Regional Undergraduate Symposium: Stanniocalcin-1 protects ischemia/reperfusion kidney injury (oral presentation), Advisor: Dr. David Sheikh-Hamad, Baylor College of medicine. Host: Rice University, Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Houston, TX, U.S. Oct 26, 2013
Possible Protective Effect of Bone Marrow-Mesenchymal Stem Cells
(BM-MSCs) Against the Remote Liver Injury Induced by Renal Ischemia Reperfusion in Male Albino Rats
Dr. Randall Prather - PRRS Resistant PigsJohn Blue
PRRS Resistant Pigs - Dr. Randall Prather, University of Missouri-Columbia, from the 2016 Missouri Pork Expo, February 9-10, 2016, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-missouri-pork-expo
Bone and Cartilage regeneration with cells and tissue engineering products - ...Enric Caceres
Bone and Cartilage regeneration with cells and tissue engineering products - Dr. Enric Cáceres - B-Debate 17/02/2015 http://www.bdebate.org/en/forum/advanced-therapies-and-regenerative-medicine-promise-21st-century
Global warming and the Jellyfish toxidromeCoda Change
From #CodaZero Live, Alice Young provides a brief update on the presentation, complications and management of Irukandji syndrome; and why we all need to know about it.
El presente artículo trata sobre el problema que los estudiantes de derecho encuentran, al llevar el curso (la materia) de Filosofía del Derecho. El principal factor, radica en el lenguaje oscuro o demasiado técnico de los textos filosóficos jurídicos, ante los cuales, muchas veces el alumno no está preparado o el catedrático no explica en clase, el léxico (vocabulario) que los filósofos del derecho emplean en sus obras, lo cual, resulta siendo el texto tedioso e incomprensible por parte de los estudiantes. (Artículo publicado en la Revista "Sapientia Iuris" del mes de Mayo 2016. Autor: David Efraín Misari Torpoco).
Possible Protective Effect of Bone Marrow-Mesenchymal Stem Cells
(BM-MSCs) Against the Remote Liver Injury Induced by Renal Ischemia Reperfusion in Male Albino Rats
Dr. Randall Prather - PRRS Resistant PigsJohn Blue
PRRS Resistant Pigs - Dr. Randall Prather, University of Missouri-Columbia, from the 2016 Missouri Pork Expo, February 9-10, 2016, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-missouri-pork-expo
Bone and Cartilage regeneration with cells and tissue engineering products - ...Enric Caceres
Bone and Cartilage regeneration with cells and tissue engineering products - Dr. Enric Cáceres - B-Debate 17/02/2015 http://www.bdebate.org/en/forum/advanced-therapies-and-regenerative-medicine-promise-21st-century
Global warming and the Jellyfish toxidromeCoda Change
From #CodaZero Live, Alice Young provides a brief update on the presentation, complications and management of Irukandji syndrome; and why we all need to know about it.
El presente artículo trata sobre el problema que los estudiantes de derecho encuentran, al llevar el curso (la materia) de Filosofía del Derecho. El principal factor, radica en el lenguaje oscuro o demasiado técnico de los textos filosóficos jurídicos, ante los cuales, muchas veces el alumno no está preparado o el catedrático no explica en clase, el léxico (vocabulario) que los filósofos del derecho emplean en sus obras, lo cual, resulta siendo el texto tedioso e incomprensible por parte de los estudiantes. (Artículo publicado en la Revista "Sapientia Iuris" del mes de Mayo 2016. Autor: David Efraín Misari Torpoco).
Ce que ce support aborde
- Des règles de bases d’hygiène numérique : coffre-fort numérique, mot de passe et autres (voir le support)
- Les principes d’hygiène numérique avec Internet : GAFAM, données personnelles, tracking publicitaire etc.
Les Annexes permettent de donner quelques règle supplémentaires, ainsi que d’aborder si nécessaire la surveillance en ligne.
Ce que ce support n’aborde pas
Ce ne sont pas des tutoriaux. J’évoque KeepassX, Veracrypt, mais je ne fais pas de démonstration. J’évoque l’usage de Firefox, d’extensions, des outils de Framasoft etc. dans le cadre de la Degooglisation. Mais là encore, pas de démonstration, juste une sensibilisation à l’existence de ces alternatives. Je ne parle pas de TOR (par exemple). Un support pour une conférence plus atelier dédié est disponible sur ce même dépôt.
La suite ?
