏n-°m≥ ]mSn√! Cu hmZw hfsc Zp¿_-e-am-Wv.
ChnsS nb-a-n¿am-W-a√ S-°p-∂-Xv. bYm¿Y nb-aZmXmhv A√m-lp-
hm-Wv. GsXmcp Imcyhpw hne-°mpw Ap-h-Zn-°mpw Aht Ah-Im-i-ap-
≈q. as‰mcp hm-°n¬ ]d-™m¬ Kth-j-Ww, nb-a-n¿[m-c-Ww, hni-I-e-w,
]pXnb ImeØv Fßs {]tbm-K-h-XvI-cn°mw XpS-ßnb N¿®-I-fmWv iqd
t]mep≈ thZn-I-fn¬ D≠m-hp-I. Kth-jWw (C-PvXn-lm-Zv) F∂Xv ]pcp-j-s-
t∏mse kv{Xo°v th≠nbpw Xpd-∂n´ hmXn-em-Wv. ]pcp-j-m-bn-cn°pI F∂Xv
Bbn-cØn mq‰n ap∏Xv Zp¬JAZv ]{¥≠v

6. lk≥ Xpdm_n
B[p- nI Ckv e m- a nI {]ÿm- ßfn¬
kv{Xohn-tam-Nm-ib߃ G‰hpw i‡-ambn
- - -
{]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw kv{Xo]-¶m-fn-Ø-Ønv
hotdmsS hmZn-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂-Xv kp-Um-n¬
tUm. lk≥ Xp- d m- _ n
tXrXzw ¬Ip∂
{]ÿm-am-Wv. skIyp-e-
-
cnÃv hn-X-Isf a-dn-I-S∂v AhnsS BZyw
]m¿e-sa-‚ n¬ FØn-bXv Hcp Ckvem-anÃv
{]t_m-[Ibm-W˛kp-BZv A¬^m-Xn-lv.
- - v- -
kp-BZv A¬^m-Xn-lv
Kth-jWw S-Øm-p≈ D]m-[n-bm-sWt∂m kv{XoIƒ°v CPvXn-lmZv ]mSn-s√t∂m
Ct∂-hsc Hcp Ckvem-anI nb-ahn-im-cZpw ]d-™n-´n-√. kv{Xobp-amtbm IpSpw-
- -
_-hp-amtbm _‘-s∏´ nba N¿®-Ifm-sW¶n¬ A°m-cy-Øn¬ Ah-fpsS A`n-
-
{]m-bsa¥v F∂v Bcm-b¬ Nne-t∏mƒ An-hm-cy-am-sb∂pw hcpw. Nne kµ¿`-
ß-fn¬, ]pcp-j-t-°mƒ Dƒ°m-gvN-bp≈ A`n-{]m-b-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI
kv{Xobm-bn-cn-°pw.
apkvenw temIØv Ckvem-an-Im-i-b-߃ ssIsh-Sn™v en_-d¬ Nn-¥m-K-
Xn-I-fp-ambn S-°p∂ hn-X-Isf tcn-Sm≥ kZvhr-Ø-cmb apkvenw kv{XoIƒ
sXc-s™-Sp∏v tKmZ-bn¬ Cd-ß-W-sa∂v tUm. bqkp-^p¬ Jd-Zmhn Xs‚ Hcp
^Xvhbn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Hmtcm kv{Xo°pw s]mXp {]h¿Øw S-Øm≥ kzmX-
-
{¥y-ap≠v F∂ hy‡n-K-X-amb hi-a√ ChnsS IqSp-X¬ ]cn-K-W-obw; adn®v
kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-am-b- H-cm-hiyw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°pI F∂ hi-am-Wv2.
F∂m¬ auemm A_p¬ AAvem auZqZn ]mIn-kvXmv th≠n Xbm-dm-°nb
Ckvem-anI `c-W-L-S--bn¬, iqd/P-{]-Xn-n[n k`-bnse AwK-Xz-Ønv ]pcp-
j-m-bn-cn-°pI F∂Xv D]m-[n-bmbn Fgp-Xnt®¿Øn-´p-≠v. cmjv{S mb-I-Xz-Øn-
v th≠n kv{Xo a’-cn-°p∂ Imcyw ]ns∂ ]d-bm-p-an-√-t√m. "]p-cp-j-∑m¿
kv{XoI-fpsS mY∑m-cmWv' F∂ Jp¿-B-nI hN-hpw "Xß-fpsS Imcyw
kv{Xosb Gev]n® Hcp kaq-lhpw hnP-bn-°p-I-bn√' F∂ {]hm-NI hN--hp-
amWv At±lw sXfn-hmbn D≤-cn-°p-∂-Xv. cmjv{S-m-b-I-Xztam a{¥n-]-Z-hntbm
{]Xn-n-[n-k`bnse AwK-Xztam a‰p Kh¨sa‚ v ]Zhn-Itfm kv{XoIƒ°v ¬I-
- -
cpXv F∂-Xnv Cu c≠v hmIy-ßfpw Jfin-X-amb sXfn-hm-sW-∂mWv At±-l-
Øns‚ hmZw. cmjv{So-bhpw `c-Whpw kv{XobpsS {]h¿Ø hrØ-Ønv ]pd-
Øm-Wv.3 CtX A`n-{]mbw Xs∂ A¬ Akvl¿ bqn-th-gvkn-‰n-bnse ^Xvhm
kan-Xn-bpw Ipssh-Øn-ep≈ as‰mcp kan-Xn-bpw {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. sXc-s™-Sp-
∏n¬ kv{Xo ]¶m-fn-bm-hmt ]mSn√ F∂v Ipssh-Ønse ^Xvhm kanXn hne-
°p-∂p.4
P-{]-Xn-n-[n-k`bnepw Db¿∂ `c-WIqS XkvXn-IIfn-ep-ap≈ kv{Xo AwK-
- - - - -
c≠m-bn-cØn-sbmºXv
- HIvtSm_¿ ap∏-Øn-sbm∂v

7. Xz-sØ-°p-dn®v auemm auZqZn {]I-Sn-∏n® A`n-{]m-bsØ ap°v tNmZyw
sNømsX nhr-Øn-bn-√. kv{XoIƒ°v Ah-cpsS tbmKy-X-Iƒ°p-kcn®v k¿h
taJ-e-I-fnepw ]¶m-fnØw Ap-h-Zn-°p-I-bmWv kap-Zmb thm-∞m--Ønpw
kv{Xo im‡o-I-c-W-Ønpw An-hm-cy-ambn th≠Xv F∂v mw Icp-Xp-∂-Xn-
m¬, CØcw am¿K-X-S-€-߃ ot°-≠-Xp-≠v.
