middle childhood period

1. MIDDLE
CHILDHOOD Presented by: Rabia
Javed Iqbal

2. MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
 Ages 7 through 11 comprise middle childhood.
 Some authorities divide middle childhood into early-middle (ages
7–9) and late-middle (ages 10–11) periods.

3. Physical Development in Middle Childhood
• Most girls experience a preadolescent growth spurt around age 9 or
10
• Most boys experience the same growth spurt around age 11 or 12.
• Children who do not receive adequate nutrition or medical attention
may be at risk for stunted or delayed growth development.

4. Physical changes
• Reach puberty.
• Secondary sexual characteristics make distinguishing females from
males much easier.
• Grow about 2 to 3 inches.
• Gain about 7 pounds.
• Skeletal bones and muscles broaden and lengthen.
• Losing the deciduous teeth, or baby teeth.

5. Brain and nervous system development
• Growth of frontal lobes which are responsible for planning,
reasoning, social judgment, and ethical decision making, among other
functions.
• Damage to this part of brain results in erratic emotional outbursts,
inability to plan, and poor judgment.
• Growth of pre-fontal cortex, which appears to be responsible for
personality.
• Maturation of the corpus callosum

6. Motor skills
• Gross motor skills: run, jump, leap, throw, catch, climb, and balance,
play baseball, ride bikes, roller skate, take karate lessons, take ballet
lessons, and participate in gymnastics
• Fine motor skills: cut, paste, mold, shape, draw, paint, create, write,
tying shoelaces, untying knots, and flossing their teeth, music lessons
for piano, violin, flute, or other instruments.

7. Health
• Minor illnesses: cold, coughs, and stomachaches
• Major illnesses: influenza, pneumonia, cancer, human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS), obesity

8. Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
• Keener metacognition
• Piaget referred to the cognitive development occurring between ages
7 and 11 as the concrete operations stage.
• Serial ordering
• Stable identity
• Egocentrism

9. Memory
• Use mnemonic devices, or memory strategies.
1. Creating humorous lyrics
2. Devising acronyms
3. Chunking facts (breaking long lists of items into groups of three’s and four’s)
4. Rehearsing facts
• Cooperative learning
• Didactic learning

10. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• According to Erikson: to attain industry, or the feeling of social
competence.
• Competition (athletics, daredevil activities)
• Numerous social adjustments (trying to make and keep friends) mark
this developmental stage.
• Successfully developing industry helps a child build self-esteem, or an
evaluative attitude toward the self, which in turn builds the self-
confidence.

11. Self-Concept in Middle Childhood
• Supportive and loving parents, teachers, and friends who make the
children feel competent foster this type of development.
• The more positive experiences that children have excelling in one or
more areas, the more likely that these children will develop the self-
confidence necessary to confront new social challenges.
• Self-esteem, self-worth, self-regulation, and self-confidence
ultimately form a child’s self-concept.

12. Family Relationships in Middle Childhood
• Time when parents begin sharing power and decision making with
their children.
• Parents must continue to establish rules and define boundaries
• Discipline
• Punishment
• Positive reinforcement
• Quality of time is more important than the quantity of time

13. Friendships in Middle Childhood
• Help each other to develop self-esteem and a sense of competency in
the social world
• Enjoy group activities, such as skating, riding bikes, playing house, and
building forts.
• The development of concerns and worries over popularity and
conformity.

14. Sexuality in Middle Childhood
• In middle childhood, sexual interest becomes more goal-directed.
Freud theorized that sexual latency.
• At this time, children’s fascinations with sexuality are coupled with
hormonal and physical changes occurring in their bodies.
• These changes comes self-consciousness about the body, especially
in regard to being seen nude by friends and parents.

15. Stressors During Middle Childhood
• Divorce
• Child physical abuse
• Child sexual abuse