This document summarizes the findings of a study on the living conditions of migrant workers in India. The study found that many migrant workers live in poor conditions, with low wages, lack of job security, and lack of access to basic services. They are often exploited and their rights violated. The current system of migration and lack of protections leaves migrant workers vulnerable to abuse and prevents them from fully participating in social and economic life.

1. Ih¿tÃmdn
l¿jv aµ¿
C∂sØ C¥y-bn¬
Hcp apkven-am-bn-cn-
°pI F∂m¬
""apkven-ambn F∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ ]e- n-e°pw kz¥w
cmPyØv c≠mw-Xcw ]uc-mbn Npcp-°-s∏-´Xv t]mse
Fn°v Ap-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. mw kvtln-°p∂ C¥y Hm-
tcm Znh-khpw ap°v jvSam-hp-IbmtWm F∂pw Rm≥
- -
`b-s∏-Sp-∂p.''
Cu hm°p-Ifm-W,v Nn√d am‰-ßtfm-sS, cmPy-Øns‚
-
hnZqc Zn°p-I-fn¬n∂v FØn-t®¿∂-h-cpsS sshhn-[y-
Bbn-cØn mq‰n ap∏Xv Zp¬JAZv Ccp-]Øn-bmdv
-

2. n߃ apkven-amtWm, F¶n¬ nß-fpsS Ipehpw
sXmgnepw F¥m-h-s´, n߃ Xma-kn-°p∂ ÿew
Fhn-sS-bp-am-h-s´ n-ß-ƒ kpc-£n-X--√. n-߃ Hcp
apkven-am-bm¬, {]tXy-In®v Hcp apkvenw ]pcp-j-m-bm¬
n߃ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn `oI-c-X-bpsS t]cn¬ kwi-bn-°-
s∏-Sp-sa-∂XmWv ne. nß-fpsS Ip‰w sXfn-bn-t°≠
-
_m[y-Xsbm∂pw `c-WIq-SØn-n-√. nß-fpsS nc-]cm-
- - - -
[nXzw sXfn-bn-t°≠ _m[yX n߃°v Xs∂-bm-Wv.
am¿∂ kzc-ß-fn¬ apg-ßn-b-Xv. C∂v C¥y-bn¬ apkvenw-I-fpsS ÿnXn F¥v
F∂v N¿® sNøm≥ Z¬ln-bn¬ Cu tZiob ktΩ-fw hnfn®p tN¿ØXv
A≥lZv F∂ kwL-S--bmWv; 2009 HIvtSm-_¿ 3 apX¬ 5 hsc Xob-Xn-I-fn¬.
cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬n∂v nc-h[n hy‡n-Xz-ßfpw kwL-Sm {]Xn-
n-[n-Ifpw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb yq-]-£-Ønse AwK-ß-
sf∂ ne-bn¬ Ah¿ kz¥w Pohn-X-sØbpw _‘-ß-sfbpw sXmgn-en-sbpw
`c-W-Iq-S-sØbpw Ipdn®v kwkm-cn-®p. k‘y sshIp-thmfw o≠ Cu ]ncn-ap-
dp-°-ap≈ N¿®-I-fn¬ Ae-b-Sn® hnIm-c-߃ ZpxJhpw taml-`w-Khpw h¿[n®p
hcp∂ ncm-i-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. `c-W-IqS ÿm]--ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ah¿ h√msX
ncm-i-cmbn; {]tXy-In®v t]meo-kn-sbpw PpUo-jy-dn-sbbpw Ipdn-®v. cmjv{Sob
]m¿´n-I-fnepw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc aoUn-b-bnepw Ah¿°v {]Xo£ jvS-s∏-´n-cn-
°p-∂p. hn´p-am-dmØ `b-Øns‚ am-kn-Im-h-ÿbpw Ahsc ]nSn-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°p-
∂p.
