This document discusses supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) as an alternative to conventional extraction methods for bioactive compounds from natural products. SFE uses carbon dioxide above its critical temperature and pressure, allowing it to have properties between a gas and liquid. SFE can provide higher extraction yields, control over the solute composition extracted, and retention of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities compared to low pressure extractions. The document reviews extraction of natural products, their biological activities, and conventional extraction methods before introducing SFE as a more effective technique.
This document discusses several types of alkaloids found in different plants, including their properties and uses. It covers pepper alkaloids like piperine found in black pepper, conium alkaloids like coniine from hemlock, lobelia alkaloids such as lobeline from lobelia inflata, and pomegranate alkaloids including pelletierine. It provides details on the chemical structures of these compounds, their extraction methods, effects and traditional medical applications. The document is authored by Dr. Ahmed Metwaly from the Pharmacognosy department at Al-Azhar University.
This document discusses the extraction of alkaloids from plant materials. It describes the Stas-Otto method, which involves distributing alkaloidal bases between an acid or aqueous solution and an immiscible organic solvent. The method involves rendering the plant material alkaline, extracting with an organic solvent, shaking with dilute sulfuric acid to form alkaloidal salts, making the solution alkaline to precipitate the free alkaloidal bases. The Stas-Otto method allows for the separation and isolation of alkaloids from other plant compounds.
This document defines alkaloids as basic, heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds derived from amino acids that are physiologically active. However, it notes some deviations from this definition, including that some alkaloids are not basic, do not contain heterocyclic nitrogen, or are derived from sources other than plants. It then provides qualitative chemical tests to identify alkaloids and discusses their physical and chemical properties, distribution in plants, extraction methods, classification, and biosynthesis.
This document discusses plant-derived therapeutic agents, focusing on quinine. It notes that about 25% of medicines today come from plants, and quinine was isolated from cinchona bark in 1820. Quinine is the main active compound providing cinchona bark's antimalarial effects. The document outlines quinine's uses in treating malaria, fever, and other ailments. It describes the botanical sources of quinine and its biosynthetic pathway in cinchona plants. The extraction and isolation process from cinchona bark is also summarized.
Group A presented on terpenoids, a large class of organic compounds found in plants composed of linked isoprene units. Terpenoids have unsaturated and volatile properties and represent the essential oils and active constituents of plants. They undergo various chemical reactions and can be isolated from plants through steam distillation or expression. Specific terpenoids discussed include amyrin, geraniol, and their importance. Terpenoids have many applications in perfumes, cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals due to their therapeutic properties such as being antiseptic, analgesic, and insect repellents.
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants, animals, and microorganisms that often have physiological effects.
- They are classified based on their biological origin, biosynthetic pathway, and chemical structure, with the main classes being proto, typical, and pseudo alkaloids.
- Common alkaloids include morphine, codeine, caffeine, and cocaine. Extraction methods take advantage of alkaloids' basic properties, using organic solvents to extract them from plant materials into aqueous solutions as salts.
This document discusses several types of alkaloids found in different plants, including their properties and uses. It covers pepper alkaloids like piperine found in black pepper, conium alkaloids like coniine from hemlock, lobelia alkaloids such as lobeline from lobelia inflata, and pomegranate alkaloids including pelletierine. It provides details on the chemical structures of these compounds, their extraction methods, effects and traditional medical applications. The document is authored by Dr. Ahmed Metwaly from the Pharmacognosy department at Al-Azhar University.
This document discusses the extraction of alkaloids from plant materials. It describes the Stas-Otto method, which involves distributing alkaloidal bases between an acid or aqueous solution and an immiscible organic solvent. The method involves rendering the plant material alkaline, extracting with an organic solvent, shaking with dilute sulfuric acid to form alkaloidal salts, making the solution alkaline to precipitate the free alkaloidal bases. The Stas-Otto method allows for the separation and isolation of alkaloids from other plant compounds.
This document defines alkaloids as basic, heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds derived from amino acids that are physiologically active. However, it notes some deviations from this definition, including that some alkaloids are not basic, do not contain heterocyclic nitrogen, or are derived from sources other than plants. It then provides qualitative chemical tests to identify alkaloids and discusses their physical and chemical properties, distribution in plants, extraction methods, classification, and biosynthesis.
This document discusses plant-derived therapeutic agents, focusing on quinine. It notes that about 25% of medicines today come from plants, and quinine was isolated from cinchona bark in 1820. Quinine is the main active compound providing cinchona bark's antimalarial effects. The document outlines quinine's uses in treating malaria, fever, and other ailments. It describes the botanical sources of quinine and its biosynthetic pathway in cinchona plants. The extraction and isolation process from cinchona bark is also summarized.
Group A presented on terpenoids, a large class of organic compounds found in plants composed of linked isoprene units. Terpenoids have unsaturated and volatile properties and represent the essential oils and active constituents of plants. They undergo various chemical reactions and can be isolated from plants through steam distillation or expression. Specific terpenoids discussed include amyrin, geraniol, and their importance. Terpenoids have many applications in perfumes, cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals due to their therapeutic properties such as being antiseptic, analgesic, and insect repellents.
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants, animals, and microorganisms that often have physiological effects.
- They are classified based on their biological origin, biosynthetic pathway, and chemical structure, with the main classes being proto, typical, and pseudo alkaloids.
- Common alkaloids include morphine, codeine, caffeine, and cocaine. Extraction methods take advantage of alkaloids' basic properties, using organic solvents to extract them from plant materials into aqueous solutions as salts.
Supercritical fluid (SCF) technology is now considered as A very innovative and promising way to design particles, especially for therapeutic drug formulation.
