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āļ
    āļ

āļ           āļ    : āļ                       āļ     ! "#
                   āļ      !     $"#
- & '(& )   ' & , ) species     āļ          0#   ) 12        3
        ( ) āļ     āļ & '(& ' & 4
- & '(& ' &      (āļ , species         (āļ   āļ    ) āļ     āļ
    3 āļ( & '(&    ' &
- āļ     ) āļ   5 āļ   āļ " 3     ' 0#
  6   & 0




- āļ 5 āļ       āļ " 3 āļ'      0 4      &#788
- 5 āļ # āļ9:     āļ
                0
- 5 āļ " # āļ9:      0āļ
2( )# 6             āļ     ( Genetic variation )
1.2( )# 6         4 ( Continuous variation ) āļ     H
   -"         ) āļ2( ) āļ " 3 '
   - 2( ) āļ I āļ               # āļ9 #J K 5 4 āļ
   - 0āļ2(52 1 gene         20
   - & )( 3      & &     āļ )        āļ
   - 2( āļ (I3          3 #&
   - āļ M) 2( I āļ                ) āļ #J 0#123 #āļ &
   - (      2( 0 HK āļ &#788 2(                 : āļ
     : 36 6 &
2. 2( )# 6 "      4 ( Discontinuous variation ) āļ
       H
   - 2( ) āļ '
   - 0āļ2(52 1 gene 3 20
   - & )( 3 6 āļ )           āļ 3 āļ
   - 2( āļ (I3       3 2 P
   - āļ M2( I āļ          ) āļ       " 3āļ M 0#)
   - (       0 4   āļ &H & 0 āļ       &H
2K        2( 03
1. Gamete
2. Gene
3. Allele
            P P   homozygous for the dominant allele
            a a   homozygous for the recessive allele

            B b   heterozygous

                  recessive allele , dominant allele
4. Genotype
āļ I TT , Tt , tt 4 T/T , T/t , t/t
     Genotype 2 )55 24
   - homozygous genotype ` homozygous dominant
                          - homozygous recessive
   - heterozygous genotype
5. Phenotype
6. Dominant
7. Recessive
āļ                 āļ     āļ5 & )( 3
  & )( 3    & &       āļ                 āļ       āļ ` 3 I!H
 āļ5IH      K : 3 āļ& āļ             H $'
- 3 āļ              āļ      H     āļ (I3 āļ5#7
    āļ    H 1āļ " 35&             &     āļ & )( 3     āļ ' 2(
    0 &#788 # & āļ :           3 HK I 12
- 3 āļ              āļ    H      #J āļ           āļ& āļ#9&āļ& &
  P : e 2( 6& #āļ &P             : e & )( 3                & &
     3 ' āļ 6&( 64 āļ            5          0 4
# ( &) 6   I
Unit factor
           5( āļ       $I (       0āļ2(52 1      āļ 2     (
          ' &I 3 (
1.       H # 0āļ 6 āļ g āļ
2. āļ ) āļ āļ              '
3. 12 3 āļ" #h 1 āļ : 3 āļ 6 I3 3
           2( K g I
1. āļ              !āļ 0āļ2(52 1 gene 1 20
2. āļ               !āļ ) āļ āļ         '
3. :'3 4' " 3 4. :'3 ` )      #J      ) 3 5. #J āļ2 &
āļ   I
( I
     āļ                        -)           āļ             I              āļ    I                āļ   H
                                               F1                           F2               : F2
2(       0 K 3        0            H           0               0 787                 H         2.84 : 1
0# I k7āļ              (5       )M5             (5              (5 882            )M5           2.95 : 1
0# I              āļ           II           āļ                  āļ 5474             II            2.96 : 1
   g
 I   g                    4    I(                  4           4                 I(            3.01 : 1
 K)           āļ   āļ āļ&         āļ                       āļ āļ&        āļ āļ&          āļ             3.14 : 1