Hcp-h-i-Øv, Xmtm Xs‚ CjvS-P--ßtfm `oI-c-hm-Zn-I-sf∂v ap{Z-Ip-Ø-
s∏-Sptam F∂ nXm¥ `oXn. AtXm-sSm-∏w, Zo¿L-Imew nb-a-hn-cp-≤-ambn XS-
¶-en¬ ]m¿∏n-°-s∏-Sptam F∂ DXvI-WvT. Pmayw In´msX hcn-I, a¿Z--ap-d-
Iƒ, GI-]-£o-b-amb Atz-j-Whpw hnNm-c-Wbpw, nb-a-]-cn-[n-bn¬ s]SmØ
sIme-]m-XIw ˛ CØcw `oXn-Ifpw A-hsc ]n¥p-S-cp-∂p. adp-h-i-Øv, nXy-Po-
hn-XØn¬ Ah¿ tcn-Sp∂ hnth-Nw ˛ hnZym-`ym-kØn¬, sXmgn-en¬, ]m¿∏nSw
- -
Ap-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn¬, s]mXp-tk-h taJ-e-I-fn¬. CsX√mw kap-Zm-bsØ Zmcn-
{Zy-Øn-s‚bpw IjvS-∏m-Sn-s‚bpw {]Xo-£-b‰ Ah-ÿ-I-fn¬ Xf-®n-Sp-∂p. `c-W-
Iq-S-Øns‚ F√m ÿm]--ß-fnepw ]nSn-ap-dp-°nb h¿Kob ap-≥[m-cW CXn-
sms° hfwsh®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. t]meo-knepw s]mXp-ta-Jem
ÿm]-ßfnepw PpUo-jy-dn-bnepw GXm-s≠√m cmjv{Sob ]m-¿´n-Ifnepw CØcw
- - -
ap≥[m-c-W-Iƒ n-e-n¬°p-∂p. {]n‚ v-˛-hn-jz¬ aoUn-b-bnepw a[y-h¿K kaq-l-
ß-fnepw ÿn-Xn H´pw t`Z-a-√. H∏w, h¿Kob kwL-S--Iƒ hfsc hyh-ÿm-]n-
X-ambn kap-Zm-b-߃°n-S-bn¬ shdp∏pw A-I-¬-®-bpw D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p.
cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-¬-n∂v dnt∏m¿´v sNø-s∏-Sp∂ Ac-£n-Xm-
hÿ Cu ap≥hn-[n-bp-sS-bpw, `oI-cXm sh√p-hn-fn-Isf nb-a-hn-cp-≤-ambpw nb-
c≠m-bn-cØn-sbmºXv
- hw_¿ ]Xn-mev

3. a-Øns‚ Ic-߃°v ]nSn-sIm-Sp-°m-sXbpw t]meokv tcn-Sp-∂-Xn-s‚bpw ^e-
ambn D≠m-bn-Øo¿∂-Xm-Wv. Hmtcm `oI-cm-{I-a-W-Ønv tijhpw Cu ]mt‰¨
Bh¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw. Cn `oI-cm-{I-a-W-߃ S-∂ns√-¶n¬ Xs∂
kwÿm `c-WIq-S߃ Ah-Im-is∏-Sp-I, KqVm-tem-N D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw
- - -
AXv X߃ Is≠Øn n¿ho-cy-am°n F∂p-am-bn-cn-°pw.
tNmc-bp-d-bp∂
amXrIm n¿anXn
t]meokv nb-a-hn-cp≤ hmgvN-bpsS tNmc-bp-d-bp∂ amXrIm n¿an-
Xn(pattern)bpsS sXfn-hp-Iƒ alm-cm-jv{S, KpP-dm-Øv, DØ¿{]tZ-iv, PΩp-Iivao¿,
-
cmP-ÿm≥ XpS-ßnb kwÿm-ßfn¬n∂v ap°v e`n-°pw. ap-kenw-Isf {]tXy-
- - -v
In®v bphm-°sf {Inan-¬ dn°m¿Up-I-fn¬ km[m-cW Ah-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ hcm-
dn-s√-¶n-epw, kn-hn-¬ thj-Øn-se-Ønb t]meokv A-h-sc nb-a-hn-cp-≤-ambn
s]m°p-∂p. A-hsc IÆp-sI´n AS-bm-f-°p-dn-I-sfm-∂p-an-√mØ hml--Øn¬
t]meokv tÃj-n-te-°√ sIm≠pt]m-Ip-∂Xv; ^mwlukv t]mep≈ CS-ß-fn-
te-°m-Wv. Ahn-sS-sh®v Ahsc ]oUn-∏n®v `oIc IrXy-߃ sNbvX-Xmbn Ah-
sc-s°m≠v kΩ-Xn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]ecpw AXn-`o-I-c-amb ]oU--ap-d-Iƒ°mWv Cc-
bm-hp-∂-Xv. Ipd-®p-t]¿ nb-a-Ønv {]th-i--an-√mØ "G‰p-ap-´-en'¬ sIm√-s∏-