This document discusses various techniques for phytochemical fingerprinting of herbal medicines, including TLC, HPTLC, GC, HPLC, and hyphenated techniques. TLC and HPTLC are commonly used for initial screening due to their simplicity and low cost. GC is useful for volatile compounds while HPLC can analyze most compounds. Hyphenated techniques like LC-MS provide more detailed information. A sample protocol for developing an HPLC fingerprint of Ephedra species is also outlined. The fingerprints can be used to evaluate quality, consistency, and chemical profiles of herbal medicines.
This document presents a comparative analysis of caffeine. It discusses the structure, properties, and metabolism of caffeine. It describes caffeine's mechanism of action as an adenosine receptor antagonist and summaries its advantages like increased energy and attention as well as disadvantages like insomnia and increased heart rate when consumed in excess. The document also provides an overview of caffeine identification tests and includes case studies on the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis to analyze caffeine content in coffee samples. It concludes that spices in coffee offer health benefits but do not affect the caffeine content.
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are produced mainly by plants and play roles such as contributing fragrances to flowers and flavors to fruits. The document discusses the definition, classification, occurrence, biosynthesis, and chemistry of terpenoids. It notes that terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain and can range from simple hemiterpenes to more complex polyterpenes. Their biosynthesis occurs primarily via the mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways which link isoprene units together.
This document discusses various extraction techniques used to extract phytochemicals from plant materials. It begins with definitions of extraction and discusses solvent selection. Specific techniques covered include maceration, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, hydrodistillation, steam distillation, solvent extraction, microwave assisted extraction, countercurrent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Extraction of specific compound classes like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and volatile oils are also summarized.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Isolation, industrial production of phytoconstituents by Pooja Khanpara POOJA KHANPARA
The document provides information on the phytochemical screening and analysis of various herbal drugs and compounds. It discusses the isolation, identification, and estimation methods for several anthraquinone glycosides found in senna, as well as the isolation of compounds like diosgenin from fenugreek, rutin, atropine, reserpine, morphine, ephedrine, and caffeine. Various extraction, hydrolysis, chromatography, and spectroscopic techniques are described for isolating and analyzing the chemical constituents from different plant materials.
This document provides information about terpenoids, which are a large and diverse class of organic compounds derived from isoprene units. It discusses that terpenoids are commonly found in plants and have various important uses and properties. The document classifies terpenoids based on their carbon content, including monoterpenes which contain two isoprene units. It provides examples of important acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpenes and discusses their structures, natural sources, and significance.
This document discusses the biological source, isolation, and chemical structure of morphine. It was first isolated from the opium poppy Papaver somniferum in 1804. Morphine has a pentacyclic ring structure and is insoluble in water and some organic solvents. It exerts its effects by interacting with opioid receptors in the central nervous system. The document also discusses morphine metabolism and the importance of various functional groups like hydroxyl groups for receptor binding and activity. Finally, it describes approaches to modify the morphine structure by adding or removing rings to synthesize compounds with analgesic activity.
This document discusses the phytochemical screening and analysis of medicinal plants. It describes the qualitative and quantitative analysis methods used to detect primary and secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids and terpenoids. Standard procedures are provided for the quantitative determination of total phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The extraction, drying, packing and storage of crude drugs is also summarized.
This document discusses extraction protocols for medicinal plants. It describes various extraction techniques including maceration, infusion, percolation, digestion, decoction and others. It also covers the choice of solvents used in extractions as well as steps in the extraction process such as size reduction, filtration, concentration and drying. Overall, the document provides information on extracting active components from plants for medicinal purposes.
Citral is a mixture of terpenoid isomers found in plants like lemon grass, lemon myrtle, and lemon balm. It has a lemon odor and consists of two isomers, geranial and neral. Citral can be isolated from lemon grass oil via steam distillation. It undergoes reactions like reduction, aldol condensation, and rearrangements. Its structure was elucidated using techniques like NMR, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy. Citral has applications as a flavoring and fragrance in perfumes due to its citrus smell.
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are volatile essential oils found in many plants and flowers which give them their distinctive fragrances. There are many different classes of terpenoids classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain, such as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpenoids. Common terpenoids include limonene, menthol, and camphor. Spectroscopic techniques such as UV, IR, NMR and mass spectrometry are used to determine terpenoid structures and functional groups.
This document summarizes information about the biological source and properties of ephedrine. Ephedrine is a chemical contained in ephedra plants that raises blood pressure and heart rate and opens airways. It is derived from several Ephedra species, which are evergreen shrubs traditionally used in Chinese medicine to treat respiratory issues. While ephedrine was once commonly used in dietary supplements, various organizations have banned its use due to safety concerns. The document further details the cultivation, extraction, and biosynthesis of ephedrine.
Chemistry of Natural Products
Alkaloids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
Citral is a mixture of terpenoids found in the essential oils of various plants like lemon myrtle, lemon grass, lemon tea tree, and lemon balm. It is a clear yellow liquid with a strong lemon odor. Citral exists as two double bond isomers - geranial and neral. Geranial has a stronger lemon odor while neral has a sweeter odor. Citral is used as a flavoring and fragrance in perfumes due to its citrus scent. It also has antimicrobial properties and is used in synthesizing vitamin A and other compounds.
1) The document discusses terpenoids, which are naturally occurring hydrocarbons found in plants. Terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain and can be simple or complex.
2) Key terpenoids like citral, camphor, and carvone are discussed in detail. Their isolation, properties, classification, and structural elucidation are explained. For example, citral is shown to be an acyclic compound containing two double bonds and an aldehyde group.
3) The document also covers the isoprene rule for constructing terpenoid molecules from isoprene units, as well as methods for isolating terpenoids from plant materials and separating
Supercritical fluid (SCF) technology is now considered as A very innovative and promising way to design particles, especially for therapeutic drug formulation.