tcsØ D≤-cn® Jp¿-B≥ hmIyhpw _n-h-N-hpw s]mXp-Po-hn-X-
Øn¬n∂v kv{Xosb AI-‰n-n¿Øp-∂Xnv sXfn-hp-Ifmbn sIm≠p-hcs∏-´t∏mƒ,
- - - - -
CXp kw_-‘-ambn ]q¿h-Ime ]fin-X-∑m¿ F¥p ]-d™n-cn°pw F∂
BImw£ F∂n¬ DW¿∂p. Rm≥ In´m-hp-t∂-S-tØmfw Ckvem-anI ss]Xr-I-
Ir-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®p; {]tXy-In®v Ahbn¬ cmjv{S-ao-amwk ssIImcyw sNøp-
∂h. `c-W-t-XrXzw (C-am-a-Øv) F∂ Xe-s°-´n¬ am{X-amWv Cu hnjbw
N¿®-sN-bvXn-´p-≈Xv F∂ Imcyw Fs∂ A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn. cmjv{S `c-W-Øns‚
tXrXzw kv{Xo°v BI-cpXv F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ ]q¿h ]fin-X-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬
Gd-°psd A`n-{]mb ka-zbw (C-PvamAv) D≈-Xmbpw Fn°v ImWm≥ Ign-
™p. Ah¿°v sXfnhv ta¬]-d-bs∏´ lZo-kmWv. AtX-k-abw oXn-ymb ]Z-
hn-Iƒ Ah¿°mImw F∂ A`n-{]m-b-amWv [mcmfw ]fin-X-∑m¿°v. A_q-
bAve¬ ^¿dmAv C{X hsc ]d™psh®p: ""PUvPnbm-Im≥ Fs¥m-s°-
KpW߃ HØp-h-c-Wtam AsXms° tXm-hnepw (C-amw) HØp-h-c¬ D]m-[n-
bm-Wv. kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠m-hp-I, {]mb-]q¿ØnsbØp-I, _p≤n-ÿn-c-X-bp-≠m-hp-I,
Adnhpw oXn-t_m-[-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pI F∂n-h-bmWv B KpW-߃.''5
Ckvem-anI Ncn-{X-Ønse i_o-_nø t]mep≈ Jhm-cnPv hn`m-K-߃,
{]P-I-fpsS Imcy-߃ tm°n--S-Ømpw Ah-cpsS i{Xp-°ƒs°-Xnsc s]m-cp-
Xmpw {]m]vXn-bp-s≠-¶n¬ kv{Xo°v `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmhmw F∂ ]£-°m-cm-Wv.
i_o-_ns‚ ac-W-tijw Kkme DΩp i_o_v `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ Imcyw
Ah¿ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p.6 l{kØv BC-i(-d) Hcp kmbp[ {]Xn-]£sØ Db¿Øn-
-
s°m≠phcnI hgn cmjv{So-bØn¬ Xn°pw Imcy-ap-s≠∂v hy‡-am-°n. kz¿Kw
-
hmKvZmw sNø-s∏´ kzlm-_n-Iƒ Dƒs∏sS aphm-bncw sskn-Icp-≠m-bn-cp∂p
-
Cu {]Xn-]£ nc-bn¬. A_q-_Ivd ]d-™Xp t]mse, "BC-i(-d) I¬]n-°p-
Ibpw hne-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Imcy-߃ Ah-cpsS nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn-
cp∂p' 7. Ah-cmWv tXr-ÿm-Øv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv; Ah-cmWv {]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw
N¿® S-Øp-Ibpw akvIm-c-Ønv Cam-ans n›-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂-
Xv.8 cmjv{SobØn¬ Io¿Øn tSnb thsdbpw hnXm cXv-ß-fp≠v Ckvem-
anI Ncn-{X-Øn¬. ln. Bdmw q‰m-≠n¬ ba≥ taJ-e-bn¬ m¬]-Xn-e-[n-Iw-
h¿jw `cWw Øn-bn-´p≠v A¬lp¿d kzeo-lnø F∂ hn-X.