 I        āļ           (        I(              (                    (             I(           3.15 : 1
 I k7āļ            I(                   4   I(                      I(                    4     2.82 : 1
#āļ            I
1.                          P = Parential generation
            āļ       ,,     F1 = first filial generation
         %&         ,,     F2 = second generation
2.   *+,- .,/ 0/ 1āļ234 &- 1 5āļ 6 6 6 . āļ factor
3.      āļ F1 84 . 1āļ234 .,9 &āļ:6% ; āļ1 %
4.      āļ6āļ+ 8&āļāļ& =1 > - gene 8&āļ                 &- 4/ ?,-
5.   6 . āļ 1āļ234 .,9 &āļ:A F1 & Dominant
     6 . āļ 1āļ234 .,9 &āļ:A F2 & Recissive
6.     1āļ234 .,9 &āļ:A        F1 : 1āļ234 .,9 &āļ:A F2 = 3 : 1
āļnI
1. Law of segregation
           P                TT x tt
                        T T      t    t
          gamete

            P               Tt x Tt
          gamete        T    t   T    t
2. Law of independent assortment
e 45      ) āļ āļāļ '( āļ      3 e     45
( āļ : " 3     &      H
       P     Tt x Tt
    gamete T t     T t


 F1         TT Tt Tt tt
Test ` cross
#J āļ 6        4        5 genotype I & '(& ( #J
     ) 3 4          1 K "#6 āļ5 Homozygous recessive
       H
         g āļ - RR 4 Rr
          g āļ     x rr             g āļ     x rr
                g āļ                  g āļ : g II
  . . g āļ = RR                              1: 1
                                       g āļ = Rr
Back cross
#J āļ 6          1 āļ     K 0āļ6   F1 āļ 5"#6 āļ5
     4 )
āļ           āļ           āļ      āļ       (
                ( Monohybrid cross )
āļ& I&       1āļ234 1 5āļ      2 1āļ234( Dihybrid cross )
- #J āļ          āļ                āļ 1 &       āļ
  I & '(& 2 āļ            3 āļ
-: āļ &              ( genotype ,phenotype K " 3 2 (&
       H 1. Punnet Squares
: 3 R = gene 2(52 āļ         g āļ
    r = gene 2(52 āļ          g II
   Y = gene 2(52 āļ            g    4
   y = gene 2(52 āļ              g I(
P I1, 6 O āļ *.6% ; - x I1, 6 O > > 4*.6>.
           RRYY             rryy
gamete       Ry               ry
F1                  RrYy
F1xF1      RrYy       x     RrYy
Gamete R Y - RY                R Y - RY
           y - Ry                y - Ry
         r Y - rY              r Y - rY
           y - ry                y - ry
RY      Ry     rY     ry

RY   RRYY   RRYy   RrYY   RrYy

Ry   RRYy   RRyy   RrYy   Rryy

rY   RrYY   RrYy   rrYY   rrYy

ry   RrYy   Rryy   rrYy   rryy
Phenotype       Genotype          (         (
                            genotype   phenotype
                  RRYY        1 / 16
g āļ -    4        RRYy        2 / 16     9 / 16
                  RrYY        2 / 16
                  RrYy        4 / 16
g āļ -I(           RRyy        1/ 16      3 / 16
                   Rryy       2 / 16
g II -       4    rrYY        1 / 16     3 / 16
                   rrYy       2 / 16
g II -I(           rryy       1 / 16     1 / 16
# 1. genotype 9 ' &
  2.       ( genotype 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1
  3. phenotype 4 ' &
  4.       ( phenotype 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
2. Branching system
    P I1, 6 O āļ 6% ; - x I1, 6 O > > 4 - 6>.
                RRYY                     rryy
gamete            RY                       ry
F1                          RrYy
F1 x F1          RrYy                  RrYy
                 RrRr                  YyYy
gamete ž RR : 2/4 Rr : ž rr    ž YY : 2/4 Yy : ž yy
1āļ234 ., 1    1āļ234 ., 2   1= &*     genotype
              ž YY           1 / 16    RRYY
1 / 4 RR      2 / 4 Yy       2 / 16    RRYy
              1/4 yy         1 / 16    RRyy
              ž YY           2 / 16    RrYY
2 / 4 Rr      2 / 4 Yy       4 / 16    RrYy
              1/4 yy         2 / 16     Rryy
              ž YY           1 / 16    rrYY
1 / 4 rr      2 / 4 Yy       2 / 16     rrYy
              1/4 yy         1 / 16     rryy
āļ      1              āļ      2            (       Phenotype
3/ 4 āļ               3/4 4          9 / 16    g   āļ - 4
                    1/4 I (         3 / 16    g   āļ -I(
1/4I I              3/4    4        3 / 16    g   II - 4
               1/4 I (              1 / 16    g   II -I(
  3. 1    āļ     :'3 0
-K (     ' &     gamete      = 2n
-K (     ' &     genotype    = 3n
-K (     ' &     phenotype   = 2n
1. Aa BB Cc
2. Aa Bb Cc DD Ee FF
0#)55āļ        āļ          āļ
      1.        āļ )55 Complete Dominant
#J āļ          āļ 1 gene           I gene 3 " 3
   50 #J "# āļn          H
           F1 #J āļ
           F2 #J āļ      : āļ      3 =3:1
                                    =9:3:3:1
2.           āļ    )55 Incomplete Dominant
2.1 āļ            āļ         āļ5 g