This document discusses various techniques for phytochemical fingerprinting of herbal medicines, including TLC, HPTLC, GC, HPLC, and hyphenated techniques. TLC and HPTLC are commonly used for initial screening due to their simplicity and low cost. GC is useful for volatile compounds while HPLC can analyze most compounds. Hyphenated techniques like LC-MS provide more detailed information. A sample protocol for developing an HPLC fingerprint of Ephedra species is also outlined. The fingerprints can be used to evaluate quality, consistency, and chemical profiles of herbal medicines.
This document presents a comparative analysis of caffeine. It discusses the structure, properties, and metabolism of caffeine. It describes caffeine's mechanism of action as an adenosine receptor antagonist and summaries its advantages like increased energy and attention as well as disadvantages like insomnia and increased heart rate when consumed in excess. The document also provides an overview of caffeine identification tests and includes case studies on the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis to analyze caffeine content in coffee samples. It concludes that spices in coffee offer health benefits but do not affect the caffeine content.
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are produced mainly by plants and play roles such as contributing fragrances to flowers and flavors to fruits. The document discusses the definition, classification, occurrence, biosynthesis, and chemistry of terpenoids. It notes that terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain and can range from simple hemiterpenes to more complex polyterpenes. Their biosynthesis occurs primarily via the mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways which link isoprene units together.
This document discusses various extraction techniques used to extract phytochemicals from plant materials. It begins with definitions of extraction and discusses solvent selection. Specific techniques covered include maceration, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, hydrodistillation, steam distillation, solvent extraction, microwave assisted extraction, countercurrent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Extraction of specific compound classes like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and volatile oils are also summarized.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Isolation, industrial production of phytoconstituents by Pooja Khanpara POOJA KHANPARA
The document provides information on the phytochemical screening and analysis of various herbal drugs and compounds. It discusses the isolation, identification, and estimation methods for several anthraquinone glycosides found in senna, as well as the isolation of compounds like diosgenin from fenugreek, rutin, atropine, reserpine, morphine, ephedrine, and caffeine. Various extraction, hydrolysis, chromatography, and spectroscopic techniques are described for isolating and analyzing the chemical constituents from different plant materials.
This document provides information about terpenoids, which are a large and diverse class of organic compounds derived from isoprene units. It discusses that terpenoids are commonly found in plants and have various important uses and properties. The document classifies terpenoids based on their carbon content, including monoterpenes which contain two isoprene units. It provides examples of important acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpenes and discusses their structures, natural sources, and significance.
This document discusses the biological source, isolation, and chemical structure of morphine. It was first isolated from the opium poppy Papaver somniferum in 1804. Morphine has a pentacyclic ring structure and is insoluble in water and some organic solvents. It exerts its effects by interacting with opioid receptors in the central nervous system. The document also discusses morphine metabolism and the importance of various functional groups like hydroxyl groups for receptor binding and activity. Finally, it describes approaches to modify the morphine structure by adding or removing rings to synthesize compounds with analgesic activity.
This document discusses the phytochemical screening and analysis of medicinal plants. It describes the qualitative and quantitative analysis methods used to detect primary and secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, amino acids and terpenoids. Standard procedures are provided for the quantitative determination of total phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The extraction, drying, packing and storage of crude drugs is also summarized.
This document discusses extraction protocols for medicinal plants. It describes various extraction techniques including maceration, infusion, percolation, digestion, decoction and others. It also covers the choice of solvents used in extractions as well as steps in the extraction process such as size reduction, filtration, concentration and drying. Overall, the document provides information on extracting active components from plants for medicinal purposes.
Citral is a mixture of terpenoid isomers found in plants like lemon grass, lemon myrtle, and lemon balm. It has a lemon odor and consists of two isomers, geranial and neral. Citral can be isolated from lemon grass oil via steam distillation. It undergoes reactions like reduction, aldol condensation, and rearrangements. Its structure was elucidated using techniques like NMR, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy. Citral has applications as a flavoring and fragrance in perfumes due to its citrus smell.
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are volatile essential oils found in many plants and flowers which give them their distinctive fragrances. There are many different classes of terpenoids classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain, such as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpenoids. Common terpenoids include limonene, menthol, and camphor. Spectroscopic techniques such as UV, IR, NMR and mass spectrometry are used to determine terpenoid structures and functional groups.
This document summarizes information about the biological source and properties of ephedrine. Ephedrine is a chemical contained in ephedra plants that raises blood pressure and heart rate and opens airways. It is derived from several Ephedra species, which are evergreen shrubs traditionally used in Chinese medicine to treat respiratory issues. While ephedrine was once commonly used in dietary supplements, various organizations have banned its use due to safety concerns. The document further details the cultivation, extraction, and biosynthesis of ephedrine.
Chemistry of Natural Products
Alkaloids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
Citral is a mixture of terpenoids found in the essential oils of various plants like lemon myrtle, lemon grass, lemon tea tree, and lemon balm. It is a clear yellow liquid with a strong lemon odor. Citral exists as two double bond isomers - geranial and neral. Geranial has a stronger lemon odor while neral has a sweeter odor. Citral is used as a flavoring and fragrance in perfumes due to its citrus scent. It also has antimicrobial properties and is used in synthesizing vitamin A and other compounds.
1) The document discusses terpenoids, which are naturally occurring hydrocarbons found in plants. Terpenoids are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain and can be simple or complex.
2) Key terpenoids like citral, camphor, and carvone are discussed in detail. Their isolation, properties, classification, and structural elucidation are explained. For example, citral is shown to be an acyclic compound containing two double bonds and an aldehyde group.