`c-Wm-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ G‰hpw Db¿∂ ]Zhn kv{Xo°v ¬Imw F∂v hmZn-
°p-∂-h-cpsS ymbw CXmWv: kv{Xo˛]pcpj ka-Xz-amWv Ckvemw Du∂n-∏-d-bp-
∂-Xv. ka-`m-h--sb∂ Cu s]mXp-X-ØzsØ ntj-[n-°p∂ Hc-Sn-ÿm--ambn
hnI-kn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-X√ mw tcsØ D≤-cn® {]hm-NI hN-w. Hcp {]tXyI
kµ¿`-Øn-emWv _n AXv ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xv. t]¿jy-bnse Inkvdm cmPmhv ac-
W-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ahn-SØp-Im¿ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmbn A-t±-lØns‚ ]p{Xnsb n›-
- -
bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX hnhcw In´n-b-t∏m-gmWv _n Aßs ]d-™-Xv. Xm≥
t]¿jy-bn-te°v ]d-™-b® Xs‚ ZqXs Ahn-S-Øp-Im¿ sIme-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn-
Bbn-cØn mq‰n ap∏Xv Zp¬JAZv ]{¥≠v

8. ep≈ tcmj-amWv Cu hm°p-I-fn¬ ImWm-m-hp-I... AXn-m¬ Cu kw`-h-Øn-
-∏pdw Hcp kmam-y-h-XvI-c-W-Ønv tbmPn-®-X√ Cu lZo-kv. AXns `cW-
L-Sm nb-am-h-en-bn¬ ASn-ÿm-ambn kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xp-a-√. Hcp {]tXyI
kw`-h-sØ-°p-dn®v h∂-Xm-sW-¶n-epw, hmIy-L-S s]mXp-kz-`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-sW-
¶n¬ AXns s]mXp-X-Øz-ambn kzoI-cn-°Ww F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ ]fin-X-
∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ GIm-`n-{]m-b-sam-∂p-an-√. hmIy-L-S s]mXp-kz-`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-sW-
¶nepw AXv s]mXpXØz-am-h-W-sa-∂n√ F∂¿Yw. AXn-m¬ Cu _n-h-N-
sØ Hcp JfinX sXfn-hmbn kzoI-cn-°m-m-hn-√. am{X-a-√, Cu lZo-kns‚
nth-ZI ]c-º-c-bn¬ kwi-bm-kv]-Z-amb Nne IÆn-I-fp-ap-≠v.9
Cn tcsØ ]cm-a¿in® Jp¿-B≥ kq-‡-Øns‚ Imcyw. auemm auZq-
Zn°v ap-ºp≈ cmjv{S-ao-amwkm ]fin-X∑m-scm∂pw Xs∂, kv{Xo s]mXp-`-cWw
ssIbm-fm≥ ]mSn√ F∂-Xnv sXfn-hmbn {]kvXpX kq‡sØ D≤-cn®v ImWp-
∂n-√. ]ns∂ Fßs-bXv cmjv{Sob ]¶m-fnØw hsc XS-bp-∂Xnv sXfn-hmIpw?
-
kq‡-Ønse "J∆ma' F∂ {]tbm-K-Ønv tXrXzw F∂ s]mXp-hmb A¿Y-
amWv I¬]n-°p-∂sX-¶n¬ inip-kw-c£Ww, sshZyw, hym]mc hyh-kmb ÿm]-
- - -
-߃ XpSßn H∂n-s‚bpw tXrXzw kv{Xo°v ]mSn-s√∂v hcpw. Cß-s-sbmcp
A¿Y-I¬] ap≥Ime Jp¿-B≥ hymJym-Xm-°tfm lZokv ]fin-X-∑mtcm
Bcpw Xs∂ S-Øn-bn-´n-√. ΩpsS ImesØ G‰hpw {]i-kvX-mb Jp¿B≥
hymJym-Xmhv hsc, Jp¿-B≥ hymJym--Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ke^n Nmbvhpw
]m›mXy hncp-≤-Xbpw {]I-S-am-sW-¶n¬ t]mepw, ]d-bp-∂Xv Cß-s-bmWv:
""s]mXp-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ kakvX taJ-e-I-fnepw kv{Xo°p ta¬ ]pcp-js‚ tXr-
Xz-amWv th≠Xv F∂ ne-°m-bn-cp∂p Cu Jp¿-B≥ kq‡sØ Xm≥ a-€n-
em-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Zo¿L-tcw Btem-Nn-®-t∏mƒ B A`n-{]mbw Xncp-tØ-≠n-h-
∂p. Cu kq‡-Øns‚ kµ¿`w ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. ZmºXy `n∂-X-Iƒ ]cm-a¿in-
°shbmWv AXv h∂n´p-≈Xv. AXn-m¬ B kq‡-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in® tXrXzw
-
(J∆m-a) IpSpw-_-hr-Ø-Ønv ]pd-tØ°v o´m≥ ]‰p-I-bn-√.''10
oXn-ym-bam-sW-¶nepw cmjv{S `c-Wam-sW-¶nepw s]mXp-`cWØn¬n∂v
- - - - -
kv{Xosb XS-bp∂ Jfin-X-amb sXfn-hp-I-sfm∂pw Ckvem-an¬ C√ F∂v mw
I≠p; cmjv{S-Øns‚ `c-Wm-[n-Imcn Ah-fm-Im≥ ]mSn√ F∂XmWv `qcn-]£w
]fin-X∑m-cp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-b-sa-¶nepw. s]mXp-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ k¿h Xpd-I-fn-
ep-ap≈ ]¶m-fnØw Ahƒ°v ntj-[n-°p∂ Iq´¿°v ]ns∂ F¥v sXfn-hmWv
lmP-cm-°m-p-≈Xv?11 Ah¿ A‘-ambn ap≥Km-an-Isf ]n¥p-ScpI (X-Jveo-Zv)
am{X-am-Wv. F¶n¬ Ckvem-ans‚ kph¿W-bp-K-Øn¬ Pohn® alm-∑msc Ch¿
XJveoZv sNbvsX-¶n¬ F∂v Bin-®p-t]m-Ip-∂p. AXv kzX{¥ Nn¥-bp-sSbpw
kap-Zm-bØns‚ IpXn-®pNm-´Øn-s‚bpw bpK-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kv{Xohn-cp≤ ho£-
- -
W-°m¿ icn-bmb hgn-bn¬ sNs∂-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Jp¿-B≥ hymJym-Xm-°-
fpsS Kpcp C_vp Pco¿ Xz_vcn-sbbpw Camw A_q-l-o-^-sbbpw apkvenw
kvs]bn-nse hnπ-h-Im-cn-bmb ^Jolv C_vp lk-an-sbpw Ah¿°v hmbn-
°m≥ Ign-t™-s. Cu alm-]fin-X∑m¿ tIhe cmjv{Sob ]¶m-fn-Øtam ]m¿´n
- -
AwK-Xztam a{¥n-˛-sk-{I-´dn ]Wn-Itfm am{X-a√ kv{XoIƒ°v Ap-h-Zn-®-Xv.
