aga Umar Tariq

1. LECTURER:-UMAR TARIQ
Msc OTT/ANAESTHESIA

2.  Minerals are the chemical elements which are required
for growth, development and repair of tissues and
conduction of various biological processes.
 There are about 50 minerals which the body receives
through diet.
 Minerals do not yield energy but requires for vital body
functions.

3.  1st classification: based on the nature of the minerals
1. Alkali forming elements:- they include calcium,
magnesium, potassium, sodium and manganese
2. Acid forming elements:-they include phosphorus,
sulphur and chlorine etc

4.  2nd classification:- it is based on the requirement and
quantity of these elements present in the body and major
elements are divided into two groups
1. Major elements:- calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride,
sulfur and magnesium
2. Trace elements:-they are required in a minute quantities
but very essential for the body e.g. iron, iodine, fluorine,
cobalt, zinc, copper, manganese

5.  Water is a liquid compound of hydrogen and oxygen. Two
third of our bodies are made up of water.
 In the body, water is divided among intracellular fluid,
interstitial fluid and blood
 We get water by drinking and also from many food items
which contain water
 Loss of water from the body takes place from kidneys,
skin, lungs and intestines.

6.  Water maintains fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.
 Plays an important role in maintaining body temperature
 All the chemical processes in the body takes place in the
presence of water.
 Water is necessary for digestion, absorption and
metabolism of food
 Helps in blood circulation

7.  Water is a component of blood, lymph and CSF.
 Water transports many nutrients and water soluble
vitamins e.g. Vitamin B complex to the target organs
and tissues
 Water breaks up indigestible parts of food and helps in
their excretions.

8.  Vitamins are organic compounds fall in the category of
micronutrients. They do not yield energy but act as a
catalyst in many physiological reactions.
 They are essential for maintenance of health and
development of human body. Body is unable to
synthesize in sufficient quantity but must be provided
by the food. A well balanced diet usually fulfils the
requirement.

9.  Fat soluble vitamins:
I. Vitamin A and carotene( pro-vit A)
II. Vitamin D
III. Vitamin E
IV. Vitamin K
 Water soluble vitamins:
 Vitamin B group B1(Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin),
B6(Pyridoxine), B12(Cyanocobalmin, nicotinic acid, folic
acid, biotin)
 Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
 Vitamin P (Bioflavonoid)

10.  These vitamins are insoluble in water but
soluble in fat.
 They require fat for their absorption and can
be in the body
 Their deficiency cannot be seen immediately,
it occurs if the intake is poor, as body utilizes
the stored vitamins
 Only the prolonged deficiency can show the
signs and symptoms

11.  Vitamin A is a fat soluble vitamin that is stored in the
liver.
 There are two forms of vitamin A that are found in the
diet
1. Preformed vitamin A is found in animal products
2. Pro vitamin A is found in plant based foods. The
most common type of pro vitamin A is beta-carotene
 It is also known as retinol because it produces the
pigments in the retina of the eye

12.  Found in animal foods as well as in plant foods
• In animal sources as retinol found in meat,
fish,butter,cheese,eggs(egg yolk).
• In plant sources as carotene. All yellow vegetables
and fruits i.e. Carrot, pumpkin, mango, papaya, peaches
and apricots. All green leafy vegetables such as spinach
. All plant sources are pro vitamin A.

13.  Adults: 750 micrograms/day
 Infants: 300-400 micrograms/day
 Children: 10-12 years 600 micrograms/day

14.  Necessary for normal vision in dim light
 Necessary for the formation of skeletal bones
 Protects body against infections, being an antioxidant
 Protects against epithelial cancers such as bronchial
cancers

15.  Antiarchitic vitamin: it is a fat soluble vitamin and
synthesized in the body
 The nutritionally important forms of vitamin D are
vitamin D2 i.e. Calciferol and vitamin D3 i.e.
cholecalciferol

16.  Sunlight: The ultraviolet rays of sunlight converts
cholesterol in the skin to vitamin D
 Food sources are fish, egg yolk, butter, cheese and
milk

17.  Adults: 2.5mg(100 IU)
 Infants and children: 5mg (200 IU)
 Pregnancy and lactation:- 10 mg (400 IU)

18.  Helps in the absorption of calcium and phosphates from
intestine
 Promotes the mineralization of bones and teeth after
calcium and phosphorous is absorbed
 Permits the normal growth

19.  Vitamin E is antisterility vitamin.it is fat soluble
vitamin and stable to heat and acid.
SOURCES:-
 Vegetable oils, i.e. Cotton seed oil, sunflower seed oil,
egg yolk, butter.
 Vegetables and fruits are the poor source for vitamin E

20.  Children :- 10 mg/day
 Adolescents and adults:- 25 mg/day

21.  Essential for reproductive health
 delays aging process
 Prevents the oxidation of Vitamin A in intestines.
 Prevents muscular dystrophy
 Prevents skin problems acne and psoriasis
 Prevents the haemolysis of red blood cells

22.  Absorption along with fat from intestines and stored in
liver, muscles and body fat

23.  It occurs in two forms i.e.vitamin K1 and Vitamin K2
 SOURCES:-
 Vitamin K1 is found in fresh green leafy vegetables,
Cow`s milk and fruits,
 Vitamin K2 is synthesized in intestinal flora by bacteria
 Long term use of antibiotic(more than a week) can
suppress the normal intestinal flora and can cause
temporarily deficiency of vitamin K.

24.  Adults :- 60-80 mg/ day
FUNCTIONS:-
 Vitamin K stimulates the production and releases
certain coagulation factors.
 Helps in clotting of blood during bleeding
 Increases the prothrombin level in blood