3) The document also covers the isoprene rule for constructing terpenoid molecules from isoprene units, as well as methods for isolating terpenoids from plant materials and separating
This document provides an introduction to supercritical fluid extraction, which uses supercritical fluids as extracting solvents to separate components from a solid or liquid matrix. Supercritical fluids like carbon dioxide and water can dissolve materials like liquids and diffuse through solids like gases. They have tunable densities near their critical points that allow for control over extraction properties. Supercritical fluid extraction offers environmental, selectivity, speed, purity, and recovery advantages over conventional solvent extraction.
Super Critical Fluid Separation ProcessAbhimanyu Pal
Hello Guys here is a presentation for you named super critical fluid separation process. It may be useful for third year undergraduate of chemical engg. stream. so have a look ,i hope it may be helpful for your project
The document describes several extraction techniques including counter-current extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, solid-phase extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound extraction, and the phytonics process. Counter-current extraction uses solvent flowing in the opposite direction of plant material to efficiently extract compounds. Supercritical fluid extraction uses substances like carbon dioxide in supercritical states for non-toxic extractions. The techniques find various applications in food, fragrance, essential oil, and pharmaceutical extractions.
This document discusses microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), an efficient method for deriving natural compounds from plants. MAE uses microwave energy to heat plant materials mixed with solvents, extracting compounds faster than conventional methods. It describes the principles of microwave heating, closed and open vessel extraction systems, factors affecting MAE like solvent, time, power and temperature, and its applications. MAE provides benefits of reduced extraction time, improved yields, and ability to extract thermolabile substances.
Supercritical fluids have properties between gases and liquids. They can dissolve materials like liquids and diffuse through solids like gases. Carbon dioxide is commonly used as a supercritical fluid in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). In SFE, the supercritical fluid is used to extract analytes from samples, while in SFC it is used as the mobile phase to separate analytes chromatographically. Both techniques take advantage of how the density and solvent strength of the supercritical fluid can be tuned by adjusting the pressure and temperature.
This document provides an overview of supercritical fluid chromatography. It defines supercritical fluid chromatography as using a material above its critical temperature and pressure as a mobile phase. The principles are similar to HPLC but use carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. Key components of SFC instrumentation include the stationary phase, pumps to control mobile phase flow, injectors, ovens, and detectors. SFC offers advantages over GC and HPLC like lower operating temperatures and high diffusion coefficients. It finds applications in chiral separations for the pharmaceutical industry.
This document provides information about supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). It begins by stating that SFC combines advantages of HPLC and GC, allowing analysis of non-volatile and thermally labile compounds like HPLC but with detector compatibility of GC. The document then discusses supercritical fluids, their properties, commonly used fluids like carbon dioxide, and how SFC instrumentation works. It explains advantages of SFC like faster analysis, efficiency, and reduced solvent use compared to HPLC. The document also compares SFC to GC, noting SFC can analyze compounds GC cannot. In summary, it outlines key aspects of SFC including its workings and advantages over other chromatography methods.
Supercritical Fluids for this Super Critical Timecheekygerr
Supercritical fluids have properties between gases and liquids and can be used for environmentally friendly manufacturing. Carbon dioxide is commonly used as a supercritical fluid due to its low critical temperature and pressure and because it is non-toxic, non-flammable, and can be recycled. Supercritical CO2 can be used for extractions, fluoropolymer production, cleaning, nanoparticle formation, and drying without surface tension. Its use could help address pollution, global warming, and energy and resource challenges in the future through more sustainable manufacturing and applications in medicine, energy, and space exploration. Widespread adoption of supercritical fluid technology requires further research and awareness of its benefits over traditional solvents.
Production of Chips of Porang (Amorphophallus Oncophyllus) by Slicing Machin...AM Publications
Chips of porang (amorphophallus oncophyllus) is slice of tubers of porang as a main material for glucomannan flour-making. Glucomannan flour containing high glucomannan is very useful to the food industry, non-food and health. Chips of porang production among the farmers in Magelang, Central Java, still use manual method that resulting low chips quality that does not meet for further processing, namely manufacturing of flour glucomannan. This applied research is intended to design the tubers chips maker with double rotating cutters to produce chips of uniform and the same thickness. The method used is engineering design approach starting from process of machine design, manufacture engine components, and engine performance testing. The result is a slicing machine with rotating cutters for producing chips of porang with the specifications: length dimension: 1000 (mm), width 750 (mm), height 1000 (mm), the weight of the machine: 85 (kg), the drive unit: motor gasoline of 5.5 HP. It was found that best performance of cutting process of the rotating double cutters is at 120 rpm, cutter angle of inclination is of 30o, and production capacity is of 310 kg per hour.
Antioxidants and phytochemical talk 05 07-11Mark Klingman
This document summarizes several classes of phytochemicals and antioxidants found in plants, including vitamins, carotenoids, essential fatty acids, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds. It describes their structures, food sources, and antioxidant mechanisms of action, such as preventing lipid oxidation, quenching singlet oxygen, and reducing free radicals. The document also discusses enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase and catalase, as well as synthetic antioxidants added to foods.
Use of Immobilised Lipase from Candida antarctica in Supercritical Fluid Extr...Egidijus Dauksas
This document summarizes an experiment investigating the use of immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of borage (Borago officinalis L.) seed oil. In the first series of experiments, borage seed oil extraction yield increased over twice when pressure was increased from 15 to 25 MPa using pure CO2, but further increases to 35 MPa were less effective. Fatty acid composition was similar across pressures. Additional experiments added the lipase enzyme, achieving total yields of 8.8%, 23.6%, and 28.9% at 15, 25, and 35 MPa, respectively. Thin layer chromatography showed higher fatty acid ester content at 15 MPa
Este documento resume los principales conceptos del sistema respiratorio, incluyendo: 1) Los músculos respiratorios y su función en la inspiración y espiración; 2) El mecanismo de la respiración en reposo y forzada; 3) La presión pleural, presión alveolar y presión de colapso. 2) El papel del surfactante y la tensión superficial en prevenir el colapso alveolar.