cmjv{S-`cWØns‚ ASn-ÿm-ßfn-sem-∂mb oXn-ymbw (J-ZmAv) kv{XoIsf
- - - - -
G¬]n-°m-sa∂v Ah¿ {]Jym-]n-®p. ΩpsS kv{Xohn-cp≤ ]£-°m¿ XJveoZv
c≠m-bn-cØn-sbmºXv
- HIvtSm_¿ ap∏-Øn-sbm∂v

9. sNbvXXv A[x-]-X--Øn-s‚bpw Po¿W-X-bp-sSbpw L´-Øn¬ Pohn® ap≥Km-an-
I-sf-bm-bncp∂p F∂¿Yw. -C-sXms° F¥np ]d-bp-∂p, Ah¿°v {]hm-
NIs‚bpw k®-cn-X-cmb Jeo-^-am-cp-sSbpw Ime-L-´-߃ ]Tn-®m¬ aXn-bm-bn-
cp-∂-t√m. F¶n¬ An-hmcyL´ß-fn¬ hmfpw Ducn-∏n-Sn®v hcp-∂, {]iv-k-
¶o¿W-amb kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ kpNn-¥n-X-amb A`n-{]m-b-߃ ]d-bp∂ kv{Xosb
Ah¿°v Is≠-Øm-am-bn-cp-∂p. tm°q, {]hm-NI ]Xvn DΩp-k-e-a-bpsS
CSs]S¬. lpssZ-_nb k‘n-bpsS kµ¿`w. kz¥w Ap-bm-bn-Iƒ {]hm-N-
Is ipWvTn ]nSn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv. {]hm-N-I≥ I¬]n-°p-∂-sXm∂pw Ah¿ Ap-
k-cn-°p-∂n-√. hfsc ZpxJn-X-mbn Ahn-Sp∂v DΩp-k-e-a-bpsS ASpØv hcp-∂p.
tXmhpw Ap-bm-bn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øn¬ hn≈¬ hogv-Ønb Cu AXn-
k-¶o¿W-amb kml-N-cysØ adn-I-S-°m≥ DΩp-k-ea Hcp t]mwhgn n¿tZ-in-
°p-∂p. CXv cmjv{Sob Imcy-a-t√, kv{Xo°v ChnsS F¥p Imcyw F∂v At∏mƒ
Bcpw tNmZn-®n-√-t√m. Cn as‰mcp kµ¿`w. ac-Wm-k-∂-mb Dadp-_v-p¬
JØzm-_ns‚ hkzn-øØv {]Imcw A_vZp¿dlvam-p_vp Hu^v Bdv t]cpsS
Hcp ]´n-Ibp-≠m-°p-∂p. CXn¬ ns∂m-cm-fmWv ASpØ Jeo-^bm-hp-I. C_vp
- -
Hu^v aZo-bn-ep-≈- ap-gp-hm-fp-Ifp-sSbpw A`n-{]mbw Bcm-bp-∂p. G‰hpw anI®
- - -
]n≥Km-an-sb-°p-dn-®v A`n-{]m-b-am-cm™v At±lw kv{XoIƒ ]m¿°p∂ IqSm-c-
ß-fn¬ hsc Ib-dn-s®-∂nt√? Jp¿-B-nse J∆ma BbØpw Jnkvd-bpsS aI-
sf-°p-dn® lZokpw At±lw ImWmsX t]mb-Xm-bn-cn-°n-√-t√m. ]pXnb `c-Wm-
[n-Im-cn-bpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏v kv{Xosbbpw ]pcp-j-sbpw Xpey Af-hn-emWv
_m[n-°p-I-sb-∂pw, ]pcp-j-s-t∏mse kzX{¥ _m[yX-tb¬-]n-°-s∏-´-h-fmWv
kv{Xosb∂pw a-€n-em-°n-bm-bn-cn-°nt√ C_p Hu^v Cu a¿a-{]-[m hnj-
b-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS A-`n-{]mbw Bcm-™Xv?
CXn-s‚-sb√mw ASn-ÿm--Øn¬ ka-Im-enI cmjv{S-ao-amwkm ]fin-X-
∑m¿, auemm auZq-Zn-sb-t∏mse sXm´p-ap-ºp≈ Xe-ap-d-bpsS ss]Xr-IsØ
{]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂Xmbn mw ImWp-∂n-√. Ah-sc√mw kv{Xo]p-cpj kaXzw F∂
-
ASn-ÿm-sØ Db¿Øn-°m-´p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. ssPh-{]-Ir-Xnbpw kml-N-
cy-ßfpw IW-°n-se-SpØv kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑m¿ XΩn¬ Nne Npa-Xem hyXym-k-
߃ D≠v Ft∂-bp-≈q. A¬ Akvl¿ sdIvS-dm-bn-cp∂ A_vZp√m Z¿dm-kns‚
hcn-Iƒ ImWpI:
""cmjv{S-Ønepw kaq-lØnepw XØpey kv{Xo]pcpj ]¶m-fn-ØamWv Jp¿-
- -
B≥ apt∂m-´p-sh-°p-∂-Xv. kv{XobpsS enwK-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-XIƒ ImcWw
hf-sc-°p-dn®v Imcy-߃ am{X-amWv CXn¬n∂v Hgn-®p-n¿Øm-hp-∂-Xv. hnhn[
cm-jv{Sob kmaq-lnI Xpd-I-fn¬ Ahƒ I¿tam-’pI-bm-h-W-sa∂pw AX-h-fpsS
Ah-Im-i-am-sW∂pw Jp¿-B≥ DW¿Øp-∂p. P-ßsf {]Xn-n-[o-I-cn-°p∂
]m¿e-sa‚pw cmjv{S-`-c-WsØ nb-{¥n-°p∂ nb-am-hn-jvImc thZn-I-fp-sa√mw
AXn¬ s]Spw... apkvenw kv{Xo hnh-c-an-√m-Ø-h-fm-Wv, s]mXp-Im-cy-ß-sf-°p-
dn®v ]nSn-]m-Sn-√m-Ø-h-fm-Wv, Ahƒ hoSpw Ip´n-I-fp-ambn Ign-™p-Iq-Sn-bm¬ aXn
Fs∂√mw Nne¿ ]d-bm-dp-≠v. Ad_v apkvenw mSp-I-fnse _lp-`q-cn-]£w
P-Xbpw hnh-c-an-√m-Ø-hcpw s]mXp {]iv-ß-fn¬ ]nSn-]m-Sn-√m-Ø-h-cp-at√?