Ce support reste une sensibilisation via une conférence, en une heure à deux heures et ne permet pas d’aller dans le détails.
Améliorez, modifiez et diffusez : il faut éviter les gastroinformatiques !
J’incite fortement les personnes sensibilisées suite à cette conférence à aller dans des Cafés vie privée, à rencontrer les personnes des LUGs (Groupes d’utilisateurs Linux), de la Brique Internet, de FDN, de la Quadrature, des Hackerspaces ou autres pour apprendre, mettre en pratique, découvrir les logiciels et techniques évoquées.
Cloud Foundry: The Best Place to Run MicroservicesMatt Stine
A magical tour through the Industrial Revolution, Complex Adaptive Systems, and Turtles All the Way Down, with shout outs to Cloud Foundry, BOSH, and Spring Boot.
Borane V R*
Department of Zoology Jijamata Arts, Science and Commerce College, Nandurbar, Maharashtra, India
ABSTRACT- The present investigation was carried out to the effect of Dimethoate on histopathological changes in liver
of freshwater fish, Garra mullya using standard methods. Fish was exposed to sub lethal concentration of Dimethoate
(0.0238ppm of 96hrs) for 7, 14, and 21days. Administration of pesticide to determine lesion of liver as indicators of tissue
damage. Histopathological changes in liver ranged from vacuolization, necrosis, fibrosis of perivascular region and
disposition of yellow brown grains at different time of exposure. Liver histology exhibited various abnormalities,
including hyperplasia, nuclear pyknosis, fatty necrosis and degeneration of hepatocytes leading to tumor and syncytium
formation, which are the indicative of carcinogenesis. In chronic treatment of dimethoate exposure may pose serious
threat to fish health and affect their population.
Key-words- Dimethoate, Histopathology, Liver, Garra mullya
Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: Mechanisms and Interventions in Retard...Apollo Hospitals
The incidence ofchronickidneydisease (CKD) is increasingworldwideandisbecoming a major concern for the healthcare. Approximately 1.8 million people, worldwide, are currently treated with renal replacement therapy (RRT), which consists primarily of kidney transplantation,
hemodialysis, and peritoneal dialysis.
Objective: A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord either from trauma, loss of its normal blood supply, or compression from tumor or infection. In this study we focused on alterations in the bladder tissue with angiogenic and apoptotic aspects after spinal cord injury.
Study Design: Twenty Wistar Albino rats were categorized as control and SCI groups. At T7-T9 vertebras, a steel rod was dropped from 10 cm to create a spinal cord injury under anesthesia. Rats were decapitated and spinal tissue was processed to measure malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and myeloperoxidase (MPO).
Results: MDA, MPO, epithelial degeneration, vascular dilation, inflammation, VEGF, and APAF-1 expressions in the SCI group were statistically higher than those in the control group. GSH content of the SCI group was statistically lower than that in the control group. In the hematoxylin-eosin–stained sections of the control group, normal histology was observed in bladder tissue. In the SCI group, degeneration epithelial cells, thinned epithelium, increased fibrosis, dilated and congested blood vessels, and hyperplastic endothelial cells were observed. In the control group, VEGF expression was slightly observed in some epithelial cells and vascular cells. In the SCI group, VEGF expression was increased in inflammatory and vascular endothelial cells. For APAF-1 expression, the control group showed no expression. In the SCI group, APAF-1 expression was positive in degenerated epithelial cells and connective tissue cells.
Conclusion: It is thought that the urination reflex was affected due to increased inflammation in the bladder tissue, leading to alterations in the regulation and function of the muscles.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.20
ABSTRACT- The present investigation was carried out to the effect of dimethoate on histopathological changes in
kidney of freshwater fish, Garra mullya. Fishes was exposed to sub lethal concentration of dimethoate (0.0238ppm of
96hrs.) for 7, 14, 21 days. Fishes exposed to dimethoate were characterized by loosening of haemopoietic tissue,
uriniferous tubules have lost their original appearance, vacuolated cytoplasm, degeneration in the epithelial cells of renal
tubule, narrowing of the tubular lumen and damaged glomeruli. The lesions in the vital organ might have resulted in
physiological and metabolical dysregulations. In chronic treatment of dimethoate exposure may pose serious threat to fish
health and affect their population. Key-words- Dimethoate, Histopathology, Kidney, Garra mullya
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sudden episode of kidney failure or kidney damage that happens within a few hours or a few days.It's most common in those who are critically ill and already hospitalized.