Palestra 4 - Avanços em tecnologia de fresamento: do fresamento convencional ...senaimais
Advances in milling Technologies: from convencional milling to HSC.
Palestrante: Msc. Benedikt Gellissen - Instituto Fraunhofer de Tecnologias da Produção - FhG IPT - Alemanha
Este documento discute a evolução da tecnologia óptica da câmara escura para a lanterna mágica. Explica que ambos os dispositivos têm estruturas físicas semelhantes, mas se diferenciam na troca dos planos de entrada e saída da imagem. A câmara escura forma imagens do exterior no interior, enquanto a lanterna mágica forma imagens do interior no exterior.
Melhorando a competitividade na indústria da carne senaimais
1. Oscar Mayer is a meat company owned by Kraft Foods known for hot dogs, lunch meats, and other products.
2. The document discusses Oscar Mayer's vision of finding better ways to make food using simple ingredients without artificial preservatives or colors.
3. Oscar Mayer uses an "open innovation" approach, partnering with external organizations, to drive competitiveness and innovation in achieving this vision.
Este documento resume el período entre 1914 y 1939 en Europa, comenzando con las tensiones que llevaron a la Primera Guerra Mundial y terminando con las consecuencias de la Gran Depresión de los años 30. Describe la formación de alianzas militares, las crisis previas a la guerra, el desarrollo del conflicto y los tratados de paz posteriores. También analiza los cambios sociales, políticos y culturales de la época, incluido el auge del fascismo.
Searching patents – a brief introductionBjörn Jürgens
This document provides a brief introduction to searching patents. It discusses how patent searching has evolved from directly accessing physical patent libraries and bulletins, to using commercial databases with direct modem connections and CDs, to the modern availability of both public and commercial patent databases online. It highlights some top commercial databases and emphasizes the value of public patent databases, noting they provide free searching and have improved search functionality. The document lists several examples of major public patent databases for different regions.
Desenvolvimento de aços sinterizados autolubrificantes a seco para a lubrific...senaimais
Desenvolvimento de aços sinterizados autolubrificantes a seco para a lubrificação sólida na Engenharia Mecânica / Development of self-lubricating sintered steels for solid lubrication applications in Mechanical Engineering
Palestrante: Dr. Aloisio Nelmo Klein– Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC / Brasil
Evaluations of Some Biological Properties of Ethanolic Leave Extract of Costu...IOSRJPBS
Costus afer plant has been known to the traditionalist for a very long time. The locals having realized its medicinal potentials have employed it in a variety of ways. This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial, biochemical and CNS depressant properties of ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer in albino mice and anti-inflammatory activity in albino rats. Ninety albino mice (22-29g) of both sexes were selected and divided into eighteen groups of five mice each. Four groups for analgesic activity, three groups for in-vivo clothing time, four groups for spontaneous locomotor activity, three groups for heamatological evaluation and four groups for phenobarbitone induced hypnosis. Twenty albino rats (180-200g) of both sexes were also selected and divided into four groups of five rats each and used for anti-inflammatory activity. In all, the control groups receive 0.2ml of normal saline while two dose groups of the extract was used 400 and 1200mg/kg representing low and high dose in the treatment group. Indomethacin, Phenobarbitone, Chropromazine, Indomethacine, Ciprofloxacin and Fluconazole were used as reference drug for anlagesic activity, locomotor activity, hypnosis, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal test respectively. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer was performed. The result of the qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, glycosides and terpenoids whereas anthraquinones, essential oil and phlobatannins were absent. The results obtained shows that ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer posses antibacterial activity but no antifungal activity. There was a dose dependent increase in analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities, bleeding/clotting time and CNS activity. The hematological evaluation of the leaves of costusafer shows that the extract has no noticeable effect on the HB, PCV, RBC, but decreases the WBC, platelet count, neutrophils and lymphocytes components of the blood, also the clotting/bleeding time was seen to increase dose dependently in the treated groups. In conclusion, ethanol extract of costus afer ker Gawl leaves possess antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and CNS depressant activity.
This document describes a study that evaluated the pharmacological effects of Terminalia chebula fruit extracts against neurodegenerative disorders in rodents. The study involved extracting Terminalia chebula fruits with polar and non-polar solvents, conducting preliminary phytochemical analysis, and screening the extracts for anti-parkinsonism and memory-enhancing effects. For anti-parkinsonism activity, the extracts were tested in a haloperidol-induced catatonia model in rats, while for memory effects the extracts were evaluated in ethanol-induced cognitive impairment and diazepam-induced amnesia models. The results of the study were discussed and compared to control groups.
Abstract
Curcuminoids is the mixture of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin obtained from dried
rhizomes of Curcuma longa, commonly used for its wide therapeutic value. However, the absorption efficacy of
curcuminoids is too low to exhibit its proper therapeutic value. Thus, a new preparation named as
BioTurmin-WD (water dispersible curcuminoids) was developed for improved bioavailability. By using human
Caco-2 cell monolayer, the permeability efficacy of BioTurmin-WD was evaluated and compared with that of
95% pure curcuminoids. Caco-2 model predicts the in vivo absorption of drugs across the gut wall by measuring
the rate of transport of a compound across the Caco-2 cell line. BioTurmin-WD was added to the apical layer and
basolateral samples were collected over 120 min to examine the concentration diffusing across the cell
monolayer. Permeable curcuminoids across the cell monolayer was analysed through reverse phase high pressure
liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Apparent permeabilities (Papp) of BioTurmin-WD and 95% curcuminoids
were found to be 5.89 × 10 -6 and 2.65 × 10 -6 cm/s respectively. The apparent permeability coefficient of
BioTurmin-WD was 7.03-fold higher than 95% pure curcuminoids. Percentage permeability of BioTurmin-WD
(0.2945) was much higher than 95% curcuminoids (0.0859). Results indicated that BioTurmin-WD have a much
higher absorption capacity (bioavailability) compared to 95% pure curcuminoids. Thus, BioTurmin-WD may be
useful as a dietary supplement with greater bioavailability to exert clinical benefits in humans at a lower dosage.