F1 genotype = Aa ' 0
F2 genotype AA : Aa : aa = 1 : 2 : 1
   phenotype ) : ' 0 : I ( = 1 : 2 : 1
2.2 āļ   I I "āļ   Andalusion blue
2.3 āļ   āļ   I I 12
2.4 āļ   āļ     āļ &H āļ
3. āļ            āļ    )55 Co ` dominant
: āļ H gene H       2(52 āļ              " I e! āļ )
āļ )          ) 2(           " 3 $āļ ! # āļ9
 āļ         āļ ( āļ '          0 4 ABO
   allele āļ (I3 IA , IB ) i
#āļ & gr A genotype IA IA, IA i
      gr B    ,,   I B IB , IB i
      gr AB ,,     I A IB        gr ii genotype ii
4. āļ         āļ   )55 Over dominant
āļ& āļ allele : P heterozygous )         āļ
Phenotype 4 āļ( allele : P homozygous I
   `) ' P            TT 0 3 M tt 0 1 M
              F             Tt 0 6 M
Multiple allele
āļ allele gene āļ& āļ( 2 )55I!H "# 2(52 āļ
)       āļI āļ : āļ                ! 1 gene āļ (
   K)       05 chromosome #J homologous āļ .
             1.    āļ I         0 4 ABO
   0 4 ABO gene 2(52 3 allele 24 IA, IB ) ii
IA = allele 2(52 āļ 3 antigen A
IB = allele 2(52 āļ 3 antigen B
P1

