Nutrients What is the nutrient? Nutrients are any substances that the body requires to perform work and which provide energy to do work. The most common functions of nutrients are: they provide energy, make body structure, and maintain chemical processes in the body. There are two main types of nutrients, macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). We eat nutrients not only because we are hungry but also because all the daily routine movements, like walking, dancing, talking, and even watching TV or playing games also need energy. Humans need many nutrients, some of which the body synthesizes called non-essential nutrients, and which the body cannot synthesize are called essential nutrients. Types of nutrients: requirement basis Nutrients can be divided into two categories on the basis of body requirements, which are macronutrients and micronutrients. 1- Macronutrients: (macro means large) Macronutrients are those nutrients that the body requires eventually in larger quantities to function well to provide energy. E.g.: carbohydrates, proteins, fats. 2- Micronutrients: (micro means small) those nutrients which the body requires a small amount to perform vital works. need in milligrams or micrograms to energize the body. E.g.: vitamins (A, B, D, E, K) and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, zinc, iodine, chromium, copper, fluoride, molybdenum, manganese, and selenium). Rule of major nutrients There are seven important nutrients present in diets, but five are the most important for the body to do vital functions. These nutrients are protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. And other two nutrients are water and roughage which do not provide nutrition to the body but perform important functions. Protein Protein is the building block of a body. It is composed of many small units called amino acids. These amino acids encoded by genes, combine together in a sequence to form a long chain called protein. The bond between two amino acids is called a peptide bond or amide linkage. The word protein is derived from the Greek word proteios, meaning primary or 1st rank. What are the sources of Protein? There are many sources of protein, some of them present below. Egg, Bean, Meat, Fish, Milk, Paneer, Mushroom, Cottage cheese, Soybean, Lentil, Peanut, Greek Yogurt, Quinoa, Nuts, Beef, Almond, Legume etc. Amino Acids Amino acids are the basic unit of protein. Amino acids combine with specific sequences into long chains to form proteins. These sequences are coded by genes. There are 20 amino acids, 9 essential amino acids, and 11 non-essential amino acids. 1- Essential amino acids: There are nine amino acids that our body can not synthesize but obtain from diets that's why they are called essential amino acids. Ex: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine. 2- Non-essential amino acids: those amino acids that synthesize in our own body and are not required in our

1. Nutrients
What is the nutrient? Nutrients are any substances that the body requires to perform
work and which provide energy to do work. The most common functions of nutrients
are: they provide energy, make body structure, and maintain chemical processes in
the body. There are two main types of nutrients, macronutrients (proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). We eat
nutrients not only because we are hungry but also because all the daily routine
movements, like walking, dancing, talking, and even watching TV or playing games
also need energy. Humans need many nutrients, some of which the body
synthesizes called non-essential nutrients, and which the body cannot synthesize
are called essential nutrients.
Types of nutrients: requirement basis
Nutrients can be divided into two categories on the basis of body requirements,
which are macronutrients and micronutrients.
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1- Macronutrients: (macro means large) Macronutrients are those nutrients
that the body requires eventually in larger quantities to function well to provide
energy. E.g.: carbohydrates, proteins, fats.

2. 2- Micronutrients: (micro means small) those nutrients which the body
requires a small amount to perform vital works. need in milligrams or micrograms to
energize the body. E.g.: vitamins (A, B, D, E, K) and minerals (calcium, phosphorus,
potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, zinc, iodine, chromium, copper,
fluoride, molybdenum, manganese, and selenium).
Rule of major nutrients
There are seven important nutrients present in diets, but five are the most important
for the body to do vital functions. These nutrients are protein, carbohydrates, fats,
vitamins, and minerals. And other two nutrients are water and roughage which do not
provide nutrition to the body but perform important functions.
Protein
Protein is the building block of a body. It is composed of many small units called
amino acids. These amino acids encoded by genes, combine together in a sequence
to form a long chain called protein. The bond between two amino acids is called a
peptide bond or amide linkage. The word protein is derived from the Greek word
proteios, meaning primary or 1st rank.
What are the sources of Protein?
There are many sources of protein, some of them present below.
Egg, Bean, Meat, Fish, Milk, Paneer, Mushroom, Cottage cheese, Soybean, Lentil,
Peanut, Greek Yogurt, Quinoa, Nuts, Beef, Almond, Legume etc.
Amino Acids
Amino acids are the basic unit of protein. Amino acids combine with specific
sequences into long chains to form proteins. These sequences are coded by genes.
There are 20 amino acids, 9 essential amino acids, and 11 non-essential amino
acids.

