MINERALS
classification
Major mineralsneeded in the body in the largest amounts
requirements >100 mg/day
calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus
There are many more minerals and trace elements, however, we will be focusing on the ones that are the most problematic in human nutrition and those which are important for chronic disease prevention.
*
Calcium
Main functions:bone/tooth formationregulation of nerve transmission, blood clotting, contraction of muscleshelps maintain normal blood pressure
Stored in:99% of the total calcium in the body is stored in the bones1% of the total calcium in the body is found in the blood
*
Calcium stored in the bones serves as a reservoir of calcium. Its there to help maintain blood calcium levels when intake of calcium is low.
A chronically poor intake of calcium, over a number of years, causes a lot of calcium to removed from the bones to supply the blood (which is used for more immediate needs like muscle contraction, nerve transmission, etc).
Eventually, calcium loss from the bones results in reduced bone density and this condition is known as osteoporosis. We will discuss osteoporosis in a bit.
Calcium has a low bioavailability so anything that you can do to enhance, and therefore, improve calcium absorption is important.These are factors which enhance calcium’s bioavailability:Vitamin D: fortunately one of the best sources of calcium (milk) also contains Vitamin D. Women taking calcium supplements should also consider taking a calcium supplement that has some Vitamin D to help with absorption.Lactose: again, milk, our best calcium source also contains lactose. (What is lactose?)Gastric acid: is the acid secreted in your stomach for digestion; calcium absorption is enhanced in an acidic environment—since acid is secreted whenever you eat food, its best to take a calcium supplement with food.Need: any time you body needs more calcium, during pregnancy and periods of active growth such as infancy and adolescence, for example, our bodies can absorb more calcium
Factors which decrease Calcium absorptionToo much fiber in the diet>35 gms/dayfor most Americans, this is not a problem, since the average fiber intake is ~10-15 gms/dayAgeAs we age, we produce less gastric acidExcess use of laxativesToo much phosphorus in the dietOur main source of phosphorus is soda—and we drink a lot of soda, especially children and teens—which could be putting thier bones at risk, especially when they substitute soda for milkVitamin D deficiencyToo much coffee, tea
Osteoporosis
a chronic, degenerative diseasecharacterized by: bone lossdecrease in bone density2001: 1.5 million fractures annuallycosts $17 billion/yr ($47 million per day) prevention is key
. Bone loss from
osteoporosis
Normal bone
Bone loss occurs primarily in the
hips, spine and wrist
A DEXA scan is used to measure
bone density
Osteoporosis is a major public health threat for an estimated 44 million Ameri ...
1. The document discusses calcium and calcium deficiency, outlining the importance of calcium for bones, teeth, blood pressure, blood sugar, and other bodily functions.
2. It introduces several TIENS calcium supplement products, including ones for adults and children. The children's product contains additional nutrients for intelligence, eyesight, and immunity.
3. Different calcium needs are outlined for different life stages, especially noting increased needs for women during menstruation, pregnancy, lactation, and menopause to prevent deficiency.
Prevent and Treat Osteoporosis 9769352147Bhupesh Kode
Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become brittle and prone to fractures due to loss of bone density. It is estimated that over 300 million Indians have osteoporosis. Symptoms may not appear until a fracture occurs. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, small frame size, smoking, excessive alcohol, low calcium intake, and medications like corticosteroids. Diagnosis involves a bone density scan, with results given as a T-score. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like exercise, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, and bone-boosting drugs. Maintaining bone health throughout life can help prevent osteoporosis and fractures later in life.
Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become fragile and brittle due to loss of minerals like calcium. It affects over 1 million Australians, especially post-menopausal women. Dietary recommendations to prevent osteoporosis include 1000-1300mg calcium daily from foods like dairy, leafy greens, salmon; and 400IU vitamin D. Recipes provided include a breakfast casserole high in calcium and cannelloni filled with spinach and ricotta. Commercially suitable products mentioned are milk and cheese for their calcium content.
Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become fragile and brittle due to loss of minerals like calcium. It affects over 1 million Australians, more commonly women after menopause when estrogen levels drop rapidly increasing bone loss. Dietary recommendations to prevent osteoporosis include 1000-1300mg calcium daily from foods like dairy, leafy greens, salmon; and 400IU vitamin D. Two recipes provided are a breakfast casserole high in calcium and cannelloni with spinach and ricotta.
Osteoporosis is a disease where bones become fragile and more likely to break, affecting over 28 million Americans, mostly women. It is caused by bone loss increasing faster than bone formation as people age. Risk factors include family history, small frame, smoking, excessive alcohol, lack of exercise, and low calcium/vitamin D intake. While there is no cure, lifestyle changes like weight-bearing exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D, not smoking, and medications can help prevent osteoporosis and fractures.
Bones are living tissue that are constantly being remodeled, with old bone being broken down and new bone being formed. However, in osteoporosis, bone loss outpaces bone growth causing bones to become porous, brittle and prone to fracture. Osteoporosis develops when too much bone is removed during remodeling and not enough new bone is replaced. It has multiple causes including low estrogen and testosterone levels, alcohol use, smoking, low calcium intake, and sedentary lifestyle. Regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake can help prevent osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis is a disease where bones become brittle and weak, increasing the risk of fractures. It is caused by low bone density due to lack of calcium and other minerals in bones. Symptoms include back pain and loss of height. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, and medications like corticosteroids. It is diagnosed through tests like DXA scans and treated through lifestyle changes, medications, and hormone therapy.
Osteoporosis is a disease where bone density decreases, making bones more brittle and prone to fracture. It is most common in older women after menopause when estrogen levels drop. Calcium and vitamin D deficiencies can contribute to osteoporosis. A DEXA scan is used to diagnose based on bone mineral density T-scores. Treatment focuses on preventing further bone loss through medications, lifestyle changes like exercise, and maintaining calcium and vitamin D levels through diet.
1. The document discusses calcium and calcium deficiency, outlining the importance of calcium for bones, teeth, blood pressure, blood sugar, and other bodily functions.
2. It introduces several TIENS calcium supplement products, including ones for adults and children. The children's product contains additional nutrients for intelligence, eyesight, and immunity.
3. Different calcium needs are outlined for different life stages, especially noting increased needs for women during menstruation, pregnancy, lactation, and menopause to prevent deficiency.
Prevent and Treat Osteoporosis 9769352147Bhupesh Kode
Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become brittle and prone to fractures due to loss of bone density. It is estimated that over 300 million Indians have osteoporosis. Symptoms may not appear until a fracture occurs. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, small frame size, smoking, excessive alcohol, low calcium intake, and medications like corticosteroids. Diagnosis involves a bone density scan, with results given as a T-score. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like exercise, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, and bone-boosting drugs. Maintaining bone health throughout life can help prevent osteoporosis and fractures later in life.
Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become fragile and brittle due to loss of minerals like calcium. It affects over 1 million Australians, especially post-menopausal women. Dietary recommendations to prevent osteoporosis include 1000-1300mg calcium daily from foods like dairy, leafy greens, salmon; and 400IU vitamin D. Recipes provided include a breakfast casserole high in calcium and cannelloni filled with spinach and ricotta. Commercially suitable products mentioned are milk and cheese for their calcium content.
Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become fragile and brittle due to loss of minerals like calcium. It affects over 1 million Australians, more commonly women after menopause when estrogen levels drop rapidly increasing bone loss. Dietary recommendations to prevent osteoporosis include 1000-1300mg calcium daily from foods like dairy, leafy greens, salmon; and 400IU vitamin D. Two recipes provided are a breakfast casserole high in calcium and cannelloni with spinach and ricotta.
Osteoporosis is a disease where bones become fragile and more likely to break, affecting over 28 million Americans, mostly women. It is caused by bone loss increasing faster than bone formation as people age. Risk factors include family history, small frame, smoking, excessive alcohol, lack of exercise, and low calcium/vitamin D intake. While there is no cure, lifestyle changes like weight-bearing exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D, not smoking, and medications can help prevent osteoporosis and fractures.
Bones are living tissue that are constantly being remodeled, with old bone being broken down and new bone being formed. However, in osteoporosis, bone loss outpaces bone growth causing bones to become porous, brittle and prone to fracture. Osteoporosis develops when too much bone is removed during remodeling and not enough new bone is replaced. It has multiple causes including low estrogen and testosterone levels, alcohol use, smoking, low calcium intake, and sedentary lifestyle. Regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake can help prevent osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis is a disease where bones become brittle and weak, increasing the risk of fractures. It is caused by low bone density due to lack of calcium and other minerals in bones. Symptoms include back pain and loss of height. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, and medications like corticosteroids. It is diagnosed through tests like DXA scans and treated through lifestyle changes, medications, and hormone therapy.
Osteoporosis is a disease where bone density decreases, making bones more brittle and prone to fracture. It is most common in older women after menopause when estrogen levels drop. Calcium and vitamin D deficiencies can contribute to osteoporosis. A DEXA scan is used to diagnose based on bone mineral density T-scores. Treatment focuses on preventing further bone loss through medications, lifestyle changes like exercise, and maintaining calcium and vitamin D levels through diet.
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by porous and fragile bones. It leads to an increased risk of fractures, especially in the hip, spine, and wrist. One in five people with a hip fracture due to osteoporosis will end up in a nursing home within a year. Maintaining strong bones requires adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, weight-bearing exercise, and avoiding risk factors like smoking. A DEXA scan can diagnose osteoporosis by measuring bone mineral density and comparing to norms for young healthy individuals.
This document discusses bone health and osteoporosis in people with epilepsy. It notes that epilepsy and anti-seizure medications can increase the risk of osteoporosis. Maintaining bone health requires adequate nutrition, exercise, sleep, and hydration. Osteoporosis screening is recommended, and treatment options like calcium supplements, vitamin D, and medications can help if osteoporosis is diagnosed. Lifestyle factors and medication choices impact bone remodeling throughout life.
The document provides an overview of key nutrients that are important for bone health, including calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, magnesium, and fluoride. It discusses the roles and functions of these nutrients in bone growth, maintenance, and repair. Deficiency and toxicity risks are addressed for each nutrient. Dietary sources and intake recommendations are also reviewed.
Osteoporosis is a disease where bone density decreases and bones become more fragile and prone to fractures. It affects over 10 million Americans, especially post-menopausal women. To prevent and slow bone loss, one should get enough calcium and vitamin D through foods or supplements, do weight-bearing exercise, and protect themselves from falls. Bone density tests can detect osteoporosis early before fractures occur. Medications may be needed if bone loss has progressed to osteopenia or osteoporosis.