Keywords: BioTurmin-WD, bioavailability, Caco-2 cells, Curcuma longa, curcuminoids, permeability
The phytochemical analysis of the aqueous extract of Anacardium occidentale (Family: Anacardiaceae) (ANO) revealed the presence of sterols, polyterpenes, polyphenols, saponins, flavonoids, catechin, gallic tannins, quinones and alkaloids. The presence of all these phyto-chemicals could be responsible for the different therapeutic properties attributed to this herb. At doses between 3.7x10-3 and 6.2x10-2 g / kg bw, this aqueous extract induces sustained hypotension (dose-dependent) similar to that induced by acetylcholine (Ach) at 5.6x10-7 g / kg bw and 5.5x10-4 g / kg bw. It strongly reduced the pressure induced by adrenaline (Adr) at 2.5x10-5 g / kg bw. These results indicated that the aqueous extract of Anacardium occidentale is hypotensive. The traditional use of this plant to treat high blood pressure was justified. The study of interaction between ANO and atropine (a competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptor) showed that this reference molecule does not inhibit the hypotensive effects of this extract. Furthermore, inhibition and hypotensive properties of the extract of Anacardium occidentale by chlorpromazine an antipsychotic drug, suggested a central ANO action similar to that of clonidine and alpha-métyldopa. Thus, the aqueous extract of Anacardium occidentale contained non- cholinomimetics and hypotensive substances that may have central effects.
Biotechnology, scope, groups of organisms used biotechnology tools, red biotechnology, biologics:products of biotechnology,advantages and limitations of biotechnology, pharmaceuticals vs biologics, rDNA technology, manufacture of biologics, therapeutic biologics, recombinant vaccines, marketed biologics, biosimilars: Indian scenario
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorb...ijtsrd
Medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individuals and communities. The medicinal value of these plants lies in some chemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on the human body. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical constitution and antioxidant activity of Aqueous extracts of three selected plant Boerhaavia diffusa, Euphorbia hirta and Amaranthus polygonoides. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, phenols, tannin and carbohydrates in Boerhaavia diffusa and Euphorbia hirta where as in Amaranthus polygon ides many phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, Steroids, terpenoids, phenols, saponin, tannin and carbohydrates were present. Antioxidants are the compounds which terminate the attack of reactive species and reduce the risk of diseases. The free radicals oxidants are species with very short half life, high reactivity and damaging activity towards macromolecules like proteins, DNA and lipids. The results of antioxidant activity of three aqueous extract showed maximum activity in different concentration of 50, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 µg ml. The percent inhibition of aqueous extract of Boerhavia diffusa , Euphorbia hirta , Amaranthus polygonoides was 176.15, 404.78 and 413.06 respectively. In the present work potent anti oxidant activity of aqueous extract of Boerhaavia diffusa was higher when compared to other two extracts. The present study revealed that the plant extract possessed good antioxidant activity and less quantity of toxic metals, which therefore can be used as a natural source of free radical scavenger. However, further study needs to be carried out to know its mode of action. R. Ezhilarasi | Dr. B. Senthilkumar | Dr. K. Devi "A Preliminary Study on Phytochemical Screening of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorbia Hirta and Amaranthus Polygonoides" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29435.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/29435/a-preliminary-study-on-phytochemical-screening-of-boerhaavia-diffusa-euphorbia-hirta-and-amaranthus-polygonoides/r-ezhilarasi
Sources of crude drug, classification, organized and unorganized drugs.Megha Shah
Organized and unorganized drugs are classified based on whether they are direct parts of plants or animals (organized) or derived through extraction or processing (unorganized). Organized drugs include plant parts like leaves, roots, fruits, and flowers. Unorganized drugs are prepared from plants through incision, drying, or extraction and do not contain cellular tissues, like latex, gums, resins, and plant exudates. Crude drugs can also come from animal sources like hormones and enzymes, as well as microbial, mineral, marine, plant tissue culture, semisynthetic, and recombinant DNA sources.
This document discusses the growing importance and credentials of herbal products from a scientific perspective. It notes that herbal medicines are still widely used in developing countries. The herbal market is growing but still much smaller than the animal health market. Herbal products are gaining credibility through standardization, analytical methods, and increasing technical research. For herbal products to be valid scientifically, they must demonstrate genuineness, safety, efficacy, and consistency. The document provides examples of analytical tests and methods used to establish these qualities in herbal products. It also profiles an Indian herbal veterinary company that has pioneered phytopharmaceuticals and focuses on research, development, and social responsibility initiatives.
This document evaluates the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Murraya koenigii leaf extract. It summarizes two experiments: 1) HRBC membrane stabilization method, which found that M. koenigii extract stabilized red blood cell membranes up to 69.15% at 1000 μg/ml, indicating anti-inflammatory effects. 2) Protein denaturation inhibition method, which found that M. koenigii extract inhibited protein denaturation up to 85.35% at 800 μg/ml. The study supports the use of M. koenigii in treating inflammation due to the presence of flavonoids and carbazole alkaloids that have known anti-inflammatory activity.
The document summarizes a study on the antioxidant effects of water and ethanol extracts of Andrographis paniculata leaves. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were measured to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the extracts. The ethanol extract contained higher levels of total phenolics and flavonoids than the water extract. Both extracts showed significant antioxidant effects in the ferric reducing and DPPH assays, with the ethanol extract demonstrating stronger activity.
Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence by Some Indonesian Medicinal ...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study aims to discover quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) from some Indonesian medicinal plants ethanol extract to analyze their inhibitory activities against QS-mediated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa using in-vitro experimental study-laboratory setting. Indonesian medicinal plant ethanolic extracts were tested for their capability to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility, biofilm formation using microtiter plate method, pyocyanin and LasA production using LasA staphylolytic assay. Statistical significance of the data were determined using one way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test. Differences were considered significant with P values of 0.05 or less. The findings obtained showed that Ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and A. alitilis flower capable to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility as well as pyocyanin production and biofilm formation. Both extracts also showed capability in reducing LasA protease production. It is concluded that T. catappa and A. alitilis are an interesting sources of innovative plant derived quorum quenching compound(s), thus can be used in the development of new antipathogenic drug.
Role of natural product in drug discoveryRahul B S
This document provides an overview of the role of natural products in new drug development. It discusses how drug development involves choosing a disease, identifying drug targets, selecting bioassays, and finding lead compounds. Many natural products from plants, microorganisms, marine sources, and animals have been used as lead compounds. Examples are discussed like morphine from poppies, quinine from cinchona, and epibatidine from poison frogs. Isolation, purification, and structural determination are required to develop natural product leads into drugs. While natural products were historically important, their use declined but is now increasing again with new technologies.
Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant an...YogeshIJTSRD
In the present study, two plant species of the family Asteraceae were selected for an evaluation of their phytochemical screening, antioxidant and anti inflammatory properties. Phytochemical alkaloids, phenols, protein, flavonoids, quinines, tannins, and terpenoids are present in the aqua methanol and aqua acetone extract s of Cirsium arvense L Cronquist and Erigeron bonariensis. The selected plant species exhibit anti inflammatory properties in both solvents. The enzymatic antioxidant property of selected plant species was evaluated by superoxide dismutase SOD , peroxidase POD , and catalase CAT . E. bonariensis shows 20.05±0.02 superoxide dismutase activity which is moreover equal to C. arvense 19.47±0.31 . POD and CAT activities of C. arvense 109.35±0.69 and 41.48±0.13 and E. bonariensis 105.91±1.53 and 39.63±0.035 respectively, the POD activity of C. arvense is slightly higher than E. bonariensis but CAT activity again higher in E. bonariensis same as SOD. Deepti Rawat | P. B. Rao "Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and In-Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Aqua Methanol and Aqua Acetone Extract of Cirsium Arvense and Erigeron Bonariensis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43934.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/43934/qualitative-phytochemical-screening-and-invitro-assessment-of-antioxidant-and-antiinflammatory-potential-of-aqua-methanol-and-aqua-acetone-extract-of-cirsium-arvense-and-erigeron-bonariensis/deepti-rawat
Phytochemical analyses of aqueous extracts of two medicinal plants from gabon...Alexander Decker
This article summarizes a study that analyzed the phytochemical composition of aqueous extracts of two medicinal plants used in Gabon, Pseudospondias longifolia and Antrocaryon klaineanum. Phytochemical screening found alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and reductor compounds in extracts of both plants, while flavonoids were only present in P. longifolia extracts. Sterols and terpenoids were not detected in either plant. The results provide insight into the biochemical basis for the traditional medicinal uses of the plants.
The Central and Peripheral effects of the methanol extract of Fadogia cienkow...iosrjce
The methanol extract of Fadogia cienkowskii schweinf. var cienkowskii leaves was investigated for its central and peripheral nervous system effects. Oral administration of the extract up to 4000 mg/kg did not cause any mortality or clinical signs of toxicity in mice. The extract significantly prolonged phenobarbitone-induced sleeping times in mice, indicating a central nervous system effect. It also demonstrated local anesthetic and analgesic effects peripherally by reducing pain responses, though with lower potency than lignocaine. The extract did not show any muscle relaxant effects. Thus, the extract exhibited both central and peripheral nervous system activities, suggesting potential as a source of novel analgesic and anesthetic agents.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
TNI has conducted extensive research on noni juice, publishing over 430 papers in peer-reviewed journals. Their research guarantees the quality of TNI's noni products and confirms the health benefits reported by ancient Polynesians. No other juice company has invested as much in researching their products' safety and effects. TNI's research is of the highest scientific standard and has been accepted by regulatory bodies worldwide.
The growing prominence of natural / herbal/ phytogenic interventions in global animal feed supplement and even therapeutic market is worth niticing , but to separate wheat from chaff on the basis of strong standarisation protocols are very important, so that the credibility of the users is not put on stake .
Phytochemical property and oral toxicity safety of Chrysophyllum caimito and ...Open Access Research Paper
The century-old practice of herbal medication in animals still persists in local communities despite the contemporary advances in veterinary health care today. The numerous benefits including convenience of use, accessibility, inexpensiveness and insignificant side effects when compared to synthetic veterinary medicines in which drug resistance and residuals are linked. This research work aimed to elucidate the presence of bioactive components and determine the margin of safety of Chrysophyllum cainito (Caimito) and Psidium guajava (Guava) ethanolic bark extracts which are among the selection of documented herbals reliably utilized for gastro-intestinal sicknesses in farm animals. Qualitative phytochemical screening exemplified the presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, xanthoproteins, steroids and coumarin. Avian acute oral toxicity testing denoted that 2000mg/kg dosage was adequate and safe to use in Sasso chickens as substantiated by insignificant effect to body weight, SGOT and uric acid values and the non-appearance of toxicity symptoms including death. The secondary metabolites demonstrated in these plants explicate the pharmacological activities which can be utilized as potential alternatives to current medication strategies in animals.