AXns‚ t]cn¬ Ah¿°v kmaq-ln-I, cmjv{Sob Ah-Im-i-߃ ntj-[n-°-W-
Bbn-cØn mq‰n ap∏Xv Zp¬JAZv ]{¥≠v

10. kv{Xo DZv_p-≤-
bm- s b- ¶ n- t e
s√mcp Xe-ap-
dsb hm-¿sØ-
-
Sp-°m≥ Ah-
ƒ-°v Ign-bq.
kv{Xo-t-Xr-Xzw
Bh- i y- a mb
F{X-sb{X
taJ-e-I-fp≠v
C∂v. BC-i,
JZo-P, DΩp-k-
e-a, ^mXzn-a, AkvamAv, DΩp AΩm-d, ssk-_p¬ K€m-en,
kpB-Zp A¬^mXnlv XpS-ßn-bh¿ ¬In-bXp-t]m-ep≈ tXr-
- -
Xzw. ΩpsS s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ FhnsS?
sa∂v Bsc-¶nepw ]d-™n-´pt≠m? F√m kv{XoIfpw sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ a’-cn-
°-W-sat∂m cmjv{Sob kmaq-lnI Imcy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-S-W-sat∂m mw ]d-bp-
∂n-√. A¿l-Xbpw tbmKy-X-bp-ap≈ kv{Xo°v AXn-p≈ Ah-kcw D≠m-IWw
Ft∂ ]d-bp-∂p≈q; ]pcp-j-∑m-sc-t∏mse Xs∂. amXr-Xz-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-Iƒ
n¿hln°msX kv{Xo hoSv hn´n-d-ßWw Fs∂m∂pw C∏-d-™-Xnv A¿Y-hp-
an√''12
Ign™ GXmpw q‰m-≠p-I-fnse apkvenw PohnXw ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ AXv
{KmasØ tI{µo-Icn-®m-bn-cp∂p F∂v ImWmw. Cu {KmaoW Pohn-XØn¬ kv{Xo°v
- -
cmjv{S-`-c-W-Øn¬ Imcy-amb Hcp ]¶pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. A∂sØ kmaq-lnI
kml-N-cy-߃ sIm≠v Aßs kw`-hn®p Ft∂ CXn-s-°p-dn®v ]d-bm-m-
hq. CsXm∂pw Jp¿-B-nI n¿tZ-i-{]-Imcw kw`-hn® Imcy-ß-f-√. Jp¿-B-nI
n¿tZi-߃ F√m Ime-tØ°pw F√m Np‰p-]m-Sn-te-°p-ap-≈Xm-Wv. kaqlsØ
-
am‰n-∏-Wn-bp-∂-Xnpw Ckvem-anI kwkvIm-csØ Icp-∏n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xnpw {]hm-
N-Is‚ a°o-˛-a-Zo L´-ß-fnepw k®-cn-X-cmb ]n≥Km-an-I-fpsS dminZo bpK-
Ønepw XpS¿∂p≈ Ckvem-ans‚ ]pjvIe bpK-ß-fnepw kv{Xo hln® ]¶v
An-tj-[yhpw al-Ø-c-hp-am-Wv.
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cnsb sXcs™-Sp-°p-tºmgpw bp≤w t]mep≈ hn[n-n¿Wm-
bI kµ¿`-ß-fnepw Ah-fpsS km∂n-[y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Da-dp-_v-p¬ JØzm_v,
in^mAv F∂ hn-Xsb Hcp sXcp-hns‚ nb-{¥Ww G¬]n® kw`hw D≤-cn-
®p-sIm≠v C_vp lkw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv, `c-Wm-[n-Im-chpw Ahsf
G¬]n°mw F∂m-Wv. XJvbp-±o≥ _-lmn ]d-bp-∂-Xv, ]uc-Xz-ap≈ B¿°pw
˛kv{Xo-bm-hs´ ]pcp-jm-hs´˛ {]mb-]q¿Øn-sb-Øp-Ibpw _p≤n ÿnc-Xbp-≠m-
- - - -
hp-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ IqSn-bm-tem-Nm kan-Xn(iq-dm)bn¬ AwK-amImw F∂m-Wv.13
Ckvem-anIv dn∏-ªnIv Hm^v Cdms‚ `c-W-L-S-, "∑ I¬]n-°p-∂-Xnepw
c≠m-bn-cØn-sbmºXv
- HIvtSm_¿ ap∏-Øn-sbm∂v

11. Xn∑ hntcm-[n-°p-∂Xnepw kXy-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw hnizm-kn-n-Ifpw ]c-kv]cw klm-
-
bn-I-fmWv' F∂ Jp¿-B-nI kq‡sØ ap≥n¿Øn Db¿∂ ÿm-amWv
kv{Xo°v ¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ΩpsS ImesØ henb hnπ-h-ß-fn-sem-∂ns‚
kwLm-S--Øn¬ Cdm-n-b≥ hn-X-Iƒ hln® ]¶n-p≈ A¿l-amb AwKo-Im-
c-am-Wn-Xv. Cdm≥ Ckvem-anIv dn∏-ªnIv `c-W-LS--bpsS 21-˛mw Jfin-I-bn¬
Cßs ]d-bp∂p: ""Ckvem-anI aqey-߃ apºn¬sh®v kIe Xpd-I-fnepw
kv{Xo°v Ah-fpsS Ah-Im-i-߃ ¬Im≥ `c-W-IqSw {]-Xn-⁄m-_-≤-am-bn-cn-
°pw.''