The document discusses several important minerals and trace elements required by the human body. It covers macro minerals like calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium which are needed in larger amounts. It also discusses trace minerals or micro minerals like iron, zinc, iodine and copper which are needed in smaller quantities. For each mineral, it provides information on sources, recommended dietary allowances, functions in the body, deficiency and toxicity risks. It emphasizes the role of minerals in bone health, energy production, cell function, blood pressure regulation and other vital processes.
Osteoporosis is a disease where bones become brittle and weak, increasing the risk of fractures. It occurs when the body loses more bone than it forms, reducing bone density. Common symptoms include back pain, loss of height, and fractures of the spine, wrists and hips. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, smoking, excessive alcohol, low calcium intake, and medical conditions or medications that reduce bone density. Diagnosis involves tests like DXA scans to measure bone mineral density. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, medications, and fall prevention to reduce fractures and complications.
Calcium is essential for building strong bones and maintaining bone density as we age. Our bones absorb most calcium during childhood and adolescence, so it is important to consume adequate calcium from foods like dairy, soy, leafy greens and fortified foods starting at a young age. Not getting enough calcium can lead to osteoporosis, a disease where bones become brittle and prone to breaking. In addition to calcium, vitamin D is needed to help the body absorb calcium from foods. The document provides recommendations for daily calcium and vitamin D intake at different life stages to support bone health.
Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and can easily break. It has no symptoms in its early stages and is a public health threat to more than 44 million Americans. In this community lecture given live on our Berkeley Heights, NJ campus, Dr. Toscano-Zukor, explains how to identify your risk factors for osteoporosis as well as prevent and treat this disease.
Osteoporosis is a disease where bones become brittle and weak, increasing the risk of fractures. It is caused by low bone mineral density due to an imbalance in the bone remodeling process as the body makes less new bone than it breaks down. Risk factors include age, female sex, small body frame, family history, medications, and lack of exercise. It is diagnosed through bone density scans and treated through lifestyle changes like exercise and diet with adequate calcium and vitamin D, as well as prescription medications. Preventing osteoporosis requires building strong bones during childhood and maintaining bone health with exercise and nutrition throughout life.
Lactose intolerance occurs when the body does not produce enough lactase to digest lactose in dairy products, leading to gas, cramps, and diarrhea. While some studies found people with lactose intolerance are at higher risk for osteoporosis due to lower calcium intake, other studies did not find this link. Regardless, people with lactose intolerance should focus on meeting calcium and vitamin D needs through supplements and lactose-reduced dairy to build strong bones and prevent osteoporosis.
Our bones are constantly being remodeled through bone building and loss. During younger years, bone building exceeds loss but later in life loss increases. Osteoporosis occurs when bone loss causes bones to weaken and fracture more easily, especially in the hip, wrist and spine. Risk factors include being female, older age, family history, low body weight, smoking, excessive alcohol, eating disorders and some medications. Preventing osteoporosis involves regular weight-bearing exercise, sufficient calcium and vitamin D, medication if needed, and not smoking. Bone density tests can identify osteoporosis before fractures occur.
This document provides information about osteoporosis including goals of education, personal stories, statistics, risk factors, prevention methods, bone density testing, and treatment options. The goal is to increase awareness of osteoporosis, risk factors, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Prevention methods discussed include maintaining sufficient calcium and vitamin D intake through diet and supplements, engaging in weight bearing exercise, avoiding smoking and excessive caffeine/alcohol, and addressing other controllable risk factors. Bone density testing and medications are also covered as part of a comprehensive approach.
This document provides information about osteoporosis including goals of education, personal stories, statistics, risk factors, prevention methods, bone density testing, and treatment options. The goal is to increase awareness of osteoporosis, risk factors, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Prevention methods discussed include maintaining sufficient calcium and vitamin D intake through diet and supplements, engaging in weight bearing exercise, avoiding smoking and excessive caffeine/alcohol, and addressing other controllable risk factors. Bone density testing and medications are also covered as part of a comprehensive approach.
The document discusses treatment for calcium and vitamin C deficiencies through the effervescent tablet Carben C, which contains calcium lactate gluconate, calcium carbonate, and vitamin C. Carben C helps regulate bone calcium and reduces the risk of fractures by increasing bone density, making it suitable for conditions like osteoporosis, pregnancy, and the elderly. The presentation provides information on Carben C's ingredients, dosage, benefits, competitors, and target doctors.
This presentation focuses on calcium intake and calcium deficiencies. Calcium is essential for building strong bones and teeth and maintaining bone density. It is also important for nerve and muscle function. The recommended daily intake varies depending on age and physiological state. Dietary sources of calcium include dairy products, leafy greens, fish, and fortified foods. Calcium balance is regulated by hormones like parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Deficiencies can increase the risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures.
This presentation focuses on calcium intake and calcium deficiencies. Calcium is essential for building strong bones and teeth and maintaining bone density. It is also important for nerve and muscle function. The recommended daily intake varies depending on age and physiological state. Dietary sources of calcium include dairy products, leafy greens, fish, and fortified foods. Calcium balance is regulated by hormones like parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Deficiencies can increase the risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures.
The document summarizes recent research on vitamin D and its links to various chronic diseases. It finds that vitamin D is important for calcium absorption and other body functions, and recommends getting adequate vitamin D through sunlight exposure, dietary sources like fatty fish and fortified foods, and supplements if needed. Getting enough vitamin D may help reduce the risk of diseases like cancer, heart disease, and osteoporosis.
Bone health is important to maintain strong bones and prevent osteoporosis. Key factors that impact bone health include exercise, diet, lifestyle habits, and supplements if needed. A balanced diet high in calcium-rich foods like greens, soybeans, and fatty fish can help maintain strong bones. Weight-bearing exercise is important for building bone density. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle without smoking or excess alcohol/sugar is also beneficial for bone health. Supplements like vitamin D may be necessary if dietary intake is insufficient. Regular medical screening can detect osteoporosis early before fractures occur.
Minerals are inorganic elements essential for human nutrition. Fourteen minerals are required for proper body function and play key roles in health. They include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and others. Minerals help with chemical reactions in cells, muscle contraction, nerve transmission and more. They are divided into major minerals needed in larger amounts daily and trace minerals needed in smaller amounts. Maintaining proper mineral balance is important for overall health and prevention of deficiencies or toxicities.
Minerals are inorganic elements needed by the body in small amounts. Major minerals, also called macrominerals, include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfur. Microminerals, or trace minerals, are needed in very small amounts and include iron, zinc, copper, iodine, fluoride, chromium, cobalt, selenium, manganese, and molybdenum. Calcium is important for bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, enzyme and hormone function. A deficiency can cause osteoporosis while toxicity can lead to hypercalcemia. Good dietary sources include dairy products and leafy greens.
CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE Chester & Wayne is a regional .docxannandleola
CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE
Chester & Wayne is a regional food distribution company. Mr. Chester, CEO, has asked your
assistance in preparing cash-flow information for the last three months of this year. Selected
accounts from an interim balance sheet dated September 30, have the following balances:
Cash $142,100 Accounts payable $354,155
Marketable securities 200,000 Other payables 53,200
Accounts receivable $1,012,500
Inventories 150,388
Mr. Wayne, CFO, provides you with the following information based on experience and
management policy. All sales are credit sales and are billed the last day of the month of sale.
Customers paying within 10 days of the billing date may take a 2 percent cash discount. Forty
percent of the sales is paid within the discount period in the month following billing. An
additional 25 percent pays in the same month but does not receive the cash discount. Thirty
percent is collected in the second month after billing; the remainder is uncollectible. Additional
cash of $24,000 is expected in October from renting unused warehouse space.
Sixty percent of all purchases, selling and administrative expenses, and advertising expenses is
paid in the month incurred. The remainder is paid in the following month. Ending inventory is
set at 25 percent of the next month's budgeted cost of goods sold. The company's gross profit
averages 30 percent of sales for the month. Selling and administrative expenses follow the
formula of 5 percent of the current month's sales plus $75,000, which includes depreciation of
$5,000. Advertising expenses are budgeted at 3 percent of sales.
Actual and budgeted sales information is as follows:
Actual: Budgeted:
August $750,000 October $826,800
September 787,500 November 868,200
December 911,600
January 930,000
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
Questions (use of spreadsheet software is recommended):
1. Prepare a cash budget for each month of the fourth quarter and for the quarter in total.
Prepare supporting schedules as needed. (Round all budge.
CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervos.docxannandleola
"CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervosa 1. Repeated binge-eating episodes. 2. Repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors (e.g., forced vomiting) to prevent weight gain. 3. Symptoms take place at least weekly for a period of 3 months. 4. Inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneself. (Based on APA, 2013.) Rita was a 26-year-old manager of a local Italian restaurant and lived in the same city as her parents. Her childhood was not a happy one. Her parents divorced when she was about 5 years of age. She and her three older brothers remained with their mother, who often seemed overwhelmed with her situation and unable to run the household effectively. Rita would often refer to her childhood as utterly chaotic, as if no one were in charge. Within a 12-month period, 1 percent to 1.5 percent of individuals will meet the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa; at least 90 percent of cases occur in females (APA, 2013). She nevertheless muddled through. When her brothers were finally all off to college or beyond, Rita entered high school, and the household seemed more manageable. Ultimately, she developed a close relationship with her mother, indeed too close, Rita suspected. Her mother seemed like her closest friend, at times the entire focus of her social life. They were both women alone, so to speak, and relied heavily on one another for comfort and support, preventing Rita from developing serious friendships. The two often went shopping together. Rita would give her mother an update on the most recent fashion trends, and her mother would talk to Rita about “how important it is to look good and be put together in this day and age.” Rita didn’t mind the advice, but sometimes she did wonder if her mother kept saying that as a way of telling her that she didn’t think she looked good. Rita later attended a local public college, majoring in business. However, she quit after 3 years to take a job at the restaurant. She had begun working in the restaurant part-time while a sophomore and after 2 years was offered the position of daytime manager. It was a well-paying job, and since her interest was business anyway, Rita figured it made sense to seize an attractive business opportunity. Her mother was not very supportive of her decision to leave college, but Rita reassured her that she intended to go back and finish up after she had worked for a while and saved some money. Just before leaving college, Rita began a serious relationship with a man whom she met at school. Their interest in each other grew, and they eventually got engaged. Everything seemed to be going well when out of the blue, her fiancé’s mental state began to deteriorate. Ultimately he manifested a pattern of schizophrenia and had to be hospitalized. As his impairment extended from days to months and then to more than a year, Rita finally had to end the engagement; she had to pick up the pieces and go on without him. She felt .