Sp-∂p. _m°n-bp-≈-hsc Ipsd Znh-ksØ nb-a-hn-cp≤ XS-¶-env tijw aPn-
kvt{S-‰p-am-cpsS apºn¬ lmP-cm-°p-∂p. ]oUn-∏n-®-Xn-s‚bpw a‰pw apdn-hp-Iƒ
Ah¿ ax-]q¿hw I≠n-s√∂v Sn-°p-∂p. ]ns∂ HutZym-Kn-I-am-bn-Øs∂ Cu
sNdp-∏-°msc o´n-s°m-SpØ t]meokv IÃ-Un-bn¬ hnSp-∂p. ]e-Xcw cmPy-
t{Zm-l-˛-`o-I-c-Ip-‰-ß-fmWv Ch-cpsS t]cn¬ Npa-Øn-bn-´p-≠m-hp-I. 20 apX¬ 50
hsc Ip‰-ß-fp-≠mhpw Nne-t∏mƒ. CsXms° hnhn[ kwÿm--ß-fn¬ sh®v
sNbvXp F∂m-bn-cn°pw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠m-hp-I. bphm-°-ƒ-°v {]Xn-tcm-[n-
°m≥ Ign-bmØ hn[-am-bn-cn°pw Ip‰-߃ Nm¿Pv sNbvXn-cn-°p-I. nb-a-kw-hn-
[mw tcmw-hÆw {]h¿Øn-®m¬ Xs∂ h¿j-ß-sf-Sp°pw (Nn-e-t∏mƒ ]Xn-‰m-
≠p-I-fpw) Cu tIkp-I-fn¬ hmZw tIƒ°mpw Hmtcmcp-Ø-s‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬
Hcp hn[n-Xo¿∏n-se-Ømpw. Cu h¿j-ß-f-{Xbpw bphm-°ƒ XS-¶-en¬ Xs∂-
bm-bn-cn-°pw. jvS-s∏´ h¿j-߃t°m Ah-cpsS D‰-h¿ Ap-`-hn® thZ--
Iƒt°m H∂pwXs∂ ]I-c-am-hn-√.
`oI-c-_-‘-߃ Btcm-]n-°-s∏-Sp-sa-t∂m, AXns‚ t]cn¬ XS-¶-en-e-S-
°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw G‰p-ap-´-en¬ h[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Zo-¿-Ln-®
GI-]-£ob hnNm-c-W°v hnt[-b-am-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-sat∂m D≈ `oXn-bn-
√msX apkvenw maw t]dp∂ Gd-°psd GsXm-cmƒ°pw Pohn-°m-m-hn-√ F∂-
XmWv ÿnXn. n߃ apkven-amtWm, F¶n¬ nß-fpsS Ipehpw sXmgnepw
F¥m-h-s´, n߃ Xma-kn-°p∂ ÿew Fhn-sS-bp-am-h-s´ n-ß-ƒ kpc-£n-X-
-√. CubnsS shfn-®-Øm-b lnµpXz `oIc kwL-S--I-fpsS sN-bvXn-I-fpsS
Imcy-Øn¬ Xo¿Øpw hy-Xy-kXamb am-ZfißfmWv kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂Xpw
v - - - -
{it≤-b-am-Wv. n-߃ Hcp apkven-am-bm¬, {]tXy-In®v Hcp apkvenw ]pcp-j-m-
bm¬ n߃ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn `oI-c-X-bpsS t]cn¬ kwi-bn-°-s∏-Sp-sa-∂-XmWv
ne. nß-fpsS Ip‰w sXfn-bn-t°≠ _m[y-X-sbm∂pw `c-W-Iq-S-Øn-n-√. nß-
Bbn-cØn mq‰n ap∏Xv Zp¬JAZv Ccp-]Øn-bmdv
-

4. Cu i_vZ߃ Cc-bm-°s∏-´, oXn-n-tj-[n-°s∏´ Hcp
- - -
kap-Zm-bØn-t‚Xv am{X-a√. Pm-[n-]Xyw, atX-XcXzw,
- - - - -
kmtlm-Z-cyw, nb-a-hmgvN XpSßnb C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-
-bpsS ASn-ÿm aqey-k¶¬]-߃s°-Xnsc Db-cp∂
-
sh√p-hn-fn-IfmWv bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Ch-sbm-s°. `oj-Wn-
-
bpsS ng-en¬ n¬°p-∂Xv Hcp {]tXyI kap-Zm-b-
Øns‚ `mhntbm ]ptcm-K-Xntbm A√-Xm-pw. sh√p-hn-fn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw B{I-an-°s∏-Sp-∂Xpw C¥y F∂
-
Bibw Xs∂-bmWv.