Similar to 2013 Rice University Regional Undergraduate Symposium Presentation (20)
Fungi Ascomycota collection and identificationMinyi Chen
Fungi Ascomycota collected from daily environment including foods, soil, plant disease and natural environments in Houston, 2014 Fall. Identification based on references but can not promise the correct.
Central Research Forum: Up-regulation of ERK3 by BRAF and BRAFV600E mutation in Melanoma (with invited talk), Advisor: Dr. Michael Markey, Wright State University. Host: Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, Oct 22, 2015
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
2013 Rice University Regional Undergraduate Symposium Presentation
1. Minyi Chen
Dr. David Sheikh-Hamad’s Lab
Stanniocalcin-1 protects
ischemia/reperfusion kidney injury
2. BACKGROUND
In humans, acute kidney injury is highly prevalent; and the
associated mortality rate remains high (up to 50%).
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) kidney injury, is a major cause of
renal failure in both native and transplanted organs.
Mouse/rat experimental I/R kidney injury is a model for
human I/R kidney injury. It is associated with phenomenon:
decreased urine output and Glomerular Filtration
Rate(GFR);
inflammation;
tubular cell injury, characterized by vacuolization, cell
necrosis, and hyaline cast formation;
full recovery is complete within 8 days.
3. Mechanism of free radical generation in
ischemia reperfusion injury
Bulkey, G. B. Br. J. cancer, 1987
4. STANNIOCALCIN-1 (STC1) EFFECTS ON:
ROS; ENDOTHELIALAND MACROPHAGE
FUNCTION
STC1 decreases superoxide generation in macrophages, via
UCP2-depenent pathway (Wang et al., J Leukoc Biol. 2009 86:981-8).
STC1 inhibits macrophage migration and response to
chemoattractants (Kanellis, J. et al. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2004, 286: F356-F362).
STC1 blocks Tumour Necrosis Factor(TNF)-α-induced rise in
endothelial monolayer permeability and decreases TNF-α-
induced activation of Jun N-terminal Kinase(JNK), NF- κB, and
superoxide in endothelial cells (Chen, C. et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;
28:906-912).
STC1 inhibits T-cell and macrophage transmigration across IL-
1β-treated endothelial monolayer (Chakraborty et al., Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.
2007;292:F895-904).
5. WT STC1
Superoxide generation in STC1 Tg and WT
kidney under normal condition without clamping
Labeling with 5 uM MitoSOX Red
6. HYPOTHESIS
Stanniocalcin-1 protects from I/R kidney injury by
modulating key factors in the pathogenesis of I/R.
These include:
Decreased Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS) generation;
Endothelial protection – preservation of normal endothelial
permeability - decreasing trans-endothelial migration of
macromolecules and inflammatory cells (macrophages and
T-cells), into the kidney;
Direct inhibition of macrophages.
7. Decline in Creatinine clearance (CrCl) after I/R
kidney injury in WT mice; but preservation of
normal CrCl in STC1 Tg mice
Reduce of kidney function indicated by
Glomerular Filtration Rate(GFR);
8. Kidney morphology in WT and STC1 Tg
mice after I/R kidney injury
loss of brush border membrane (arrowheads),
cellular vacuolization (v),
tubular dilatation (dt) with cast formation (c)
9. Preservation of normal vascular permeability in kidneys of
STC1 Tg mice after I/R injury compared to WT mice
10. Increased T-cells and macrophages in kidney of WT
mice after I/R injury; but no change is observed in
kidneys of STC1 Tg mice
11. Increased superoxide and hydroperoxide in WT
kidneys 24h after I/R injury; but not in kidneys of
STC1 Tg mice
12. STC1 protects from I/R kidney injury through suppression of oxidant stress
STC1 Tg mice were
given a single i.p.
injection of saline or
paraquat (12.5
mg/kg). qaraquat is
the generator of
superoxide. I/R
mice were clamped
2h later than
injection, and killed
24h, or 72h. (A)
Superoxide, (B)
hydroperoxide, (C)
CrCl expressed ,
(D) PAS staining for
morphology.
13. WT mice display
Decline in CrCl (Glomerular Filtration Rate) at the 72h to 40% of sham-
treated controls.
Tubular injury (vacuolization, cell necrosis and cast formation).
Increased vascular permeability
Infiltration with macrophages and T-cells starting from day 1 through day 8.