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Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by porous and fragile bones. It leads to an increased risk of fractures, especially in the hip, spine, and wrist. One in five people with a hip fracture due to osteoporosis will end up in a nursing home within a year. Maintaining strong bones requires adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, weight-bearing exercise, and avoiding risk factors like smoking. A DEXA scan can diagnose osteoporosis by measuring bone mineral density and comparing to norms for young healthy individuals.
This document discusses bone health and osteoporosis in people with epilepsy. It notes that epilepsy and anti-seizure medications can increase the risk of osteoporosis. Maintaining bone health requires adequate nutrition, exercise, sleep, and hydration. Osteoporosis screening is recommended, and treatment options like calcium supplements, vitamin D, and medications can help if osteoporosis is diagnosed. Lifestyle factors and medication choices impact bone remodeling throughout life.
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Osteoporosis is a disease where bone density decreases and bones become more fragile and prone to fractures. It affects over 10 million Americans, especially post-menopausal women. To prevent and slow bone loss, one should get enough calcium and vitamin D through foods or supplements, do weight-bearing exercise, and protect themselves from falls. Bone density tests can detect osteoporosis early before fractures occur. Medications may be needed if bone loss has progressed to osteopenia or osteoporosis.
The document discusses several important minerals and trace elements required by the human body. It covers macro minerals like calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium which are needed in larger amounts. It also discusses trace minerals or micro minerals like iron, zinc, iodine and copper which are needed in smaller quantities. For each mineral, it provides information on sources, recommended dietary allowances, functions in the body, deficiency and toxicity risks. It emphasizes the role of minerals in bone health, energy production, cell function, blood pressure regulation and other vital processes.
Osteoporosis is a disease where bones become brittle and weak, increasing the risk of fractures. It occurs when the body loses more bone than it forms, reducing bone density. Common symptoms include back pain, loss of height, and fractures of the spine, wrists and hips. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, smoking, excessive alcohol, low calcium intake, and medical conditions or medications that reduce bone density. Diagnosis involves tests like DXA scans to measure bone mineral density. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, medications, and fall prevention to reduce fractures and complications.
Calcium is essential for building strong bones and maintaining bone density as we age. Our bones absorb most calcium during childhood and adolescence, so it is important to consume adequate calcium from foods like dairy, soy, leafy greens and fortified foods starting at a young age. Not getting enough calcium can lead to osteoporosis, a disease where bones become brittle and prone to breaking. In addition to calcium, vitamin D is needed to help the body absorb calcium from foods. The document provides recommendations for daily calcium and vitamin D intake at different life stages to support bone health.
Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and can easily break. It has no symptoms in its early stages and is a public health threat to more than 44 million Americans. In this community lecture given live on our Berkeley Heights, NJ campus, Dr. Toscano-Zukor, explains how to identify your risk factors for osteoporosis as well as prevent and treat this disease.
Osteoporosis is a disease where bones become brittle and weak, increasing the risk of fractures. It is caused by low bone mineral density due to an imbalance in the bone remodeling process as the body makes less new bone than it breaks down. Risk factors include age, female sex, small body frame, family history, medications, and lack of exercise. It is diagnosed through bone density scans and treated through lifestyle changes like exercise and diet with adequate calcium and vitamin D, as well as prescription medications. Preventing osteoporosis requires building strong bones during childhood and maintaining bone health with exercise and nutrition throughout life.
Lactose intolerance occurs when the body does not produce enough lactase to digest lactose in dairy products, leading to gas, cramps, and diarrhea. While some studies found people with lactose intolerance are at higher risk for osteoporosis due to lower calcium intake, other studies did not find this link. Regardless, people with lactose intolerance should focus on meeting calcium and vitamin D needs through supplements and lactose-reduced dairy to build strong bones and prevent osteoporosis.
Our bones are constantly being remodeled through bone building and loss. During younger years, bone building exceeds loss but later in life loss increases. Osteoporosis occurs when bone loss causes bones to weaken and fracture more easily, especially in the hip, wrist and spine. Risk factors include being female, older age, family history, low body weight, smoking, excessive alcohol, eating disorders and some medications. Preventing osteoporosis involves regular weight-bearing exercise, sufficient calcium and vitamin D, medication if needed, and not smoking. Bone density tests can identify osteoporosis before fractures occur.
This document provides information about osteoporosis including goals of education, personal stories, statistics, risk factors, prevention methods, bone density testing, and treatment options. The goal is to increase awareness of osteoporosis, risk factors, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Prevention methods discussed include maintaining sufficient calcium and vitamin D intake through diet and supplements, engaging in weight bearing exercise, avoiding smoking and excessive caffeine/alcohol, and addressing other controllable risk factors. Bone density testing and medications are also covered as part of a comprehensive approach.
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The document discusses treatment for calcium and vitamin C deficiencies through the effervescent tablet Carben C, which contains calcium lactate gluconate, calcium carbonate, and vitamin C. Carben C helps regulate bone calcium and reduces the risk of fractures by increasing bone density, making it suitable for conditions like osteoporosis, pregnancy, and the elderly. The presentation provides information on Carben C's ingredients, dosage, benefits, competitors, and target doctors.
This presentation focuses on calcium intake and calcium deficiencies. Calcium is essential for building strong bones and teeth and maintaining bone density. It is also important for nerve and muscle function. The recommended daily intake varies depending on age and physiological state. Dietary sources of calcium include dairy products, leafy greens, fish, and fortified foods. Calcium balance is regulated by hormones like parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Deficiencies can increase the risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures.
This presentation focuses on calcium intake and calcium deficiencies. Calcium is essential for building strong bones and teeth and maintaining bone density. It is also important for nerve and muscle function. The recommended daily intake varies depending on age and physiological state. Dietary sources of calcium include dairy products, leafy greens, fish, and fortified foods. Calcium balance is regulated by hormones like parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Deficiencies can increase the risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures.
The document summarizes recent research on vitamin D and its links to various chronic diseases. It finds that vitamin D is important for calcium absorption and other body functions, and recommends getting adequate vitamin D through sunlight exposure, dietary sources like fatty fish and fortified foods, and supplements if needed. Getting enough vitamin D may help reduce the risk of diseases like cancer, heart disease, and osteoporosis.
Bone health is important to maintain strong bones and prevent osteoporosis. Key factors that impact bone health include exercise, diet, lifestyle habits, and supplements if needed. A balanced diet high in calcium-rich foods like greens, soybeans, and fatty fish can help maintain strong bones. Weight-bearing exercise is important for building bone density. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle without smoking or excess alcohol/sugar is also beneficial for bone health. Supplements like vitamin D may be necessary if dietary intake is insufficient. Regular medical screening can detect osteoporosis early before fractures occur.
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Minerals are inorganic elements needed by the body in small amounts. Major minerals, also called macrominerals, include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfur. Microminerals, or trace minerals, are needed in very small amounts and include iron, zinc, copper, iodine, fluoride, chromium, cobalt, selenium, manganese, and molybdenum. Calcium is important for bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, enzyme and hormone function. A deficiency can cause osteoporosis while toxicity can lead to hypercalcemia. Good dietary sources include dairy products and leafy greens.
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CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE Chester & Wayne is a regional .docxannandleola
CASE 6B – CHESTER & WAYNE
Chester & Wayne is a regional food distribution company. Mr. Chester, CEO, has asked your
assistance in preparing cash-flow information for the last three months of this year. Selected
accounts from an interim balance sheet dated September 30, have the following balances:
Cash $142,100 Accounts payable $354,155
Marketable securities 200,000 Other payables 53,200
Accounts receivable $1,012,500
Inventories 150,388
Mr. Wayne, CFO, provides you with the following information based on experience and
management policy. All sales are credit sales and are billed the last day of the month of sale.
Customers paying within 10 days of the billing date may take a 2 percent cash discount. Forty
percent of the sales is paid within the discount period in the month following billing. An
additional 25 percent pays in the same month but does not receive the cash discount. Thirty
percent is collected in the second month after billing; the remainder is uncollectible. Additional
cash of $24,000 is expected in October from renting unused warehouse space.
Sixty percent of all purchases, selling and administrative expenses, and advertising expenses is
paid in the month incurred. The remainder is paid in the following month. Ending inventory is
set at 25 percent of the next month's budgeted cost of goods sold. The company's gross profit
averages 30 percent of sales for the month. Selling and administrative expenses follow the
formula of 5 percent of the current month's sales plus $75,000, which includes depreciation of
$5,000. Advertising expenses are budgeted at 3 percent of sales.
Actual and budgeted sales information is as follows:
Actual: Budgeted:
August $750,000 October $826,800
September 787,500 November 868,200
December 911,600
January 930,000
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
The company will acquire equipment costing $250,000 cash in November. Dividends of $45,000
will be paid in December.
The company would like to maintain a minimum cash balance at the end of each month of
$120,000. Any excess amounts go first to repayment of short-term borrowings and then to
investment in marketable securities. When cash is needed to reach the minimum balance, the
company policy is to sell marketable securities before borrowing.
Questions (use of spreadsheet software is recommended):
1. Prepare a cash budget for each month of the fourth quarter and for the quarter in total.
Prepare supporting schedules as needed. (Round all budge.
CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervos.docxannandleola
"CASE 9 Bulimia Nervosa Table 9-1 Dx Checklist Bulimia Nervosa 1. Repeated binge-eating episodes. 2. Repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors (e.g., forced vomiting) to prevent weight gain. 3. Symptoms take place at least weekly for a period of 3 months. 4. Inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneself. (Based on APA, 2013.) Rita was a 26-year-old manager of a local Italian restaurant and lived in the same city as her parents. Her childhood was not a happy one. Her parents divorced when she was about 5 years of age. She and her three older brothers remained with their mother, who often seemed overwhelmed with her situation and unable to run the household effectively. Rita would often refer to her childhood as utterly chaotic, as if no one were in charge. Within a 12-month period, 1 percent to 1.5 percent of individuals will meet the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa; at least 90 percent of cases occur in females (APA, 2013). She nevertheless muddled through. When her brothers were finally all off to college or beyond, Rita entered high school, and the household seemed more manageable. Ultimately, she developed a close relationship with her mother, indeed too close, Rita suspected. Her mother seemed like her closest friend, at times the entire focus of her social life. They were both women alone, so to speak, and relied heavily on one another for comfort and support, preventing Rita from developing serious friendships. The two often went shopping together. Rita would give her mother an update on the most recent fashion trends, and her mother would talk to Rita about “how important it is to look good and be put together in this day and age.” Rita didn’t mind the advice, but sometimes she did wonder if her mother kept saying that as a way of telling her that she didn’t think she looked good. Rita later attended a local public college, majoring in business. However, she quit after 3 years to take a job at the restaurant. She had begun working in the restaurant part-time while a sophomore and after 2 years was offered the position of daytime manager. It was a well-paying job, and since her interest was business anyway, Rita figured it made sense to seize an attractive business opportunity. Her mother was not very supportive of her decision to leave college, but Rita reassured her that she intended to go back and finish up after she had worked for a while and saved some money. Just before leaving college, Rita began a serious relationship with a man whom she met at school. Their interest in each other grew, and they eventually got engaged. Everything seemed to be going well when out of the blue, her fiancé’s mental state began to deteriorate. Ultimately he manifested a pattern of schizophrenia and had to be hospitalized. As his impairment extended from days to months and then to more than a year, Rita finally had to end the engagement; she had to pick up the pieces and go on without him. She felt .
Case 9 Bulimia Nervosa in Gorenstein and Comer (2014)Rita was a.docxannandleola
Rita is a 26-year-old woman who struggles with bulimia nervosa. She engages in binge eating episodes 2-3 times per week, consuming over 4,000 calories in a single sitting. After binges, she purges through vomiting to avoid weight gain. Rita is preoccupied with her weight and body image. Though her weight is in the normal range, she is highly critical of her body and engages in frequent weighing, clothing comparisons, and mirror checking. Her disordered eating patterns have become more severe over time, further compromising her physical and mental health.
Case 8.1 Pros and Cons of Balkan Intervention59Must the a.docxannandleola
Case 8.1 Pros and Cons of Balkan Intervention59
“Must the agony of Bosnia-Herzegovina be regarded, with whatever regrets, as somebody else’s trouble?
We don’t think so, but the arguments on behalf of that view deserve an answer. Among them are the
following:
The Balkan conflict is a civil war and unlikely to spread beyond the borders of the former
Yugoslavia. Wrong. Belgrade has missiles trained on Vienna. Tito’s Yugoslavia claimed, by way of
Macedonia, that northern Greece as far south as Thessaloniki belonged under its sovereignty. Those
claims may return. ‘Civil’ war pitting non-Slavic Albanians against Serbs could spread to Albania,
Turkey, Bulgaria, and Greece.
The United States has no strategic interest in the Balkans. Wrong. No peace, no peace dividend.
Unless the West can impose the view that ethnic purity can no longer be the basis for national
sovereignty, then endless national wars will replace the Cold War. This threat has appeared in
genocidal form in Bosnia. If it cannot be contained here, it will erupt elsewhere, and the Clinton
administration’s domestic agenda will be an early casualty.
If the West intervenes on behalf of the Bosnians, the Russians will do so on behalf of the Serbs, and
the Cold War will be reborn. Wrong. The Russians have more to fear from ‘ethnic cleansing’ than
any people on Earth. Nothing would reassure them better than a new, post-Cold War Western
policy of massive, early response against the persecution of national minorities, including the
Russian minorities found in every post-Soviet republic. The Russian right may favor the Serbs, but
Russian self-interest lies elsewhere.
The Serbs also have their grievances. Wrong. They do, but their way of responding to these
grievances, according to the State Department’s annual human rights report, issued this past week,
‘dwarfs anything seen in Europe since Nazi times.’ Via the Genocide Convention, armed
intervention is legal as well as justified.
The UN peace plan is the only alternative. Wrong. Incredibly, the plan proposes the reorganization
of Bosnia-Herzegovina followed by a cease-fire. A better first step would be a UN declaration that
any nation or ethnic group proceeding to statehood on the principle of ethnic purity is an outlaw
state and will be treated as such. As now drafted, the UN peace plan, with a map of provinces that
not one party to the conflict accepts, is really a plan for continued ‘ethnic cleansing.’”
Case 8.2 Images, Arguments, and the Second Persian Gulf Crisis, 1990–
1991
The analysis of policy arguments can be employed to investigate the ways that policymakers represent or
structure problems (Chapter 3). We can thereby identify the images, or problem representations, that
shape processes of making and justifying decisions. For example, during times of crisis, the images which
United States policymakers have of another country affect deliberations about the use of peacekeeping
and negotiation, the imposition of economic sanctions, o.
Case 6-2 Not Getting Face Time at Facebook—and Getting the Last La.docxannandleola
Case 6-2 Not Getting Face Time at Facebook—and Getting the Last Laugh!
In August 2009, Facebook turned down job applicant Brian Acton, an experienced engineer who had previously worked at Yahoo and Apple. More than 4 years later, Facebook paid him $3 billion to acquire his 20% stake of WhatsApp, a start-up he had cofounded immediately after Facebook rejected his job application.(1) WhatsApp Messenger is a proprietary, cross-platform, instant-messaging subscription service for smartphones and selected feature phones that use the Internet for communication. In addition to text messaging, users can send each other images, video, and audio media messages, as well as their location using integrated mapping features.(2) How could Facebook, a highly successful firm, have made such a drastic mistake?
Back in 2009, Brian Acton was a software engineer who was out of work for what seemed like a very long time. He believed he had what it took to make a difference in the industry, but his career did not work out as planned. Even though he spent years at Apple and Yahoo, he got rejected many times by Twitter and Facebook.(3) Acton described the details of the interview process that he failed to do well in as follows:
First of all, interviewing a person for a job that requires technical skills is difficult for both the interviewer and the interviewee. Facebook is a highly desirable firm to work for and requires the best skills and talents from all of their potential employees. It is therefore not surprising that the selection process rivals, if not tops, any company in the industry. The process starts with an email or a phone call from a recruiter in response to an online application or [to] a recommendation from a friend who may work for Facebook. Sometimes, in the initial chat online, timed software coding challenges are set to find the best performers. If this chat goes well, an applicant will go on to the next level—an initial in-person interview or phone screening.(4)
In this next hurdle, the applicant will have a 45-minute chat with a fellow engineer/potential coworker, [with] whom he or she shares the same area of expertise. They will tell you about their job and what their role is in Facebook; then they ask about the applicant’s résumé, motivation, and interests. Additionally, the applicant will be tested about his or her technical skills, coding exercises, and programming abilities.(5)
If successful, the applicant will be invited for back-to-back interviews. This part of the process is very grueling and stressful since all the interviews take place throughout a single day. The candidate will also be asked to manually write a program on a whiteboard to make sure that the applicant is knowledgeable about program writing. The goal in this final step is to see how one approaches a problem and comes up with a solution [that] is simple enough to solve in 10–30 minutes and can be easily explained.(6)
As a potential coworker, the applicant will be te.
Case 6.4 The Case of the Poorly Performing SalespersonEd Markham.docxannandleola
Case 6.4 The Case of the Poorly Performing Salesperson
Ed Markham, the African American sales manager at WCTV, is considering how to handle a problem with one of his salespersons, Jane Folsom, who is White. Ed was promoted to sales manager three months ago after working at WCTV for 2 years. He earned his promotion by exceeding sales goals every month after his first on the job. He developed a research report using secondary data like MRI and the Lifestyle Market Analyst to analyze the market. His former boss praised the report, gave a copy to all salespersons, and included a summary of it in the rate card. When his former boss left for a new job in a larger market, he recommended Ed as his replacement.
Jane has been a salesperson at WCTV for 2 years. For most of that time, she has exceeded sales quotas about as much as Ed had. For the past 3 months, she has not met sales quotas. After his second month as sales manager, Ed talked to Jane about her performance. She attributed her below-average performance to the closing of a major advertiser, Anthony’s Fashions. This local clothing store closed because several major retailers, including JC Penney and Dillard’s, had opened at the local mall.
Ed listened to Jane’s explanation and then suggested ways to obtain new clients. He asked Jane whether she had set personal sales goals, set up a prospect file of new and inactive advertisers as well as existing businesses that were potential clients, come up with research and data on the market to use in presentations and reports to clients, come up with new ideas or opportunities to advertise for clients, or asked her clients about their needs and goals (Shaver, 1995). Jane said no, she simply telephoned or visited her clients regularly to see if they wanted to run ads.
Ed also asked Jane why several of her clients had not paid their bills. He explained that a salesperson must check out a client’s ability to pay before running a schedule. Jane replied that she was not aware of that fact and that no one had ever trained her to sell. She had sold time for a radio station before, but that was all the training she had. Ed’s predecessor had just hired her and cut her loose.
Ed gave Jane a memo after their first meeting a month ago asking her to focus on sales training for the next month. First, she should read Shaver’s (1995) Making the Sale! How to Sell Media With Marketing. He gave her a copy, told her to read it, and asked her to contact him if she had any questions. After reading the book, he told her that she should establish written personal sales goals, begin to develop a prospect file (with two new and two inactive clients), and develop three ideas for new advertising opportunities for existing clients. In the memo, Ed told Jane that he would not hold her to sales performance standards that month. He wanted Jane to focus on doing the background work he assigned to help her improve her future sales performance.
At the meeting a month later, Ed discovered.
Case 5.6Kelo v City of New London545 U.S. 469 (2005)Ye.docxannandleola
Case 5.6
Kelo v City of New London
545 U.S. 469 (2005)
Yes, Actually, They Can Take That Away From You
Facts
In 1978, the city of New London, Connecticut, undertook a redevelopment plan for purposes of creating a redeveloped area in and around the existing park at Fort Trumbull. The plan sought to develop the related ambience a state park should have, including the absence of pink cottages and other architecturally eclectic homes. Part of the redevelopment plan was the city’s deal with Pfizer Corporation for the location of its research facility in the area. The preface to the city’s development plan included the following statement of goals and purpose:
To create a development that would complement the facility that Pfizer was planning to build, create jobs, increase tax and other revenues, encourage public access to and use of the city’s waterfront, and eventually “build momentum” for the revitalization of the rest of the city, including its downtown area.