fpsS nc-]-cm-[nXzw sXfn-bn-t°≠ _m[yX n߃°v Xs∂-bm-Wv.
ntj-[n-°-s∏-Sp∂
taml-߃
`oI-c-X-bpsS t]cn¬ X߃ D∂wsh°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂-Xn¬ HXp-ßp-∂n-√
apkvenw ]uc-∑m-cpsS D¬°-WvT. C¥y-bpsS hnI-k--Øn¬ Xpey ]¶m-fn-I-fm-
hp-I-sb∂ apkvenw kv{Xo]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS B{Klw k^-e-am-ImØ Imcyhpw
ktΩ-f--Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØh¿ Nq≠n-°m-´n. Db¿∂ hnZym-`ymkw tSp-∂-Xns‚
{]m[m-y-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv ]ecpw kwkm-cn-®Xv. kap-Zm-bØns‚ hnZym-`ymk taJ-
- -
e-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ apX¬ap-S°v D≠m-h-W-sa∂v Ah¿°v B{K-l-ap-≠v.
k®m¿ IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿´n¬ F-Sp-Øp]d™ ]n∂m° hn`m-K-ß-fpsS D-∂-
a-Ønv bp.-]n.F Kh¨sa‚ v S-∏m-°p∂ kvIoap-IfpsS LS-m-]camb t]mcm-
- - - -
bva-I-sf-°p-dn®pw Bg-Øn-ep-≈-Xpw kq£va-hp-amb Ah-tem-I--߃ S-∂p.
Btfm-lcn hnlnXw tm°n-bm¬ kap-Zm-b-Ønv th≠n o°n-sh-°p∂ XpI
Ct∏mgpw Zb-o-bamw hn[w ip-jvIw Xs∂-bm-Wv. apkvenw-Iƒ [mcm-f-ap≈ Pn√-
I-fn¬ {]Jym-]n-®n-´p≈ ap-X¬apS°v IqSn-h∂m¬ kap-Zmb P-kw-Jy-bpsS ap∏Xv
-
iX-am--Ønv am-{Xta FØp-I-bp-≈q. bp.-]n.F Kh-¨-sa‚ns‚ {i-t≤-b-amb
kap-Zmb hnI-k ]≤-Xn-I-sf√mw Xs∂ apkvenw-I-ƒ IqSp-X-ep≈ Pn√-Isf
tI{µo-I-cn-®m-Wv. kap-Zm-bmw-K-ßsf am{Xw apºn¬ I≠p≈ ]≤-Xn-I-f√ Ch-
sbm-∂pw. ^-≠v t]m-Ip-∂Xv AXXv Pn√-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm kuIcy hnI-k--
Øn-m-I-bm-¬, kap-Zm-b-Ønse Ah-i¿°v t-¿-°ptsc klmbw In´m-p≈
km[y-X Ipd-hm-Wv. s]mXpsh kzmKXw sN-ø-s∏-´-XmWv apkvenw B¨Ip-´n-I-
ƒ-°pw s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ°p-ap≈ kvtIm-f¿-jn-∏v. AXnpw S-Øn∏v kw_-‘-
amb yq-XIfp-≠v. tZi-km¬IrX _m¶p-Iƒ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ^nm≥kv ÿm]-
- -
-߃ apkvenw-Iƒ°v hmbv] -¬-Im-≥ Xbm-dm-Ip-∂n√ F∂-XmWv as‰mcp
{]ivw.