Cdm-n-b≥ aPvenkv iqdm-bn¬ kv{XoIƒ°v {]m-Xn-n-[y-ap-≠v. A¿∏-W-
t_m-[-ap-≈, c‡-km-£y-Ønv Xbm-dp≈ Icp-Øp‰ Xe-ap-d-Isf hm¿sØ-Sp-
°p-∂Xn-p≈ {]m]vXn Ahn-SsØ kv{Xok-aqlw B¿Pn-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
-
F∂m¬ ]mIn-kvXm-nse Ckvem-anI {]ÿm--amb Pam-AsØ Ckvem-an,
AXns‚ Nn¥m-]-c-amb IcpØpw A-y-Xbpw ne-n¿Øp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw CXp-
t]mse P-Io-b-amb Hcp kmaq-lnI ImgvN∏mSv hnI-kn∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnP-bn-®n-
´n-√. kv{Xo-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ {]ÿm-Øns‚ ho£Ww bmYmÿn-Xn-Iambn XpScp-
- -
∂p. tXrXzw P-ß-fn¬ n∂v H‰-s∏-´p-n¬°p-∂Xpt]mse Ap-`-h-s∏-Sp-
∂p. ka-Im-enI temIsØ G‰hpw henb Ckvem-anI {]ÿm--amb CJvhm-
p¬ apkvenaqm-I-s´, H‰-s∏-´p-n¬°msX Hcp P-Iob ]cn-jvI-cW apt∂-‰-
Ønv If-sam-cp-°p-∂-Xm-bmWv ImWp-∂-Xv. kv{XoIƒ F∂pw {]ÿm--Øn¬
kap-∂X ÿmw Ae-¶-cn-®n-cp-∂p. Icp-Øp‰ hnXm hnwKns hm¿sØ-Sp-
°mpw CJvhmv km[n-®p. hnXm tXr-n-cbpw i‡w. [oc-ap-Pm-ln-Zbpw
]cn-ip≤ Jp¿-Bv hymJym--sa-gp-Xnb hn-X-bp-amb ssk-_p¬ K€men
DZm-lcWw. cmjv{So-b, kmaq-lnI cwK-ßfn¬ aX-hn-cp≤ Bi-b߃ ta¬ss°
- - - -
tSp-∂Xv XS-bm≥ 1996-˛¬ CJvhm≥ Ncn-{X-{]-[m--amb c≠v {]Jym-]--߃
S-Øn. H∂v, Pm-[n-]Xy-sØbpw _lp-I£n k{º-Zm-bsØbpw Hcp {]h¿Ø
- -
coXn-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-°pw. c≠v,- P--{]-mXnn[y k`-bn¬ kv{Xo]-¶m-fnØw Dd-
∏phcpØm≥ {ian-°pw.
B[p-nI Ckvem-anI {]ÿmßfn¬ kv{Xohn-tam-Nm-ib߃ G‰hpw
- - -
i‡-ambn {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw kv{Xo]-¶m-fn-ØØnv hotdmsS hmZn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
-
∂Xv kp-Um-n¬ tUm. lk≥ Xpdm_n tXrXzw ¬Ip∂ {]ÿm--am-Wv.
skIyp-e-cnÃv hn-X-Isf adn-I-S∂v AhnsS BZyw ]m¿e-sa‚n¬ FØn-bXv
Hcp Ckvem-anÃv {]t_m-[-I-bm-Wv-˛-kp-BZv A¬^m-Xn-lv.
Hcp-h-iØv Cßs Nne apt∂-‰-ß-fp-s≠-¶n-epw, samØ-Øn¬ ac-hn∏pw
Po¿W-X-bp-amWv Ct∏mgpw ImWm-p-≈-Xv. Xn∑-bn-te-°p≈ hgn AS-°m≥ (k-
±p-±-dm-CAv) F∂ t]cn¬ kI-e-hn[ kv{Xo]-¶m-fn-Ø-sØbpw hne-°p∂ {]h-
W-X-Iƒ hym]-I-am-Wv. bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz-Øns‚ ]nSn Ab-™n-´n-√. GXv ]cn-
jvI-cW o°-sØbpw A´n-a-dn-°m≥ Cu bmYm-ÿn-XnI tIm´°v Icp-Øp-≠v.
kaq-lØns‚ t¿ ]Ip-Xn-bmb Hcp hn`m-KsØ s]mXp-Po-hn-XØn¬n∂v
- -
AI-‰n-n¿Øm≥ bmsXmcp sXfn-hp-an-s√∂v mw I≠p. Aßs sNøp-∂Xv
kv{Xotbm-sS-∂-√, Ckvem-an-tmSpw apkvenwkaq-ltØmSpw sNøp∂ AXn-{I-a-
am-bn-cn-°pw. ImcWw s]mXp-Po-hn-XØn¬ CSw Ap-hZn-®p-sIm-≠√msX kv{Xosb
- - -
DZv_p-≤-bm-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. kv{Xo DZv_p-≤-bm-sb-¶n-te s√mcp Xe-ap-dsb
Bbn-cØn mq‰n ap∏Xv Zp¬JAZv ]{¥≠v

12. hm¿sØSp°m≥ Ahƒ°v Ign-bq. kv{Xot-XrXzw Bh-iy-amb F{X-sb{X taJ-
e-I-fp≠v C∂v. BC-i, JZo-P, DΩp-k-e-a, ^mXzn-a, AkvamAv, DΩp AΩm-d,
ssk-_p¬ K€m-en, kpB-Zp A¬^mXnlv XpS-ßn-bh¿ ¬In-bXp-t]m-ep≈
- -
tXr-Xzw. ΩpsS s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ FhnsS?