The affected property owners, including Susette Kelo, live in homes and cottages (15 total) located in and around other existing structures that would be permitted to stay in the area designated for the proposed new structures (under the city’s economic development plan) that would be placed there primarily by private land developers and corporations. The city was assisted by a private, nonprofit corporation, the New London Development Corporation (NLDC), in the development of the economic plan and piloting it through the various governmental processes, including that of city council approval. The central focus of the plan was getting Pfizer to the Fort Trumbull area (where the homeowners and their properties were located) with the hope of a resulting economic boost that such a major corporate employer can bring to an area.
Kelo and the other landowners whose homes would be razed to make room for Pfizer and the accompanying and resulting economic development plan filed suit challenging New London’s legal authority to take their homes. The trial court issued an injunction preventing New London from taking certain of the properties but allowing others to be taken. The appellate court found for New London on all the claims, and the landowners (petitioners) appealed.
Judicial Opinion
STEVENS, Justice Two polar propositions are perfectly clear. On the one hand, it has long been accepted that the sovereign may not take the property of A for the sole purpose of transferring it to another private party B, even though A is paid just compensation. On the other hand, it is equally clear that a State may transfer property from one private party to another if future “use by the public” is the purpose of the taking; the condemnation of land for a railroad with common-carrier duties is a familiar example. Neither of these propositions, however, determines the disposition of this case.
The disposition of this case therefore turns on the question whether the City’s development plan serves a “public purpos.
CASE 5.10 FIBREBOARD PAPER PRODUCTS CORP. V. NLRB SUPREME COURT OF.docxannandleola
CASE 5.10 FIBREBOARD PAPER PRODUCTS CORP. V. NLRB SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, 379 U.S. 203 (1964).
[After receiving union proposals for contract revisions for the benefit of the maintenance workers at the company’s Emeryville, California, plant, the company advised the union that negotiations for a new contract would be pointless because it had definitely decided to contract out the work performed by the employees covered by the agreement upon the expiration of the agreement. The company planned to replace these employees with an independent contractor’s employees and expected that substantial savings would be effected by this contracting-out of the work. The Board ordered the company to reinstate the maintenance operation with the union employees, reinstate the employees with back pay, and fulfill its statutory bargaining obligation. The court of appeals granted the Board’s enforcement petition, and the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case.]
WARREN, C. J.... I. Section 8(a)(5) of the National Labor Relations Act provides that it shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer “to refuse to bargain collectively with the representatives of his employees.” Collective bar- gaining is defined in Section 8(d)
as the performance of the mutual obligation of the employer and the representative of the employees to meet at reasonable times and confer in good faith with respect to wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment.
“Read together, these provisions establish the obligation of the employer and the representative of its employees to bargain with each other in good faith with respect to ‘wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment....’ The duty is limited to those subjects, and within that area neither is legally obligated to yield. Labor Board v. American Ins. Co., 343 U.S. 395. As to other matters, however, each party is free to bargain or not to bargain....” Labor Board v. Wooster Div. of Borg-Warner Corp., 356 U.S. 342, 349. Because of the limited grant of certiorari, we are concerned here only with whether the subject upon which the employer allegedly refused to bargain— contracting out of plant maintenance work previously performed by employees in the bargaining unit, which the employees were capable of continuing to perform—is covered by the phrase “terms and conditions of employment” within the meaning of Section 8(d).
The subject matter of the present dispute is well within the literal meaning of the phrase “terms and conditions of employment.”
As the Court of Appeals pointed out, it is not necessary that it be likely or probable that the union will yield or supply a feasible solution but rather that the union be afforded an opportunity to meet management’s legitimate complaints that its maintenance was unduly costly.
We are thus not expanding the scope of mandatory bargaining to hold, as we do now, that the type of “contracting out” involved in this case—the replacement of employees in the exi.
Case 4 The McDonald’s China Food Supplier Scandal1. What we.docxannandleola
Case 4:
The McDonald’s China Food Supplier Scandal
1. What were the root causes for Husi’s misbehavior?
2. What are the major challenges faced by the multinationals such as McDonald’s in supply chain management in China?
3. Should McDonald’s be held responsible for the scandal? How could McDonald’s avoid similar situations from happening again?
4. Should OSI be held responsible for the scandal? What should OSI do to prevent similar situations from happening again?
.
Case 3 Neesha Wilson Phoenix Rising Risks, Protective Factors, and.docxannandleola
Neesha Wilson, a 10-year-old African American girl, was referred for assessment by her school due to poor academic performance and behavioral issues. She lives with her mother and older brother, as her father left the family 3 years ago. Testing showed Neesha's intellectual abilities were likely underestimated and her academic skills were well above grade level, though she was repeating 4th grade. Neesha reported worries about school performance and family stressors, and showed signs of anxiety through somatic symptoms like fatigue. While most scores were normal, elevated scales indicated concerns with negative mood, physiological arousal, and somatic complaints.
Case 48 Sun Microsystems Done by Nour Abdulaziz Maryam .docxannandleola
Case 48: Sun Microsystems
Done by: Nour Abdulaziz
Maryam Barifah
Shrouq Al-Jaadi
Balqees Mekhalfi
Yara El-Feki
Introduction
•In 2009, Oracle was planning to acquire Sun Microsystems.
•This acquisition would allow Oracle;
•to further diversify their brand, customers and acquire various new platforms that would be added to their portfolio such as MySQL, Solaris and Java.
•Oracle originally placed an offer of $9.50 per share price which is considerably higher than Sun Microsystem’s price that is $6.69.
•This will cut the production costs and make the company more efficient throughout all the value chain.
•Oracle aimed to capitalize on Sun Microsystem’s decline by getting particular assets or the whole company at the deflated price.
Is Sun Microsystems a good strategic fit for Oracle? Should Oracle acquire Sun Microsystems?
- as it will allow them to achieve their vision of becoming the Apple of the software industry.
- it will allow the company to deliver high-quality customer products by combining both hardware and software components, hence reducing the consumer setup process.
Continue
It will provide Oracle with the needed expansion.
-This acquisition fits Oracle’s overall strategy which is to improve through acquiring and effectively integrating other companies
Worth of Sun Microsystems and Valuation Approaches
To know how much Sun Microsystems worth, we must find the Stand Alone Value of the company.
The Stand Alone value represents the present value of Sun Microsystem individually before factoring the synergy that would be created when Oracle acquires Sun.
Another method is the value of Sun Microsystem with synergies, which after being acquired by Oracle, must be found. This is done to see whether or not the acquisition was a proper strategic decision or not
Another method of valuing the Sun Microsystem is through the comparative company analysis (CCA). That is done through the thorough assessment of rival and peer businesses of similar size and industry.
Finally, the acquisition price, which is the price that is paid to the target when it is first acquired, is also used as a separate method of valuation. The value of the acquisition price ranges between the values of the stand-alone and the synergies.
USING THE DCF
To be able to find the values of both, the Stand Alone and the synergies, we have decided the best way to do so is by calculating the discounted cash flow (DCF) by using the multiples and the perpetuity growth methods and finding the average of both.
DCF Using Multiples MethodDCF Using Perpetuity Growth MethodIt does not consider long-term growth rate or the economics of business.This method seems inaccurate as the company assumes a certain growth rate will remains the same 2014 onwards (forever) which is unrealistic.It is considered a challenging method to use as it is very difficult to identify truly comparable companies.
USING THE WACC
The weig.
CASE 42 Myasthenia Gravis The immune response turns agai.docxannandleola
CASE 42 Myasthenia Gravis
The immune response turns against the host.
The specific adaptive immune response can, in rare instances, be mounted
against self antigens and cause autoimmune disease. Injury to body tissues
can result from antibodies directed against cell-surface or extracellular-matrix
molecules, from antibodies bound to circulating molecules that deposit as
immune complexes, or from clones of T cells that react with self antigens. A
special class of autoimmune disease is caused by autoantibodies against cell
surface receptors (Fig. 42.1). Graves' disease and myasthenia gravis are two
well-studied examples . Graves' disease is caused by autoantibodies against
the receptor on thyroid cells for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), secreted
by the pituitary gland. In this disease, autoantibody binds to the TSH recep
tor; like TSH, it stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
In myasthenia gravis, the opposite effect is observed: antibodies against the
acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction impede the binding of
acetylcholine and stimulate internalization of the receptor, thereby block
ing the t ransmission of nerve impulses by acetylcholine (Fig. 42.2). In addi
tion, the presence of autoantibodies at the neuromuscular junction initiates
complement-mediated lysis ofthe muscle endplate and damages the muscle
membrane.
Myasthenia gravis means severe (gravis) muscle (my) weakness (asthenia).
This disease was first identified as an autoimmune disease when an immun
ologist immunized rabbits with purified acetylcholine receptors to obtain
antibodies against this receptor. He noticed that the rabbits developed floppy
ears, like the droopy eyelids (ptosis) that are the most characteristic symptom
of myasthenia gravis in humans. Subsequently, patients with this disease
were found to have antibodies against the acetycholine receptor. In addition,
pregnant women with myasthenia gravis transfer the disease to their newborn
infants. As IgG is the only maternal serum protein that crosses the placenta
fro m mother to fetus, neonatal myasthenia gravis is clear evidence that
myasthenia gravis is caused by an anti-IgG antibody. More recently, patients
with myasthenia gravis have been identified who have autoantibodies against
muscle-specific kinase (MUSK) rather than the acetylcholine receptor.
MUSK is a tyrosine kinase receptor involved in clustering acetylcholine
receptors; therefore, these autoantibodies also inhibit signaling through the
neuromuscular junction.
Topics bearing on
this case:
Humoral autoimmunity
Transfer of maternal
antibodies
Mechanisms for
breaking tolerance
This case was prepared by RaifGeha , MD, in collaboration with Janet Chou, MD.
~ Case 42: Myasthenia Gravis
Fig. 42.1 Autoimmune diseases caused
by antibody against surface or matrix
antigens. These are known as type II
autoimmune diseases. Damage by
IgE-mediated responses (type I) does no.