`oIc IrXy-ß-f-√m-sX, a‰p {Inan-¬ Ip‰-ßfpw apkvenw-Iƒs°-Xnsc
Nm¿Pv sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. Pbn-ep-I-fn¬ {I-am-Xo-X-ambn Db-cp∂ apkvenw XS-hp-Im-
cpsS FÆw AXns‚ kqN--bm-Wv. B`y-¥-cw, hnZym-`ym-kw, kmaq-ln-I-t£aw
XpS-ßnb a¿a-{]-[m-amb hIp-∏p-Ifnse XkvXn-IIƒ Ct∏mgpw ssI-hiwsh®n-
- - - -
cn-°p-∂Xv h¿Kob Bi-b-ß-tfmSpw kwL-S--I-tfmSpw Ap-`mhw ]pe¿Øp-∂-
c≠m-bn-cØn-sbmºXv
- hw_¿ ]Xn-mev

5. h-cm-Wv. tI{µ-˛-kw-ÿm k¿°m-dp-I-fn¬ Hcp-t]mse CXmWv ÿnXn. Chsc
Is≠Øn am‰p-∂-Xnv bp.-]n.F Kh¨sa‚ v Imcy-ambn H∂pw sNbvXn-´n-√.
kap-Zm-b-Øn-s-Xn-sc-bp≈ C-Ø-cw ap≥hn-[n-Iƒ `c-W-kw-hn-[m--Øn¬
am{X-a-√, AXnv ]pdØpw ne-n-¬-°p-∂p-s≠∂v Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°-s∏-´p. H-cp
hn`mKw aoUnb Nne h¿Kob hm-¿-∏p amXr-I-Iƒ ]S-®p-hn-Sp-I-bm-Wv. `oI-c-kw-
_-‘amb Ad-Ãp-Ifnepw G-‰p-ap-´¬ h[-ßfnepw aoUnb t]meokv `m-jy-ßsf
- - -
bmsXmcp hna¿ihpw IqSmsX A∏Sn kwt{]-jWw sNøp-I-bm-Wv. ]m-T-]p-kvX-
I-ß-fnepw CXpt]m-ep≈ hn-th-N--߃ ImWmw. {Kma-ß-fn¬ ]m-¿°p∂
cmPysØ aney≥ IW-°nv Z-cn{Z hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v ]mT-]p-kvXIa√m-sX as‰mcp
- - -
A®-Sn® ]pkvX-Ihpw e`y-a-√m-Xn-cns° CØcw ap≥[m-c-W-Iƒ IS-Øn-°q-´p-
∂Xv henb A]-ISw sN-øpw.
Aapkvenw Gcn-b-I-fn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ°v hoSv hmS-It°m hnebvt°m In-
´m≥ {]bm-kam-sW∂v C¥y-bpsS ]e-`m-Kßfn¬n∂pw dnt∏m¿´p-Ifp-≠.v kvIqfp-
- - - -
I-fnepw Db¿∂ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-ßfnepw AUvan-js‚ Im-cy-hpw CXp-t]mse
- -
Xs∂. apkvenw-I-fpsS Pohtm]m[n-Iƒ Bkq-{Xn-X-ambn X-I¿°m≥ {iaw S-
Øp-∂-Xmbpw ]cmXn Db-cp-∂p. lnµp s]¨Ip-´n-Isf dm©n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cmbpw
lnµp-°ƒ°v ]hn-{X-amb ]ip-hns sIm√p-∂-h-cmbpw A-h¿ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-
Sp-∂p. CXn-s-°p-dn-s®√mw ktΩ-f--Øn¬ kwkm-c-ap-≠m-bn.
Cu i_vZ-߃ Cc-bm-°-s∏-´, o-Xn-n-tj-[n-°-s∏´ Hcp kap-Zm-b-Øn-t‚-
Xv am{X-a-√. Pm-[n-]-Xyw, atX-X-c-Xzw, kmtlm-Z-cyw, nb-a-hmgvN XpSßnb C-
¥y≥ `c-W-L-S--bpsS ASn-ÿm aq-ey-k-¶¬]-߃s°-Xnsc Db-cp∂ sh-√p-
hn-fn-I-fmWv bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Ch-sbm-s°. `oj-Wn-bpsS ng-en¬ n¬°p-∂Xv
Hcp {]tXyI kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ `m-hntbm ]ptcm-K-Xntbm A√-Xm-pw. sh-√p-hn-fn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw B{I-an-°s∏-Sp-∂Xpw C¥y F∂ Bibw Xs∂-bm-Wv (Z lnµp,
-
2009 HIvtSm-_¿ 25).
Bbn-cØn mq‰n ap∏Xv Zp¬JAZv Ccp-]Øn-bmdv
-