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1. cmjv{S-`-c-W-Øns‚ Db¿∂ ÿm-ß-fn¬ FØn-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cpsS ]´nI ]cn-
tim-[n-®m¬ Ah-cn¬ kv{XoI-fpsS FÆw GXp cmPyØpw hfsc ]cn-an-X-am-sW∂v
n߃°v ImWmw. kv{XoIƒ men-sem∂v hcp∂ k`-Iƒ Xs∂ AXy-]q-¿hw. GsX-
¶nepw aX-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v D≠m-bn-Øo¿∂ {]Xn-`m-k-sam-∂p-a√ CXv. s]mXp ÿm-
am--ßfpsS hn`P--Ønepw hnX-c-W-Ønepw ap-jy{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS kzm`m-hnI tX´-sa∂
ne°v CØcw k`-I-fn¬ ]pcp-j≥ A[n-I-am-bn-t∏m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. kmaq-lnI˛kpc£m
ÿm]-ß-fnepw a‰p-amWv kv{XoIsf IqSp-X-embn ImWp∂Xv. CXv Hcp hn`m-KsØ
Db¿Øn-°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xntm as‰mcp hn`m-KsØ CI-gvØp-∂-Xntm Imc-W-am-bn-°q-Sm-
Ø-Xm-Wv.- k-aq-l-Ønse AwKXzw kv{Xo, ]pcp-j≥ F∂n-ßs hn`-Pn-°m-h-X-√. H‰
AwK-Xz-ta-bp-≈q. kIe Xpd-Ifpw kaql ]ptcmK-Xn°v Bh-iy-am-sW∂ [mcW Dd-
∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw thWw.
2. -^-Xmhm apB-kzd F∂ IrXn-bn¬n∂v. A_vZp¬ leow A_q-iJ "kv{Xohn-
tam-Nw {]hmNI Ime-L-´-Øn¬' (2/448) F∂- Xs‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ D≤-cn-®-Xv.
3. Ckvem-anI `c-W-L-S (A-d_n ]Xn-∏v) t]Pv 65.
4. ^Xmhm ^o AlvIm-an-∂nkmAv F∂ eLp-Ir-Xn-bn¬n∂v D≤-cn-®-Xv. Ipssh-
Ønse Nne {Kq∏p-Iƒ Ct∏mgpw Cu A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ Dd-®p-n¬°p-∂p.
5. A_p¬ lk≥ A¬am-h¿Zn: A¬-A-lvIm-ap-€p¬Xzm-nø h¬ hnem-bm-Øp-
±o-n-ø.
6. _KvZm-Zn-bpsS A¬an-lep h∂n-l¬ 75,76.
7. Ibid, D≤-cWw id-lp-∂lvPv 2/81
8. id-lp-∂lvPv 2/81
9. lZokv D≤-cn® A_q-_-Ivd(-d) F∂ kzlm-_n-bmWv nth-ZI ]c-º-c-bnse
kwi-bm-kv]Zamb IÆn. a°m hnP-bØnv tijw Ckvemw kzoI-cn® alm-mb kzlm-
- - -
_n-bmWv Ct±-l-sa-¶nepw A]hmZw ]d™p-]-c-Øn-b-Xns‚ t]cn¬ (J-Zv^v) At±lw
in£n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. At±lw Xs∂ C°mcyw kΩ-Xn-®-Xp-am-Wv. in£°v hnt[-b-mb
Hcmƒ ]›m-Ø-]n®v aS-ßn-bm¬ Xs∂ Abm-fpsS nth-Zw kzoIcn°mtam F∂
Imcy-Øn¬ `n∂m-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v. Camw _pJmcn Xs‚ kzloln¬ At±lw hgn-bp≈
lZokv D≤-cn-°p-Ibpw At±-lsØ hniz-kvX-cn¬ Hcm-fmbn FÆp-I-bp-sams° sNbvXn-
´p-s≠-∂Xv icn-bm-Wv. ]t£, cmjv{S-`-cWw t]mep≈ Hcp kp{]-[m hnj-b-Øn¬
kwi-bm-kv]-Z-amb Hcp hN-w, kwi-b-Øns‚ tXmXv F{X Ipd-hm-sW-¶n-epw, ASn-
ÿm--ambn hcm-h-X-√. Cu lZo-kns sXfn-hmbn D≤-cn®v kv{Xo `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-
°qSm F∂v hmZn-°p∂ ]-fin-X-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-߃ hni-I-ew sNbvXv alvaq-Zp¬
apdmZn F∂ Kth-j-I≥ ]d-bp-∂-Xv, AXnv Cu sXfnhv t]msc-∂mWv (kv{Xo s]mXp
afi-e-Øn¬ IS°mt ]mSn√ F∂-Xnv Cu lZokv sXfn-hmbn D≤-cn-°p-∂-h-cpsS
Imcyw ]ns∂ ]d-bm-pt≠m?) A¬ Jnem-^Xp ss_Ø≥focn hØXzv_oJv 131).
10. kønZv JpXzv_ns‚ ^o fnem-en¬ Jp¿B≥ aq∂mw `mKw (D-≤-c-Wn-b-√, Bi-
b-kw-{K-lw).