Case 4 JetBlue Delighting Customers Through Happy JettingIn the.docxannandleola
Case 4 JetBlue: Delighting Customers Through Happy Jetting
In the early years, JetBlue was a thriving young airline with a strong reputation for outstanding service. In fact, the low-fare airline referred to itself as a customer service company that just happened to fly planes. But on a Valentine’s Day, JetBlue was hit by the perfect storm, literally, of events that led to an operational meltdown. One of the most severe storms of the decade covered JetBlue’s main hub at New York’s John F. Kennedy International Airport with a thick layer of snow and ice. JetBlue did not have the infrastructure to deal with such a crisis. The severity of the storm, coupled with a series of poor management decisions, left JetBlue passengers stranded in planes on the runway for up to 11 hours. Worse still, the ripple effect of the storm created major JetBlue flight disruptions for six more days. Understandably, customers were livid. JetBlue’s efforts to clean up the mess following the six-day Valentine’s Day nightmare cost over $30 million in overtime, flight refunds, vouchers for future travel, and other expenses. But the blow to the company’s previously stellar customer-service reputation stung far more than the financial fallout. JetBlue became the butt of jokes by late night talk show hosts. Some industry observers even predicted that this would be the end
of JetBlue. But just three years later, the company is not only still flying, it is growing, profitable, and hotter than ever. During a serious economic downturn competing airlines were cut routes, retiring aircraft, laying off employees, and lost money. JetBlue added planes, expanded into new cities, hired thousands of new employees, and turning profits.
Truly Customer Focused What’s the secret to JetBlue’s success? Quite simply, it’s an obsession with making sure that every customer experience lives up to the company slogan, “Happy Jetting.” Lots of companies say they focus on customers. But at JetBlue, customer well-being is ingrained in the culture. From the beginning, JetBlue set out to provide features that would delight customers. For example, most air travelers expect to be squashed when flying coach. But JetBlue has configured its seats with three more inches of legroom than the average airline seat. That may not sound like much. But those three inches allow six-foot three-inch Arianne Cohen, author of The Tall Book: A Celebration of Life from on High, to stretch out and even cross her legs. If that’s not enough, for as little as $10 per flight, travelers can reserve one of JetBlue’s “Even More Legroom” seats, which offer even more space and a flatter recline position. Add the fact that every JetBlue seat is well padded and covered in leather, and you already have an air travel experience that rivals first-class accommodations (something JetBlue doesn’t offer). Food and beverage is another perk that JetBlue customers enjoy. The airline doesn’t serve meals, but it offers the best selection of free.
Case 4-2 Hardee TransportationThe Assignment Answer the four .docxannandleola
Case 4-2 Hardee Transportation
The Assignment: Answer the four (4) questions at the end of Case 4-2
Resources: Course Textbook, Appendix 4B, Table 4B-1, Attached worksheet (Word or Excel format)
Acceptable Length:
Show your work for solution to questions 1 and 2
. Well-written responses to question 3 and 4.
Formatting Requirements:
Enter your name and date
Provide well-structured solutions/answers- incomplete answers will receive partial credit
Show your work
2. Answer case questions,
using the attached word template or excel document
. Complete assignment and submit as an attachment using the assignment link when finished.
.
Case 3-8 Accountant takes on Halliburton and Wins!1. Descri.docxannandleola
Case 3-8 Accountant takes on Halliburton and Wins!
1. Describe the inadequacies in the corporate governance system at Halliburton.
2. Consider the role of KPMG in the case with respect to the accounting and auditing issues. How did the firms’ actions relate to the ethical and professional expectations for CPAs by the accounting profession?
3. The Halliburton case took place before the Dodd-Frank Financial Reform Act was adopted by Congress. Assume Dodd-Frank had been in effect and Menendez decided to inform the SEC under Dodd-Frank rather than SOX because it had been more than 180 days since the accounting violation had occurred. Given the facts of the case would Menendez have qualified for whistleblower protection? Explain.
4. Some critics claim that while Menendez’s actions may have been courageous, he harmed others along the way. His family was in limbo for many years and had to deal with the agony of being labeled a whistleblower and disloyal to Halliburton. The company’s overall revenue did not change; a small amount was merely shifted to an earlier period. Halliburton didn't steal any money, they didn't cheat the IRS, they didn't cheat their customers or their employees. In fact, they lessened their cash flows by paying out taxes earlier than they should have under the rules. How do you respond to these criticisms?
.
Case 3 Ford’s Pinto Fires The Retrospective View of Ford’s Fiel.docxannandleola
Case 3
Ford’s Pinto Fires: The Retrospective View of Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Brief Overview of the Ford Pinto Fires
Determined to compete with fuel- efficient Volkswagen and Japanese imports, the Ford Motor Company introduced the subcompact Pinto in the 1971 model year. Lee Iacocca, Ford’s president at the time, insisted that the Pinto weigh no more than 2,000 pounds and cost no more than $2,000. Even with these restrictions, the Pinto met federal safety standards, although some people have argued that strict adherence to the restrictions led Ford engineers to compromise safety. Some 2 million units were sold during the 10- year life of the Pinto.
The Pinto’s major design flaw— a fuel tank prone to rupturing with moderate speed rear- end collisions— surfaced not too long after the Pinto’s entrance to the market. In April 1974, the Center for Auto Safety petitioned the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to recall Ford Pintos due to the fuel tank design defect. The Center for Auto Safety’s petition was based on reports from attorneys of three deaths and four serious injuries in moderate- speed rear- end collisions involving Pintos. The NHTSA did not act on this petition until 1977. As a result of tests performed for the NHTSA, as well as the extraordinary amount of publicity generated by the problem, Ford agreed, on June 9, 1978, to recall 1.5 million 1971– 1976 Ford Pintos and 30,000 1975– 1976 Mercury Bobcat sedan and hatchback models for modifications to the fuel tank. Recall notices were mailed to the affected Pinto and Bobcat owners in September 1978. Repair parts were to be delivered to all dealers by September 15, 1978.
Unfortunately, the recall was initiated too late for six people. Between June 9 and September 15, 1978, six people died in Pinto fires after a rear impact. Three of these people were teenage girls killed in Indiana in August 1978 when their 1973 Pinto burst into flames after being rear- ended by a van. The fiery deaths of the Indiana teenagers led to criminal prosecution of the Ford Motor Company on charges of reckless homicide, marking the first time that an American corporation
was prosecuted on criminal charges. In the trial, which commenced on January 15, 1980, “Indiana state prosecutors alleged that Ford knew Pinto gasoline tanks were prone to catch fire during rear- end collisions but failed to warn the public or fix the problem out of concern for profits.” On March 13, 1980, a jury found Ford innocent of the charges. Production of the Pinto was discontinued in the fall of 1980.
Enter Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Dennis A. Gioia, currently a professor in the Department of Management and Organization at Pennsylvania State University, was the field recall coordinator at Ford Motor Company as the Pinto fuel tank defect began unfolding. Gioia’s responsibilities included the operational coordination of all the current recall
92 Business Ethics
campaigns, tracking incoming information.
Case 3Competition in the Craft Brewing Industry in 2017John D. Var.docxannandleola
Case 3Competition in the Craft Brewing Industry in 2017
John D. Varlaro
Johnson & Wales University
John E. Gamble
Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi
Locally produced or regional craft beers caused a seismic shift in the U.S. beer industry during the early 2010s with the gains of the small, regional newcomers coming at the expense of such well-known brands as Budweiser, Miller, Coors, and Bud Light. Craft breweries, which by definition sold fewer than 6 million barrels (bbls) per year, expanded rapidly with the deregulation of intrastate alcohol distribution and retail laws and a change in consumer preferences toward unique and high-quality beers. The growing popularity of craft beers allowed the total beer industry in the United States to increase by 6.7 percent annually between 2011 and 2016 to reach $39.5 billion. The production of U.S. craft breweries more than doubled from 11.5 million bbls per year to about 24.6 million bbls per year during that time. In addition, production by microbreweries and brewpubs accounted for 90 percent of craft brewer growth in 2016.1
The industry had begun to show signs of a slowdown going into 2017, with Boston Beer Company, the second largest craft brewery in the United States and known for its Samuel Adams brand, experiencing a 4 percent sales decline in 2016 that erased two years of of growth. The annual revenues of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA, whose portfolio included global brands Budweiser, Corona, and Stella Artois and numerous international and local brands, remained relatively consistent from 2014 to 2016. However, the sales volume of Anheuser-Busch’s flagship brands and its newly acquired and international brands such as Corona, Goose Island, Shock Top, Beck’s, and St. Pauli Girl allowed it to control 45.8 percent of the U.S. market for beer in 2016.2
Industry competition was increasing as grain price fluctuations affected cost structures and growing consolidation within the beer industry—led most notably by AB InBev’s acquisition of several craft breweries, Grupo Modelo, and its pending $104 billion acquisition of SABMiller—created a battle for market share. While the market for specialty beer was expected to gradually plateau by 2020, it appeared that the slowing growth had arrived by 2017. Nevertheless, craft breweries and microbreweries were expected to expand in number and in terms of market share as consumers sought out new pale ales, stouts, wheat beers, pilsners, and lagers with regional or local flairs.The Beer Market
The total economic impact of the beer market was estimated to be 2.0 percent of the total U.S. GDP in 2016 when variables such as jobs within beer production, sales, and distribution were included.3Exhibit 1 presents annual beer production statistics for the United States between 2006 and 2016.
Year
Barrels Produced (in millions)*
2006
198
2007
200
2008
200
2009
197
2010
195
2011
193
2012
196
2013
192
2014
193
2015
191
2016
189
*Rounded to the nearest million. .
CASE 3.2 Ethics, Schmethics-Enrons Code of EthicsIn Jul.docxannandleola
CASE 3.2 "Ethics, Schmethics"-Enron's Code of Ethics
In July 2000, Enron Corporation published an internal code of ethics docu-
ment that ran 64 pages in length (see the Appendix 1).Page 12 of the document
proudly announced the company's position on business ethics:
Employees of Enron Corp., its subsidiaries, and its affiliated companies
(collectively the "Company") are charged with conducting their business
affairs in accordance with the highest ethical standards. An employee
shall not conduct himself or herself in a manner which directly or indi-
rectly would be detrimental to the best interests of the Company or in
a manner which would bring to the employee financial gain separately
derived as a direct consequence of his or her employment with the Com-
pany. Moral as well as legal obligations will be fulfilled openly, promptly,
and in a manner which will reflect pride on the Company's name.
Products and services of the Company will be of the highest quality and
as represented. Advertising and promotion will be truthful, not exagger-
ated or misleading.