3. 1- Essential amino acids: There are nine amino acids that our body can not
synthesize but obtain from diets that's why they are called essential amino acids. Ex:
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine.
2- Non-essential amino acids: those amino acids that synthesize in our
own body and are not required in diets. Ex: alanine, arginine, asparagine.
Function of Protein
Protein is the main part of a body, it makes muscles, internal organs, skin, blood,
organic matrix of bone, helps in metabolic reactions, and provides proper growth of
a body. Help heal wounds and reduce aging. After the carbohydrates and fats protein
provides energy to the body to do work.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate is the primary source of energy. It is an easily available and suitable
source of energy. In our body carbohydrates break down into smaller molecules of
glucose and blood sugar, which are used by body cells, tissues, and organs as
energy to perform vital functions.
Sources of carbohydrates
There are many sources from which we can obtain carbohydrates, some of them
are: Starch, Vegetables, Fruits, Whole grain, Brown rice, Sweet potato, Bean, Lentil,
Legume, dairy products, Nuts, Honey etc.
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Fats
Fats are macronutrients, chemically called glycerides which are composed of 3 fatty
acids and one complex compound known as glycerol. Fats are a rich source of
energy.

4. Sources of fats:
There are many sources of fats, some of them are:
Meats, Fish, Oily vegetables(olive, canola, sunflower, soy, and corn), nuts, seeds,
junk foods, bakery products, butter, ghee, oils, etc
Function of fats
1-dietary fats are sources of energy and give support to cells to function.
2-Protective layer: Protect organs from the cushion and keep the body warm.
3-Some vitamins are fat soluble so fats help to absorb vitamins. vitamins are A, D, E,
and K.
4-Fats are hydrophobic and help cells maintain their structure.
Vitamins
The vitamin is derived from the Latin word vitamine, meaning life and vitamins.
Vitamins are a group of organic compounds that are necessary for the growth and
nutrition of a body. Our body needs vitamins in small quantities which comes from
the diet because our body can not synthesize vitamins.
Vitamins are classified into two groups. 1- water-soluble vitamins 2- fat-soluble
vitamins
Water soluble vitamins Fat-soluble vitamins

5. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Vitamin A (Retinoids)
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Vitamin D (Calciferol)
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) Vitamin K (Phylloquinone)
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
Vitamin sources, function, and deficiency cause diseases
vitamins sources functions deficiency/disease
s
B1 Whole grain, Meat,
Fish, cauliflower,
oranges, potatoes,
asparagus, and
kale
Help body cells obtain
energy from
carbohydrate
Beriberi
B2 Egg, Fish,
Mushroom,
Almond, spinach,
avocado
Important for growth 1-fatigue
2-swollen throat
3-blurred vision

6. B3 Fish, beef,
chicken, avocado,
mushrooms,
lentils, ginger,
sweet pepper, and
potatoes
help the nervous
system, digestive
system, and skin
healthy
Pellagra.
B5 Dairy products and
milk products,
mushrooms, butter
beans, avocado,
sweet potato.
Break down of fats and
carbohydrates for
energy
1-Memory loss
2-myelin loss,
3-neurodegeneration
B6 fish, beef liver,
meats, potatoes
Help in the proper
functioning of sugar,
fats, and protein in the
body
1-dermatitis
2-red greasy scaly
rash
B7 eggs, fish, meat,
nuts, sweet
potatoes
helps to metabolize
fats, carbohydrates,
and protein
1-hair loss (alopecia)
2-periorificial
dermatitis
B9 Legumes, eggs,
citrus fruits
Help in RBC production
and healthy cell growth
Anemia
B12 Egg, milk, beef,
liver, cheese,
yogurt, banana
Help in DNA formation
and keep blood and
nerve cell healthy
Anemia
C Citrus, red
cabbage
Protect cells and keep
them healthy
Scurvy
A liver, fish, eggs,
carrot, sweet
potato, tomato
Maintain normal vision
and immune system
1-Night blindness
2-Xerophthalmia
D Fish, egg yolk,
cheese, beef liver,
mushroom,
orange, banana,
spinach
Healthy bone and teeth osteoporosis and
fractures

7. E Wheat germ oil,
Sunflower,
safflower, soybean
oil, Almonds. ,
Sunflower,
safflower, soybean
oil, Almonds.
Work as antioxidant 1-nerve and muscle
damage
2-muscle weakness,
3-vision problem
K Spinach, broccoli,
cabbage, kale,
collard green
Helps to make protein
that is needed in blood
clotting and bone
building
bleeding, poor bone,
osteoporosis, and
increased
cardiovascular
disease.
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Minerals
Minerals are the essential microelements that the body can not synthesize but attain
on earth and foods to develop and perform normal body functions.
Minerals, sources, function, and deficiency causes diseases
minerals sources function deficiency/ diseases
calcium milk, cheese,
dairy foods, green
leafy vegetables
Healthy bones and
teeth.
Muscle contraction and
blood clotting.
rickets, osteoporosis,
and osteopenia
phosphoru
s
seafoods, fish,
nuts, legumes
Help enzyme
activation and
maintain pH.
osteomalacia, rickets
potassium Dried fruits,
Beans, lentils,
Potatoes.
Inside cells, maintain
normal fluid level
Hypokalemia