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P1

  • 1. āļ āļ āļ āļ : āļ āļ ! "# āļ ! $"# - & '(& ) ' & , ) species āļ 0# ) 12 3 ( ) āļ āļ & '(& ' & 4 - & '(& ' & (āļ , species (āļ āļ ) āļ āļ 3 āļ( & '(& ' &
  • 2.
  • 3. - āļ ) āļ 5 āļ āļ " 3 ' 0# 6 & 0 - āļ 5 āļ āļ " 3 āļ' 0 4 &#788 - 5 āļ # āļ9: āļ 0 - 5 āļ " # āļ9: 0āļ
  • 4. 2( )# 6 āļ ( Genetic variation ) 1.2( )# 6 4 ( Continuous variation ) āļ H -" ) āļ2( ) āļ " 3 ' - 2( ) āļ I āļ # āļ9 #J K 5 4 āļ - 0āļ2(52 1 gene 20 - & )( 3 & & āļ ) āļ - 2( āļ (I3 3 #& - āļ M) 2( I āļ ) āļ #J 0#123 #āļ & - ( 2( 0 HK āļ &#788 2( : āļ : 36 6 &
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7. 2. 2( )# 6 " 4 ( Discontinuous variation ) āļ H - 2( ) āļ ' - 0āļ2(52 1 gene 3 20 - & )( 3 6 āļ ) āļ 3 āļ - 2( āļ (I3 3 2 P - āļ M2( I āļ ) āļ " 3āļ M 0#) - ( 0 4 āļ &H & 0 āļ &H
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10. 2K 2( 03 1. Gamete 2. Gene 3. Allele P P homozygous for the dominant allele a a homozygous for the recessive allele B b heterozygous recessive allele , dominant allele
  • 11. 4. Genotype āļ I TT , Tt , tt 4 T/T , T/t , t/t Genotype 2 )55 24 - homozygous genotype ` homozygous dominant - homozygous recessive - heterozygous genotype 5. Phenotype 6. Dominant 7. Recessive
  • 12. āļ āļ āļ5 & )( 3 & )( 3 & & āļ āļ āļ ` 3 I!H āļ5IH K : 3 āļ& āļ H $' - 3 āļ āļ H āļ (I3 āļ5#7 āļ H 1āļ " 35& & āļ & )( 3 āļ ' 2( 0 &#788 # & āļ : 3 HK I 12 - 3 āļ āļ H #J āļ āļ& āļ#9&āļ& & P : e 2( 6& #āļ &P : e & )( 3 & & 3 ' āļ 6&( 64 āļ 5 0 4
  • 13. # ( &) 6 I
  • 14. Unit factor 5( āļ $I ( 0āļ2(52 1 āļ 2 ( ' &I 3 ( 1. H # 0āļ 6 āļ g āļ 2. āļ ) āļ āļ ' 3. 12 3 āļ" #h 1 āļ : 3 āļ 6 I3 3 2( K g I 1. āļ !āļ 0āļ2(52 1 gene 1 20 2. āļ !āļ ) āļ āļ ' 3. :'3 4' " 3 4. :'3 ` ) #J ) 3 5. #J āļ2 &
  • 15. āļ I
  • 16. ( I āļ -) āļ I āļ I āļ H F1 F2 : F2 2( 0 K 3 0 H 0 0 787 H 2.84 : 1 0# I k7āļ (5 )M5 (5 (5 882 )M5 2.95 : 1 0# I āļ II āļ āļ 5474 II 2.96 : 1 g I g 4 I( 4 4 I( 3.01 : 1 K) āļ āļ āļ& āļ āļ āļ& āļ āļ& āļ 3.14 : 1 I āļ ( I( ( ( I( 3.15 : 1 I k7āļ I( 4 I( I( 4 2.82 : 1
  • 17. #āļ I 1. P = Parential generation āļ ,, F1 = first filial generation %& ,, F2 = second generation 2. *+,- .,/ 0/ 1āļ234 &- 1 5āļ 6 6 6 . āļ factor 3. āļ F1 84 . 1āļ234 .,9 &āļ:6% ; āļ1 % 4. āļ6āļ+ 8&āļāļ& =1 > - gene 8&āļ &- 4/ ?,- 5. 6 . āļ 1āļ234 .,9 &āļ:A F1 & Dominant 6 . āļ 1āļ234 .,9 &āļ:A F2 & Recissive 6. 1āļ234 .,9 &āļ:A F1 : 1āļ234 .,9 &āļ:A F2 = 3 : 1
  • 18. āļnI 1. Law of segregation P TT x tt T T t t gamete P Tt x Tt gamete T t T t
  • 19. 2. Law of independent assortment e 45 ) āļ āļāļ '( āļ 3 e 45 ( āļ : " 3 & H P Tt x Tt gamete T t T t F1 TT Tt Tt tt
  • 20. Test ` cross #J āļ 6 4 5 genotype I & '(& ( #J ) 3 4 1 K "#6 āļ5 Homozygous recessive H g āļ - RR 4 Rr g āļ x rr g āļ x rr g āļ g āļ : g II . . g āļ = RR 1: 1 g āļ = Rr