11. B[p-nI Ckvem-anI Nn¥-I-cn¬ ap≥n-c-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ apl-Ω-Zp¬ K€m-
en-bpsS ne-]mSv sΩ Bthiw sIm≈n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-X-bpsS Cf°w
X´mØ tIm´-bn-te°v (A-Xm-bXv kv{Xo hnj-b-Øn-ep≈ ISpØ ne-]m-Sn-s-Xn-sc)
At±lw ]S--bn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. "_n-Ncy ^nJvln-s‚bpw lZo-kn-s‚bpw h‡m-
c≠m-bn-cØn-sbmºXv
- HIvtSm_¿ ap∏-Øn-sbm∂v

13. °ƒ°n-S-bn¬' (A-€p-∂-Øp-∂-_-hnø ss_ Alven¬ ^nJvln h Alven¬ lZo-
kv) F∂ Xs‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬, Ckvem-an¬ kv{XobpsS b-Ym¿Y ÿmw hmZn-®p-d-∏n-
°p-Ibpw Ckv-em-anI thm-∞m--Øn¬ {Inbm-flI ]-¶m-fnØw hln-°p-∂-Xn¬n∂v
kv{Xo-Isf q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn XS-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ am¿K-X-S-€-ßsf X´n-o-°p-I-bp-
am-Wv A-t±lw sNøp-∂-Xv. ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bpsS C-Øcw kv{Xohn-cp≤ tijn-∏p-Iƒ
Zons‚ `mK-a-s√-¶nepw Ah Zons‚ ad-]-‰n-bmWv ne-n¬°p-∂-Xv. Ωƒ ]d-™p-
h∂ Imcyw- X-s∂-bmWv At±-lhpw ka¿Yn-°p-∂Xv. tbmKy-X-bp-s≠-¶n¬ cmjv{S-`-
cWw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ s]mXp-]-Z-hn-Iƒ hln-°p-∂-Xn¬n∂v kv{Xosb Ckvemw XS-bp-
∂n-√. tUm. bqkp-^p¬ Jd-Zmhn kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se, ap≥Ime ]fin-X-∑m¿ cm-
jv{S-`-cWw (A¬hn-emb A¬B-Ω) F∂v ]d-™n-cp-∂Xv Jnem-^Øv hyh-ÿsb
Bbn-cp-∂p. AXmbXv apkvenw kaq-l-Øn-s‚ samØw ISn-™m¨ Itø¬°p∂ A-
[n-Im-c-tI-{µw. AXn-m¬ C∂sØ ap-kv-enw cmjv{S-ßsf "hnemb BΩ' F∂v hn-ti-
jn-∏n-°m-m-hp-I-bn-√. Ah `c-W{]-hn-iy-Iƒ (C-am-dm-Øv) am{X-am-Wv. am{Xhp-a-√, C∂v
cmjv{S-`cWw F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv Iq-´p-Øchm-Zn-Xz-am-Wv. ]¶m-fnØ `c-WamWv S-°p-∂Xv.
- - - - -
]e-Xcw kwhn-[m--ßfpw ÿm]--ßfpw hgn-bmWv `c-W-n¿h-l-Ww. Cu Iq´p-`-c-W-
Øn¬ kv{Xo `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmbm¬ Xs∂ AXns‚ Hcp n¿WnX `mKw am{X-amWv
Ahƒ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. ncp-]m-[n-I-amb A[n-Imcw Ahƒ°v e`n-°p-∂n-√. Ahƒ Hcp
I£n-bpsS tXm-hmbn sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. AXns FXn¿°p∂ {]Xn-]-£-
hpw Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-hpw. `c-WI£n-bpsS tXm-hm-sW-¶nepw Ahƒ°v Hcp thm´p am{Xta
- -
D≠m-hq. ]m¿´n-bnse `qcn-]-£hpw FXn¿°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ at‰-sXm-cm-sf-t∏m-se
Ahƒ°pw A`n-{]mbw amt‰-≠n-hcpw (J-d-Zm-hn-bpsS ^nJvlp-±u-eØn ^n¬ C-kvemw,
t]Pv 176 F∂ IrXn-Im-Wp-I). kv-{Xo hnj-b-Øn-ep≈ ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ cq]-s∏-´-Xns‚
Ncn{X ]›m-Ø-ehpw Jd-Zmhn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p-≠v. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ temIw apgps°
Hcp hy‡nsb tI{µo-I-cn-®p≈ `c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. kv{XoI-fm-sW-¶n¬ th-≠{X DZv_p-≤-
cm-bn-cp-∂n-√. s]mXp-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Ah¿°v ]cn-N-bhpw Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p. Cusbmcp Ncn-
{X-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv ta¬ hnh-cn® kv{Xo ne-]m-Sp-I-fpsS H´p-an° `qan-I-Ifpw cq]-
s∏-´-Xv. Cu ne-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ ]eXpw Ckvem-anI e£y-ß-fn¬ ]c-a-{]-[m--amb oXn-
tbmSv HØp-t]m-Im-Ø-Xp-am-Wv. ssZh-`-‡nbpw DXvIr-jvS kz`m-h-ß-fp-am-bn-cn-°Ww
t{ijvT-X-bpsS am-Z-fi-sa∂v Jp¿-B≥ ASn-h-c-bn-Sp-∂p-≠v. Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ ap°v
In´nb ss]Xr-IsØ njv]-£-ambn hni-I-ew sNtø-≠-Xp-s≠-∂mWv ]d-™p-h-cp-
∂-Xv. akn¬ ]h¿ Zp¿_-e-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v kv{Xo A[n-Imc tI{µ-ß-fn¬n∂v AI-‰n-
n¿Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibm-bn-cp∂p; ]mh-ßfpw Ah-icpw AI-‰n-n¿Ø-s∏-´Xp-t]m-se. "Hcp B¨
- -
Dincv ImWn-®m¬ Ahs Apkcn-t°-≠n-hcpw' F∂v ]g-sam-gn.
12. ZkvXq-dp¬ AJvemJv (n-fm-ap¬ lpIvap ^n¬ Ckvemw F∂ IrXn-bn¬n∂v
D≤-cn-®-Xv) t]Pv 343.
13. ZkvXq-dp¬ AJvemJv.
Bbn-cØn mq‰n ap∏Xv Zp¬JAZv ]{¥≠v