Agreements, whether contractual or verbal, will be honored. No bribes,
bonuses, kickbacks, lavish entertainment, or gifts will be given or received
. in exchange for special position, price or privilege . . . Relations with
the Company's many publics-customers, stockholders, governments,
employees, suppliers, press, and bankers-will be conducted in honesty,
candor, and fairness." .- ~ ~ ~ -
Subsequent investigations into the inner workings of Enron Corp. revealed that
the only time this code of ethics received formal attention (other than, presum-
ably,when it was created and formally accepted) was when the board of directors
voted to waive key provisions of the code in order to allow the off-balance-sheet
partnerships that Chief Financial Officer Andy Fastow ultimately used to hide
over half a billion dollars of debt from analysts and investors.
A more realistic picture of the apparent flexibility of Enron's ethical culture
can be found in the extreme conflict of interest represented in its relationship
with Arthur Andersen. Andersen provided both consulting and auditing ser-
vices for fees running into millions of dollars-money that became so critical to
Andersen's continued growth that its employees were encouraged to sign off on
off-balance-sheet transactions-transactions that were not shown on Enron's
publicly-reported balance sheet-that stretched the limits of generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP) to their furthest edges. In addition, Enron hired
former Andersen employees to manage the affairs of their former colleagues,
which further strengthened the conflict of interest in a relationship that was
supposed, at the very least, to be at arm's length, and, at best, above reproach.
1. What is the purpose of a code of ethics?
2. Do you think the employees of Enron Corp. were told about the vote to put
aside key elements of the code of ethics? If not, why not? If they had .
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
MINERALSclassificationMajor mineralsneeded in the bo.docx
1. MINERALS
classification
Major mineralsneeded in the body in the largest amounts
requirements >100 mg/day
calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus
There are many more minerals and trace elements, however, we
will be focusing on the ones that are the most problematic in
human nutrition and those which are important for chronic
disease prevention.
*
Calcium
Main functions:bone/tooth formationregulation of nerve
transmission, blood clotting, contraction of muscleshelps
maintain normal blood pressure
Stored in:99% of the total calcium in the body is stored in the
bones1% of the total calcium in the body is found in the blood
*
2. Calcium stored in the bones serves as a reservoir of calcium. Its
there to help maintain blood calcium levels when intake of
calcium is low.
A chronically poor intake of calcium, over a number of years,
causes a lot of calcium to removed from the bones to supply the
blood (which is used for more immediate needs like muscle
contraction, nerve transmission, etc).
Eventually, calcium loss from the bones results in reduced bone
density and this condition is known as osteoporosis. We will
discuss osteoporosis in a bit.
Calcium has a low bioavailability so anything that you can do to
enhance, and therefore, improve calcium absorption is
important.These are factors which enhance calcium’s
bioavailability:Vitamin D: fortunately one of the best sources of
calcium (milk) also contains Vitamin D. Women taking calcium
supplements should also consider taking a calcium supplement
that has some Vitamin D to help with absorption.Lactose: again,
milk, our best calcium source also contains lactose. (What is
lactose?)Gastric acid: is the acid secreted in your stomach for
digestion; calcium absorption is enhanced in an acidic
environment—since acid is secreted whenever you eat food, its
best to take a calcium supplement with food.Need: any time you
body needs more calcium, during pregnancy and periods of
active growth such as infancy and adolescence, for example, our
bodies can absorb more calcium
Factors which decrease Calcium absorptionToo much fiber in
the diet>35 gms/dayfor most Americans, this is not a problem,
since the average fiber intake is ~10-15 gms/dayAgeAs we age,
we produce less gastric acidExcess use of laxativesToo much
phosphorus in the dietOur main source of phosphorus is soda—
3. and we drink a lot of soda, especially children and teens—which
could be putting thier bones at risk, especially when they
substitute soda for milkVitamin D deficiencyToo much coffee,
tea
Osteoporosis
a chronic, degenerative diseasecharacterized by: bone
lossdecrease in bone density2001: 1.5 million fractures
annuallycosts $17 billion/yr ($47 million per day) prevention is
key
. Bone loss from
osteoporosis
Normal bone
Bone loss occurs primarily in the
hips, spine and wrist
A DEXA scan is used to measure
bone density
Osteoporosis is a major public health threat for an estimated 44
million Americans
In the U.S. today, 10 million individuals are estimated to
4. already have the disease and almost 34 million more are
estimated to have low bone mass, placing them at increased risk
for osteoporosis.
Of the 10 million Americans estimated to have osteoporosis,
eight million are women and 2 million are men.
34 million Americans, or 55% of the people 50 years of age and
older, have low bone mass, which puts them at increased risk of
developing osteoporosis and related fractures.
Significant risk has been reported in people of all ethnic
backgrounds.
While osteoporosis is often thought of as an older person's
disease, it can strike at any age
80% of those affected by osteoporosis are women.
20% of those affected by osteoporosis are men.
One in two women and one in four men over age 50 will have
an osteoporosis-related fracture in their lifetime.
Osteoporosis is responsible for more than 1.5 million fractures
annually, including: 300,000 hip fractures; and approximately
700,000 vertebral fractures, 250,000 wrist fractures; and
300,000 fractures at other sites.
Osteoporosis Risk Factors Increased ageBeing femaleSmall
boned, thin womenPeople with a history of anorexia
nervosaCaucasian/Asian womenFamily historySedentary
lifestyleSmoking, heavy drinkingLong term use of certain
medications such as prednisone
*
Personal history of fracture after age 50
Current low bone mass
5. History of fracture in a 1° relative
Being female
Being thin and/or having a small frame
Advanced age
A family history of osteoporosis
Estrogen deficiency as a result of menopause, especially early
or surgically induced
Abnormal absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea)
Anorexia nervosa
Low lifetime calcium intake
Use of certain medications, such as corticosteroids and
anticonvulsants
Low testosterone levels in men
An inactive lifestyle
Current cigarette smoking
Excessive use of alcohol
Being Caucasian or Asian, although African Americans and
Hispanic Americans are at significant risk as well
Remember what a risk factor is?? It is something that increases
the chances of developing a medical condition
The more risk factors one has, the higher the chance of
developing the medical condition. Having one or even 2 risk
factors does not necessarily mean one will definitely develop a
problem, just that the chances are higher.
Preventing Osteoporosis
Consume adequate calcium and vitamin D in your diet--
throughout life
Get regular physical activity, especially weight bearing exercise
Be moderation in alcohol/caffeine consumption
Prevention is key because currently, there is no cure
6. TreatmentHormone replacement therapy (estrogen)Calcium,
vitamin D supplementsDrugs BisphosphonatesAlendronate
(brand name Fosamax®) Risedronate (brand name Actonel®)
Calcitonin (brand name Miacalcin®)Raloxifene
Bisphosphonates are a family of drugs used to prevent and treat
osteoporosis. alendronate (Fosamax ®) etidronate (Didrocal ®)
risedronate (Actonel ®).How do they work? Bisphosphonates
bind permanently to the surfaces of the bones and slow down
the osteoclasts (bone-eroding cells). This allows the osteoblasts
(bone-building cells) to work more effectively.How effective
are they?Bisphosphonates increase bone density and prevent
fractures of the spine (vertebral fractures).
Calcium Needs
Women
age 19-50 1000 mg
> age 51 1200 mg
pregnancy 1000 mg
Men
age 19-50 1000 mg
Current average intake: 500-600 mg per day---only about
half of what needs are
*
7. Compare what is recommended to what our current intake is in
the US:
500-600 mg/day
We only get about half our needs!
Food sources
milk, cheese, yogurt
foods made with milk/cheese (pudding, pizza)
Calcium fortified orange juice
Calcium fortified soy milk
*
Calcium fortified orange juice and calcium fortified soy milk
both have as much calcium in once serving as a glass of milk!
Calcium supplementsWho should take them? people with lactose
intolerance, people who dislike milkany one with a milk allergy
(not the same thing as being lactose intolerant)
Side effects of calcium supplementsconstipation, gas decreases
iron absorptionif you take an iron supplement for iron
deficiency anemia, or to prevent anemia, take your calcium
supplement and iron supplement at different times of the day
Tips for improving bioavailability from calcium supplements
8. calcium citrate is highly bioavailable (eg: Citracal)
take chewables (Tums with Calcium, Viactiv)
split your doses (take only 500 mg at a time)
take with food
don’t take more than 1500 mg/day
avoid oyster shell calcium, dolomite, bone meal, coral calcium
Phosphorus
Main functions:assists many enzymes/vitamins to extract energy
from ATP—adenosine triphosphate
component of cell membranes
bone structure
Requirementssame as calciumexcess phosphorus, esp. combined
with poor calcium intake, may contribute to bone loss Teens, or
anyone, who drink a lot of soda and little or no milk are
increasing the risk of bone loss…a real problem in the US
9. DeficiencyNone— we have problems with excessive intake in
U.S.
Food sourcesSoft drinks, milk, cheese, baked goods, meat, food
additives
Sodium (Na+)
Sodium chloride (NaCl) known as “table salt”
Main functions:fluid/water balanceconduction of nerve
impulsesglucose transport/absorptionacid-base balance
Physiological requirements: 500 mg/dayThis is the amount we
need every day to prevent a deficiency
Average U.S intake: 5000-8000 mg/day
*
The minimum amount of sodium you need each day is 500 mg.
Compare this to the average amount Americans consume each
day!
Recommended intake for good health <2400
mg/day
10. How does this compare with the average intake in the US?
A grain of salt
*
A magnified view of a grain of salt.
Food sources
Table salt: 1 tsp = 2250 mg
Naturally occurring Na
Food serving size Na+ (mg)
milk 1 cup 120
meat (raw) 3 oz 50
fruits ---- <10
vegetables ½ cup 5-50
Sodium is naturally present in almost all foods—so it is
impossible to have a sodium free diet
*
Sodium is naturally present in almost all foods naturally. A cup
of milk right from the cow contains 120 mg!
Sodium Added During Processing
11. Food serving size Na (mg)
ham 3 oz 1200
bologna 2 slices 580
canned soup 1 can 800-1000
cottage cheese 1 cup 920
McDonalds shake medium 300
dill pickle 1 whole 850
soy sauce 1 tbsp 1029
*
We get most of our sodium from salt added during
processing…not from the salt we add at the table to foods.
Remember what your physiological requirements are….if you
eat one can of soup (not the low sodium kind) you are already
consuming twice your needs and 1/3 of what is recommended
for an entire day.