  • 21. Back cross #J āļ 6 1 āļ K 0āļ6 F1 āļ 5"#6 āļ5 4 ) āļ āļ āļ āļ ( ( Monohybrid cross )
  • 22. āļ& I& 1āļ234 1 5āļ 2 1āļ234( Dihybrid cross ) - #J āļ āļ āļ 1 & āļ I & '(& 2 āļ 3 āļ -: āļ & ( genotype ,phenotype K " 3 2 (& H 1. Punnet Squares : 3 R = gene 2(52 āļ g āļ r = gene 2(52 āļ g II Y = gene 2(52 āļ g 4 y = gene 2(52 āļ g I(
  • 23. P I1, 6 O āļ *.6% ; - x I1, 6 O > > 4*.6>. RRYY rryy gamete Ry ry F1 RrYy F1xF1 RrYy x RrYy Gamete R Y - RY R Y - RY y - Ry y - Ry r Y - rY r Y - rY y - ry y - ry
  • 24. RY Ry rY ry RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy
  • 25. Phenotype Genotype ( ( genotype phenotype RRYY 1 / 16 g āļ - 4 RRYy 2 / 16 9 / 16 RrYY 2 / 16 RrYy 4 / 16 g āļ -I( RRyy 1/ 16 3 / 16 Rryy 2 / 16 g II - 4 rrYY 1 / 16 3 / 16 rrYy 2 / 16 g II -I( rryy 1 / 16 1 / 16
  • 26. # 1. genotype 9 ' & 2. ( genotype 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1 3. phenotype 4 ' & 4. ( phenotype 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
  • 27. 2. Branching system P I1, 6 O āļ 6% ; - x I1, 6 O > > 4 - 6>. RRYY rryy gamete RY ry F1 RrYy F1 x F1 RrYy RrYy RrRr YyYy gamete ž RR : 2/4 Rr : ž rr ž YY : 2/4 Yy : ž yy
  • 28. 1āļ234 ., 1 1āļ234 ., 2 1= &* genotype ž YY 1 / 16 RRYY 1 / 4 RR 2 / 4 Yy 2 / 16 RRYy 1/4 yy 1 / 16 RRyy ž YY 2 / 16 RrYY 2 / 4 Rr 2 / 4 Yy 4 / 16 RrYy 1/4 yy 2 / 16 Rryy ž YY 1 / 16 rrYY 1 / 4 rr 2 / 4 Yy 2 / 16 rrYy 1/4 yy 1 / 16 rryy
  • 29. āļ 1 āļ 2 ( Phenotype 3/ 4 āļ 3/4 4 9 / 16 g āļ - 4 1/4 I ( 3 / 16 g āļ -I( 1/4I I 3/4 4 3 / 16 g II - 4 1/4 I ( 1 / 16 g II -I( 3. 1 āļ :'3 0 -K ( ' & gamete = 2n -K ( ' & genotype = 3n -K ( ' & phenotype = 2n
  • 30. 1. Aa BB Cc 2. Aa Bb Cc DD Ee FF
  • 31. 0#)55āļ āļ āļ 1. āļ )55 Complete Dominant #J āļ āļ 1 gene I gene 3 " 3 50 #J "# āļn H F1 #J āļ F2 #J āļ : āļ 3 =3:1 =9:3:3:1
  • 32. 2. āļ )55 Incomplete Dominant 2.1 āļ āļ āļ5 g F1 genotype = Aa ' 0 F2 genotype AA : Aa : aa = 1 : 2 : 1 phenotype ) : ' 0 : I ( = 1 : 2 : 1
  • 33. 2.2 āļ I I "āļ Andalusion blue
  • 34. 2.3 āļ āļ I I 12 2.4 āļ āļ āļ &H āļ
  • 35. 3. āļ āļ )55 Co ` dominant : āļ H gene H 2(52 āļ " I e! āļ ) āļ ) ) 2( " 3 $āļ ! # āļ9 āļ āļ ( āļ ' 0 4 ABO allele āļ (I3 IA , IB ) i #āļ & gr A genotype IA IA, IA i gr B ,, I B IB , IB i gr AB ,, I A IB gr ii genotype ii
  • 36. 4. āļ āļ )55 Over dominant āļ& āļ allele : P heterozygous ) āļ Phenotype 4 āļ( allele : P homozygous I `) ' P TT 0 3 M tt 0 1 M F Tt 0 6 M
  • 37. Multiple allele āļ allele gene āļ& āļ( 2 )55I!H "# 2(52 āļ ) āļI āļ : āļ ! 1 gene āļ ( K) 05 chromosome #J homologous āļ . 1. āļ I 0 4 ABO 0 4 ABO gene 2(52 3 allele 24 IA, IB ) ii IA = allele 2(52 āļ 3 antigen A IB = allele 2(52 āļ 3 antigen B