The cell cycle consists of interphase and mitosis. During interphase, the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. Mitosis is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase where the duplicated chromosomes separate and two identical daughter cells form through cytokinesis. In plant cells, cytokinesis involves cell plate formation while in animal cells it involves cleavage furrow invagination.

1. CELL CYCLE

2. The Cell Cycle
• Cells must divide to maintain maximum
efficiency.
• Mitosis is the process in which somatic
(body) cells divide to form a new cell.
• Mitosis consists of four phases.
• Interphase is the period in between each
mitotic cell division.

3. Reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction: A single cell or group of
cells each duplicates its genetic material and then
splits into two new genetically identical cells.
– The offspring are genetically identical
• Sexual Reproduction: Genetic material from each
of two parents combines, producing offspring that
differ genetically from either parent.
– Involves the union of sex cells (egg and sperm)

4. Parent
cell
DNA replicates
Cell division = One
cell makes two cells
Two daughter cells
are genetically
identical to each
other and to parent
cell = clones

5. The same DNA can appear in two forms
Chromatin = uncondensed DNA Chromosome = condensed DNA

6. 1 Chromosome
1 chromatid per chromosome
1 DNA double helix
DNA replication
1 Chromosome
2 chromatids per chromosome
2 DNA double helices

8. Cell division in eukaryotic cells:
Cytokinesis = division of the cytoplasm

9. Interphase
• Interphase is made of 3 stages.
• The Gap 1 and 2 or G1 and G2 phase is when
cells grow and make RNA, proteins, and other
macromolecules.
• The S or Synthesis phase is when the cell is
making DNA.

10. DNA Replication
• During the S phase of the cell cycle, DNA
replicates.
• A short section of the DNA uncoils.
• New nucleotides bond to the open sections of
the DNA.
• The “new” and “old” sections of DNA
separate and now there are 2 DNA strands.

11. Interphase
• ATP is synthesized.
• Damaged parts are repaired.
• Wastes are excreted.
• Proteins are made.
• Organelles are formed.
• Chromosomes are copied.
• Specialized tasks are performed .

12. Interphase
nucleus
DNA = Chromatin

13. Interphase
Chromatin
in nucleus

14. Mitosis
• Mitosis consists of four phases
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase

15. Prophase
• Longest phase.
• Chromatin coils.
• Nucleus disappears.
• Centrioles migrate.
• Spindle forms.

16. Prophase
Nuclear membrane
disappears
Nucleolus disappears
Chromatin condenses into
chromosomes
Spindle fibers appear

17. Chromatin
Chromosomes

18. Metaphase
• Chromatids attach to spindle fibers.
• Chromatids migrate to equator of spindle.

19. Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in center of cell

20. Centromere = holds chromatids together
Chromatids
(DNA double helix)
Two chromatids
per
chromosome

21. Anaphase
• Centromere splits.
• Chromatids are separated.
• Chromatids are now called chromosomes.

22. Anaphase =
Sister chromatids separate
from each other

23. Telophase
• Cytoplasm divides.
• Nucleus reappears.
• Chromosomes uncoil.

24. Telophase
Cytokinesis makes 2 new cells
Chromosomes decondense
into chromatin
Nucleolus reappears
Nuclear membrane reappears

25. Early Telophase
Late Telophase

26. Cytokinesis
• In the process called
cytokinesis, the cytoplasm
divides and two identical
daughter cells are formed.

27. Plant cell
Animal cell Cytokinesis wall grows
membranes between two
pinches new cells
together
between two
new cells

28. Interphase Prophase Prophase
Telophase
Metaphase Anaphase
Telophase Telophase
Plant
Cytokinesis =
division of
cytoplasm

29. Interphase Prophase Metaphase
Animal cytokinesis =
pinching of plasma
Anaphase membrane Late Telophase
Early telophase

30. Plant or
Animal cell
mitosis?
Plant