Increased superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generation (c/w increased risk
for injury).
STC1 Tg mice display
No decrease of kidney function.
No increase in superoxide and H2O2 production.
No increase in vascular permeability.
No increase in macrophage and T-cell infiltration after I/R.
Conclusion: Tg overexpression of STC1 protects from I/R kidney
injury; STC1 is a potential therapeutic target for the
prevention/treatment of ischemia-related kidney injury
Summary
14. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
David Sheikh-Hamad, MD.
Luping Huang, MD. PhD.
Tatiana Belousova, MD.
Jenny Pan, MD.
Roohi Khan, MD.
Yanlin Wang, MD. PhD.
Luan Truong, MD.
Funding support through the NIH
Editor's Notes
The mechanism of free radical generation in ischemia reperfusion injury shows in this figure.
With the onset of ischemia, there is rapid proteolytic conversion of
xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase which induce oxygen to generate superoxide free radical and hydrogen peroxide, all of these species can cause cellular and tissues injury
In our previous research we found that (read the slide)
This slide showed freshly isolated kidneys were sectioned and
incubated in PBS containing 5 μM MitoSOX™ Red reagent for 10 min. MitoSOX
permeates live cells and selectively targets the mitochondria. It is rapidly oxidized by
superoxide and emits red fluorescence. kidney slices
were rinsed in PBS, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, imbedded in OCT and 5 μM sections
were viewed under fluorescence microscope. The panel showed less superoxide generaation in STC1 Tg mice compare with Wild Type mice.
Base on our previous research and reports, we hypothesis (read the slide)
First, we established mouse model of kidney I/R injury induced by clamping of bilateral renal pedicles for 30 min, Mice
were sacrificed at 24h, 48h, 72h or 8d after surgical procedure, blood samples were obtained
for creatinine measurement and kidneys were harvested for analysis
of: histology; immunohistochemistry; Western blotting to assess the activities of MAPKs
and STC1 protein expression; superoxide and H2O2. As this figure showed decreased creatinine clearence after kidney injury in wild type mice but not in STC1 transgenic mice.
Kidney tissues were harvested at 24h, 48h, 72h or 8d following I/R and kidneys, and PAS staining was performed for morphology, as the up panel showed WT mice
displayed loss of brush border membrane (arrowheads), severe cellular vacuolization (v) and
tubular dilatation (dt) with cast formation (c), starting 24h after I/R, persisting through the
72h time point. Recovery of morphology in WT kidneys is observed by day 8, but low panel showed no evidence of cellular vacuolization, tubular dilatation or cast
Formation in STC1 Tg mice.
As the morphology showing, inflammatory cells were infiltrated in kidney, therefore we determine whether vascular permeability increased after ischemia reperfusion. Mice were given an injection of 2% Evans blue dye through the tail vein after Five hours after I/R, and then mice were anesthetized five min after dye injection, and kidneys were perfused
with PBS for 20 minutes. Kidneys were then homogenized and dye retention was measured fluorometrically. As the figure showed preservation of normal vascular permeability in kidneys of STC1 Tg mice after I/R injury compared to WT mice.
The tissues were stained with anti-CD3 which is T-cells marker and anti-F4/80 which is macrophages marker. CD3 or F4/80 positively-stained
cells infiltrating 10 grids were counted. This figure showed increased T-cells and macrophages in kidney of WT mice after I/R injury; but no change is observed in kidneys of STC1 Tg mice.
Because reactive oxygen species play very important role in ischemia reperfusion injury, therefore we analyzed superoxide and H2O2 after ischemia reperfusion injury
using semi-quantitative methods. The figure showed marked elevation of both superoxide and
H2O2 in WT kidneys after I/R, but not in STC1 Tg kidneys.
To test whether STC1 protects from I/R kidney injury through suppression of oxidant stress, STC1 Tg mice were given a single i.p. injection of saline or paraquat (12.5 mg/kg) which is the generation of superoxide 2h before
clamping, and killed 24h, or 72h following I/R. Superoxide (A), H2O2 (B), CrCl expressed
(C) and PAS staining for morphology (D) were determined. In paraquat-pretreated STC1 Tg mice, I/R results in: increased
superoxide and H2O2 levels at the 24h through the 72h time points post I/R; drop in CrCl at
the 72h post I/R, and morphological changes similar to those observed in WT mice after I/R.
We summary
I would like the thanks Dr. Hamad great support and instruction in this project.