MINERALS AND ROCKS GRADE 11

2. At the end of this lesson the students can:
a. define Minerals and their characteristics;
b. understand the common-rock forming minerals using their
physical and chemical properties, and the importance and
use of the common-rock forming minerals, and
c. c. make a survey report about materials/appliances in
their house that contains minerals and identify their
physical and chemical properties

3. Is a naturally occurring,
inorganic, solid material
that has a fixed crystal
structure and a definite
chemical composition.
MINERALS

4. MINERALS

5. Is a scientist trained in
mineralogy or a person
who studies minerals.
MINERALOGIST
GEORGE W. ROBINSON

6. MINERALOGY
The study of
minerals and
their properties.

7. 5 CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS
1. Naturally occurring- not manufacture by
human
2. Inorganic-not part of living organisms
3. Solid- definite volume and shape
4. Crystal Structure- geometric shape
5. Define Chemical Composition- it contains
certain elements

8. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
1. Color
2. Streak
3. Luster
4. Density
5. Specific Gravity
6. Hardness
7. Cleavage and Fracture
8. Crystal Habit

9. 1.Color- this is usually
expressed as the main body
color of the mineral.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

10. 2. Streak- this is the
color of the powdered
form of a mineral.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

11. 3. Luster- this is the
appearance of a mineral
surface in reflected
light.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

12. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

13. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

14. 4. Density- is the mass
per unit volume but is
inconvenient to
measure directly.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

15. 5. Specific Gravity- is
the ratio of the weight
of the mineral to the
weight of the water with
an equal volume.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

16. 6. Hardness- is a
measure of a mineral’s
resistance to
scratching.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

17. Mohs Hardness Scale
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

18. 7. Cleavage and Fracture
• Cleavage- split or
broken along flat surface
• Fracture- mineral
breaks into irregular way
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

19. 8. Crystal Habit- refers to
the growth crystal pattern of
a mineral as single or
aggregated.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

20. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

21. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
1. Solubility- refers the ability of a substance to
dissolve in a solvent at a specified
temperature.
2. Melting Point- refers to the temperature at
which solid turns into liquid.

22. Importance of Minerals
• Minerals play an important role in forming rocks and shaping
Earth’s surface but aside from that they are important to
human’s wealth and welfare. When humans began making
tools out of iron great progress was made in advancing the
world through industries.
• Minerals undergo different geological processes and become
part of or develop into rocks, in which case they become
known as ―rock-forming minerals.

23. Importance of Minerals
• Not all rock-forming minerals contain various types and
amounts of minerals that may be useful to man. If the minerals
found in these rocks are rich with one or more useful
materials, they are referred to as mineral resource.
• Most of the mineral resources used as raw materials for
buildings and other structures require the application of
geological principles and they go through various
processes before they can be used as materials.

24. Importance of Minerals
• In what ways do
you think the
minerals are
helpful to your
life?

25. ROCKS
are naturally-occurring
consolidated substances,
which may be made up of
minerals, other rock pieces,
and fossil materials, such as
shells or plants.

26. 1.Igneous rocks
2.Sedimentary rocks
3.Metamorphic rocks
COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS

27. COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS

28. COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS

29. COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS

30. 1. Quartz- a hard white
or colorless mineral
consisting of silicon
dioxide.
MOST COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS

31. 2. Feldspar-an abundant rock-
forming mineral typically occurring
as colorless or pale-colored
crystals and consisting of
aluminosilicates of potassium,
sodium, and calcium.
MOST COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS

32. MOST COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS
Orthoclase Microcline
Plagioclase

33. 3. Mica-a shiny silicate mineral
with a layered structure, found
as minute scales in granite and
other rocks, or as crystals. It is
used as a thermal or
electrical insulator.
MOST COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS

34. MOST COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS
Muscovite Biotite

35. 4. Pyroxene- they have a
complex crystal structure and
are usually dark-colored and
have a distinctive prismatic
shape.
MOST COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS

36. MOST COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS
Augite Diopside

37. 5. Amphibole- are a diverse
group of silicate minerals that
are typically found in
metamorphic and igneous
rocks.
MOST COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS

38. MOST COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS
Actinolite
Hornblende

39. 6. Olivine- they are named
after their olive-green color,
but they can also appear in
shades of yellow-green, brown,
or black.
MOST COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS

40. QUIZ 2.
Instruction: In a ¼ sheet of paper, write the letter of your answer.
1. Which of the following physical properties is likely to be most useful in identifying a
mineral?
a. color c. hardness
b. luster d. crystal form
2. Which of the following minerals is the hardest according to the Mohs' scale of
hardness?
a. quartz
b. calcite
c. fluorite
d. gypsum
3. You encounter a clear mineral in a vein within a rock, which your instructor tells you
is
either quartz, calcite, or gypsum. You can scratch it with your pocketknife, but not your
fingernail. Which is it?
a. gypsum
b. calcite
c. quartz
d. can't tell from the information

41. QUIZ 2.
4. Friedrich Mohs developed a classification scheme for minerals based on
a. chemical composition
b. hardness
c. location of occurrence
d. color
5. Why can't color alone be very useful in mineral identification?
a. Many minerals have the same color.
b. One mineral can have many different colors.
c. The presence of one element can cause many colors.
d. all of the answers
6. Which of the following groups of minerals is most common in the earth's crust?
a. oxides
b. silicates
c. ore minerals
d. sulfates
7. What property of mineral observes the rate how the mineral dissolves?
a. Specific gravity
b. Cleavage
c. Color
d. Solubility

42. QUIZ 2.
8. This is a property of mineral that determines the relative heaviness of a mineral.
a. Specific gravity
b. Cleavage
c. Color
d. Solubility
9. Which of the following properties of mineral is affected by the perception of the
observer?
a. Specific gravity
b.
c. Color
d. Solubility
10. What property of mineral observes how the mineral breaks into thin sheets?
a. Specific gravity
b. Cleavage
c. Color
d. Solubility

43. Thank You
For
Listening !