8. sodium Beetroot, Olives,
Tomato Juice,
Buttermilk,
Cottage Cheese
Maintain blood
pressure and help
nerves and
muscles to function
properly.
Hyponatremia
chloride table salt,
seaweed, rye,
tomatoes
Maintain the fluid
and nutrients inside
and outside cells
Hypochloremia
magnesiu
m
spinach,
legumes, nuts,
seeds, whole
grains
1-Maintain normal
nerve and muscle
function.
2-Help bones to be
strong.
3-Give heartbeat
and immune health.
1-hypertension
2-coronary heart
disease,
3-osteoporosis.
iron meat, poultry,
seafood, nuts,
seeds, legumes,
leafy green
1-to make
hemoglobin.
2-participate in
metabolic
reactions.
anemia
zink Red meat,
poultry, beans,
nuts, lobsters,
dairy products
1-help in DNA
creation.
2-making protein
and cell growths.
3-Help in providing
a healthy immune
system.
1-acrodermatitis
enteropathic
2-cheilitis
3-dermatitis
iodine Iodine table salt,
seaweed, fish,
egg, milk, meat
Help to make
thyroid hormone to
control metabolism
In babies it Causes
permanent brain
disorders and
intellectual disability.

9. chromium Mussels,
broccoli, grape
juice, meat and
vine.
1-support insulin
action
2- Perform an
important role in
the breakdown of
carbohydrates and
fats.
1-Diabetes
2-heart disease
copper Meats, fish, nuts,
seeds,
chocolate,
potatoes, beans.
1-help iron to make
RBC
2- Keep blood
vessels, nerves,
and bones healthy.
1-anemia
2-pancytopenia
3-ataxia
fluoride Drinking water,
Soft drink,
Fruit juices
Help to make
strong bones and
teeth
Weakness of tooth and
bone
molybdenu
m
Legumes, beef
liver, cereal
grain, milk, leafy
vegetables
1-help in the
breakdown of
protein, alcohol,
drugs, and toxins.
2-contain enzymes
that break down
purine and sulfites.
1-intellectual disability
2-opisthotonus
3-lens dislocation
manganes
e
Mussels,
oysters, clams,
black tea, nuts,
brown rice,
legume
1-Help in the
metabolism of
amino acids,
cholesterol, and
glucose
2-plays an
important role in
bone formation and
blood clotting
1-down’s syndrome
2-osteoporosis
3-Perthes disease
selenium Seafood, meat,
egg, banana,
spinach, potato.
1-help to make
DNA
2-protect cells
against damage
and infections
1-keshan disease
2-kashin-beck disease

10. Effect of deficiency of some elements in the growth of plants
ELEMENT DEFICIENCY/EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH
Nitrogen A- Poor growth of vegetative shoots.
B- Chlorosis with yellow-green leaves.
C- poor crop.
D- early ripening.
Phosphorus A- stunted growth of shoots.
B- retardant growth of roots.
C- leaves tend to become small, brittle, and brownish
green.
D- reduced fruiting.
Potassium A- reduced production of sugar.
B- small leaves.
C- the premature death of leaves/plants.
D- Stunted plant.

11. Calcium A- Chlorosis of leaves
B- death of leaves tip and rolling of leaves.
Magnesium A- Chlorosis of leaves.
B- premature leaf fall.
Sulfur A- yellowing of leaves.
B- reduced flowering.
C- Poor root system.
Zinc A- mottling and necrosis.
B- drying of growing tips.
C- curling of leaves.
Boron A- splitting of bark.
B- Exudation of gum.
Copper A- break down of older leaves
Manganese A- Chlorosis of leaves.

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What are nutrients?
nutrients are food found in substances that we eat to fulfill the body's needs.
What are the main categories of nutrients?
Nutrients are classified into categories such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats,
vitamins, minerals, and water.
What are the differences between micro and macro-nutrients?
Micronutrients are nutrients that are required in small quantities, whereas
macronutrients are nutrients that are required in large quantities.
How can I ensure a balanced diet?
A balanced diet is one in which all the necessary nutrients are present.
What are the roles of vitamins and minerals in the body?
Vitamins and minerals perform vital functions in the body. Vitamin C helps the
immune system; vitamin K helps with blood clotting; and calcium is a mineral that
strengthens the bones.