Sodium content of select foods
Taco bell bean burrito (1) 1100 mg
McD. Quarter Pounder w/cheese 1300mg
Pizza Hut Stuffed Crust Pizza (2 slices)
2850 mg
Chicken wings (12) 1750 mg
Kraft Mac and cheese (1 cup,
prepared) 750 mg
Taco Bell Taco (1) 330 mg
American cheese (1 slice) 300 mg
BK Whopper 900 mg
12. *
Processed foods and fast foods are generally high in sodium.
Sodium: major food sources
canned, cured, smoked meatsbologna, salami, pepperoni,
sausage, ham
canned soups
canned vegetables
Bouillon, Ramen noodles
olives, sauerkraut, anchovies
chips, crackers
seasonings (garlic salt, celery salt), MSG (monosodium
glutamate)
some frozen dinners
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Blood pressurethe measurement of how hard your heart has to
work to pump blood from your heart to the rest of your body
Optimal blood pressure:
systolic <120
diastolic <80
Hypertension
Causes of hypertension:
1. No known cause
this type of hypertension occurs in 90-95% of people
diagnosed with hypertension
13. 2. Kidney disease
kidney disease is the cause of hypertension in only 5-10% of
people with hypertension
The cause of high blood pressure is unknown in the majority of
cases….there are many risk factors, but the exact cause is not
known. For a small percentage of the US population, kidney
disease causes their high blood pressure.
*
SymptomsNone until significant organ damage has
occurredHeadaches, visual problemsHypertension is called the
“silent killer” because there are no symptoms and therefore,
most people do not know they have hypertension
Long term complications of uncontrolled
hypertensionstrokekidney diseaseblindness/impaired visionheart
failure
*
Hypertension is known as “the silent killer” because you can
have high blood pressure for years and years and yet never
know it because there are no outward signs or symptoms.
That is why regular monitoring is important, especially if you
are at high risk. You can have your blood pressure checked free
of charge at most supermarkets and pharmacies.
14. Hypertension
Risk Factorsolder ageas we age, our blood pressure increases
family history
obesity
diabetes/insulin resistanceType 1 or 2smoking, heavy alcohol
intake
African-American descentusually develop high BP at an earlier
age and it can be more severe
heart disease
Hypertension: Prevention
low to moderate sodium consumption
lose weight if overweight
eat a diet high in fruits, vegetables
consume low fat dairy products, whole grains
emphasize poultry, fish, nuts; eat less red meat
get some exercise
*
These are the recommendations to reduce your risk of
developing high blood pressure. If you already have high blood
pressure, these recommendations can also help.
15. The DASH dietThe DASH diet is a plan that has been clinically
proven to help reduce blood pressure
Information regarding the DASH diet is available at the
following
website.http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/
(Or download the pdf file about the dash diet linked on the
syllabus)
Read the article available at the CSPI
website:http://www.cspinet.org/nah/dash.htm
Potassium
Main functions:conduction of nerve impulsescritical in
maintaining the heartbeatfluid and electrolyte balance
Deficiency:90% we eat is absorbed potassium has a high
bioavailabilityLow blood levels may be caused by:excessive
vomiting, prolonged diarrhea, certain diuretics, laxative abuse
*
bioavailability: refers to how much of the nutrient our bodies
can actually absorb from foods.
Potassium
Toxicitycan occur with potassium supplements (KCl)
Food sources
leafy greens (spinach)
oranges, orange juice, broccoli, bananas, tomatoes
16. *
All fruits and vegetables contain potassium…those listed are
especially high in potassium.
2
Assignment 2: Outsourcing Federal Healthcare
Early in their existence, many businesses handle their activities
internally. As businesses mature and grow, they often find
competitive advantage in the specialization provided by outside
firms. This trend is particularly frequent in industries such as
information technology (IT) and healthcare.
The U.S. federal government delivers healthcare through its two
main insurance programs: Medicare and Medicaid. In these
programs, private healthcare providers are reimbursed by
government insurers for health services delivered to insured
citizens.
· Visit the Web sites of Medicare and Medicaid programs for
more information about them.
· Review the article, “Outsourcing: Assessing the Risks and
Benefits for Organizations, Sectors, and Nations” by Harland,
Knight, Lamming, and Walker (2005). The conceptual
framework in this article shows how corporate strategy is
influenced by regulation under the decision node of policy
issues (p. 844).
Based on your analysis of the article and the Web sites, address
the following:
· Identify the main stakeholders in the US federal healthcare
system. In your view, what are their respective goals, wants,
and needs with regard to public health?
· Analyze the current status faced by the federal government in
terms of the strategy being used in its healthcare system.
· Identify strengths and weaknesses of the strategy as well as
opportunities and threats (SWOT analysis) present in the
external environment.
· Propose a new policy to be implemented for optimizing the
17. use of outsourcing in healthcare services to private hospitals
and healthcare practices in order to provide medical services to
the bulk of the US population. This policy should include the
following objectives:
· Lowering costs of the program to reduce federal spending
· Providing highest quality treatment for the insured
· Providing consumer-oriented choice
· Lowering treatment costs for consumers
· Based on your proposal of a new policy, describe the benefits
for at least one stakeholder group you identified in the first
question. Discuss how your outsourcing strategy objectives
satisfy the wants and needs of the specific stakeholder(s).
· Explain the likely outcomes of the outsourcing policy you
recommended. Which stakeholder group benefits the most and
which benefits the least? What are the strategic tradeoffs
implied by your outsourcing recommendation?
Write a 3–4-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards
to citation of sources. Use the following file naming
convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M2_A2.doc.
By Saturday, March 16, 2013, deliver your assignment to
the M2: Assignment 2 Dropbox.
Harland, C., Knight, L., Lamming, R., & Walker, H. (2005).
Outsourcing: Assessing the risks and benefits for organizations,
sectors, and nations. International Journal of Operations &
Production Management, 25 (9/10), 831–850. (ProQuest
Document ID: 232337858)
http://search.proquest.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/docview/
232337858?accountid=34899
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Identified the main stakeholders in the US federal healthcare
system and described their respective goals, wants, and needs
with regard to the public healthcare system according to a
personal evaluation.
20
Analyzed the current status of the healthcare provided by the
18. US government and proposed a new relevant policy to be
implemented for optimizing the use of outsourcing in healthcare
services to private hospitals and healthcare practices in order to
provide medical services to the bulk of the US population.
28
In using the policy proposed, described the benefits for at least
one stakeholder group identified in the first question.
12
Explained the likely outcomes of the outsourcing policy
recommended, including the impact on different stakeholder
groups as well as possible tradeoffs in implementing it.
12
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated
ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of
sources; and displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and
punctuation.
8
Total:
80
Module 3 Overview
This module introduces you to the critical operational
components of excellence. Efficiency, quality, and resource
management under the umbrella of the corporate strategy
contribute to operational excellence. You will explore the
fundamental drivers and measurements of operational
excellence.
Even the most superior strategy is useless if the organization
does not have the capability to implement it and create strategic
fit. Similarly, the best product in the world is valueless to a
customer if it is not available when it is needed. For corporate
customers, a lack of availability often means an increase in
costs and business risk. To prevent these issues, a company
must develop operational excellence which includes the precise
19. management of production capacity and capacity planning,
design and implementation of inventory controls that balance
cost and availability, and the configuration of logistics
necessary to distribute product or services on schedule.
Effectively managing the sequence of activities in the supply
chain depends on many factors, but perhaps the single most
influential factor in operations management is meeting the
quality standards of the company and its many stakeholders.
Quality problems destroy value in the supply chain by
disrupting the sequence of interdependent activities, threatening
availability, and increasing costs.
In the first assignment of this module, you will discuss the
vertical integration and planning approach adopted by General
Electric (GE). The second assignment is LASA 1, for which you
will review an organization’s analysis report and write a report
on how the organization’s aspects such as marketing,
performance measures, and value chain have helped it to
provide values-based services to its customers.
· Configure an organization’s processes to effectively and
efficiently produce goods and services that enable its value
proposition and maintain competitive differentiation.
· Create an operations strategy that aligns with the mission,
values, and business strategy of the organization.
· Synthesize operating data to explain operating performance
and diagnose performance issues, and selectively apply
quantitative tools for improving operating process performance
through enhancements of quality, speed, efficiency, or
productivity.
· Evaluate the ethical and/or global consequences of an
operating plan.
Name: _____________________________________
Date: _____/_____/_____
20. Section: ____________
FN235 Diet Analysis Project
Vitamins, Minerals & Water
20 points
Using your Diet Analysis Reports, classroom notes, & textbook,
answer the following questions:
1. What are vitamins A (beta-carotene), C, & E classified as?
What do they protect our body’s from? Please list 3 specific
health problems or conditions that these nutrients may protect
us from. 3 points
2. How does your intake compare to your recommendation? (is
it “high >100%” “ <100% low” or “~100% adequate”) 1 point
a. Vitamin E
b. Vitamin C
c. Vitamin A
3. What changes could you make to your diet to more closely
meet your recommendations? Provide a 3 examples of foods
which are good sources for each… 3 points
a. Vitamin E
b. Vitamin C
21. c. Vitamin A
4. How many milligrams of sodium do you consume daily?
How does your sodium intake compare to your
recommendation? 1 point
5. Is it acceptable to be below the sodium DRI? Should you
increase or decrease your intake & why? 1 point
6. What are some “big culprits”/in general, what foods are high
in sodium (list at least 3)? 1 point
7. Is there an imbalance between sodium and potassium in your
diet? Why is it important not to create an imbalance between the
two of these? What condition may it lead to? 1 point
8. How much calcium do you consume daily? Does this meet
your recommendation? 1 point
22. 9. Why is calcium so important? What happens if we do not
get enough calcium (think long-term)? With your calcium
intake, are you at risk of any long-term consequences—explain.
2 points
10. What is the link between Calcium & Vitamin D in bone
health? 1 point
11. What foods could you add to your diet to more closely meet
your recommendations? List good sources for each nutrient
which you will add to your diet if you are low 1 points
a. Calcium
b. Vitamin D
12. How much folate do you consume daily? Does this meet
your recommendation? 1 point
23. 13. Why is folate so important? Who REALLY needs to take a
folic acid supplement, how much & why? 2 points
14. How much water do you consume daily? Does this meet
your recommendation? 1 point