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Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Natural Products
1. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of
Bioactive Compounds from
Natural Products
Prof. Sandra R.S. Ferreira
sandra@enq.ufsc.br
LATESC/EQA - CTC – UFSC
Chapecó – November, 2011
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011
2. Summary
èNatural products èSFE vs low pressure
èBiological activities v Extraction yield
v Solute composition
èExtraction methods
v Antioxidant activity
èSFE v Antimicrobial activity
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 2
3. Natural Products
è Naturally occurring compounds or group of substances
èSources:
v Plants, fruits, animals, microorganisms, fungus, etc.
v Biological activities
èRelated areas:
v Medicine, food, flavoring and nutritional supplement
èDrugs and natural products? Newman & Cragg, 2007
v 1184 new chemicals approved (1981 to 2006)
Ø 52% natural product connection
Ø 18% are biologics
Ø 30% purely synthetic
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 3
4. Anticancer drugs
• B (Biological): isolated from
organism/cell or produced
biotechnologically
• N: Natural product
• ND: Derived from a natural
product
• S: Synthetic drug.
• S*: Synthetic, but similar to natural
product
• V: Vaccine.
All available anticancer drugs, 1940s-06/2006.
Newman and Cragg (2007). J. Nat. Prod., 70 (3), 461-477
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 4
5. Biological activity
è BA: properties and reactions of drugs related to their medicinal
value (Webster’s, 1993)
è Bioactivities:
v Anti-microbial, antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, cytotocxic (toxic to cells:
used as anti-cancer), enzymatic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anesthetic,
allelopathic (interfering herbs).
è Chemical profile:
v GC, GC-MS, HPLC, spectroscopy, X-ray difratometry, fluorescence,
spectrometry, chemometric methods (principal component analysis – PCA).
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 5
6. Few sources: 2008
Property - action Raw material (source) – substance Reference
Anti-HIV Hypericum H. chinese L. salicifolium, biyouyanagin A Nicolaou, et al., 2008.
Antimalarial/AM Manzamines: class of marine natural products Shilabin, et al., 2008
Melanoma cell reduction Dextrin Duncan et al., 2008.
Antibiotic Moenomycins, a potent family of natural product Yuan et al., 2008.
Antiproliferative activity Epothilones: macrocyclic bacterial natural products Feyen et al., 2008.
AM Latarcin from Spider venon Shlyapnikov et al., 2008.
AA Aminothiaxole (alkaloid from Dendrodoa grossularia). Strayo et al., 2008.
AA and AM Cynara cardunculus extracts Kukić et al., 2008.
AA Combine lycopene, b-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C. Liu et al., 2008.
Antitumor antibiotics Lactimidomycin, iso-migrastatin and migrastatin Ju et al., 2008. In Press.
Cytotoxicity/genotoxicity Marine sponges: sources of alkaloid ingenamine G. Cavalcanti et al., 2008.
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 6
7. Few sources: 2011
Property - Raw material (source) – substance Reference
action
Antitumor glycans from green tea Fan et al., 2011.
Antitumor polysaccharides extracted from Zhao et al., 2011.
Asparagus officinali
Antimicrobial Eucalyptus globulus oil Tyagi & Malik, 2011
Antimicrobial Mentha piperita oil Tyagi & Malik, 2011
Antioxidant Food-derived peptidic antioxidants Samaranayaka et al,
2011
Antioxidant Marine Food Ngo et al., 2011
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 7
8. Bioactive extracts
èNatural products applied as extracts:
v Total or partial extracts, essential oil, oilresin...
èPhytotherapy:
v Study of the use of plants or plant extracts as health-promoting agents
èAmazon: huge natural reservoir
v 55,000 vegetable species cataloged from a total of 350,000 to 550,000
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 8
9. Important groups
è Alkaloids: high biological activity
v Anti-tumor, anti-spasmodic.
è Flavonoids: Present in flowers and fruits
v Blood vessels protectors, anti-inflammatory.
Alkaloid: caffeine
è Essential oils: Aromatic compounds
v Anti-septic and stimulant.
è Tannins: Phenolic compounds
v Ad stringent, bactericide and cicatrisation. Flavonoid
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 9
10. Raw
material Extraction vs extract
Pre- Separation /
treatment Extraction concentration
Separation steps used for isolation of plant metabolites
G. Romanik et al. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 70 (2007) 253–261
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 10
12. Hydrodistillation
è Clevenger type apparatus
è Solvent: water
è Raw material:
v Soaked into water
è Essential oils
è High temperature
http://pagesperso-orange.fr/guy.chaumeton
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 12
13. Cold pressed extraction
è Used for vegetable and essential
oils from natural products
è Screw pressed extraction
è Low heat technique
http://www.abchansenafrica.co.za
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 13
14. Steam distillation
http://everestherbs.com.np
/
è Material placed into a still, pressurized steam passes
è Heat: globules of oil burst and oil evaporates
è Essential oil condensates in water cooled pipe
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 14
15. Solvent extraction
è Raw material and solvent: dissolve solute
è Solvent selection:
v Hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketone, acetic acid
v Polarity, solubility, solute interactions
è Solute/solvent separation
http://www.armfield.co.uk/
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 15
16. Maceration and soxhlet
è Raw matter soaked in solvent, è Reflux
heated and strained è High temperature
è Variables: time and temperature è Time consuming
è Solvent consuming
http://www.albrigi.co.uk
http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 16
17. Conventional extractions
èProblems:
vHigh temperatures
vSolvent contamination: reduces product quality
vInflammability or explosion risks
vTime, solvent and energy consuming
vComposition varies with solvent and extraction technique
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 17
18. New extraction methods
èASE: accelerated solvent extraction (Jaques et al., 2008)
v Pressurized extraction: high pressure (3000 psi) and temperature
v Good performance: break of solute–matrix interactions
èMAE: microwave assisted extraction (Wang et al., 2008)
v Less solvent consumption, shorter times, higher yields,
v Microwave plus solvent extraction: enhances efficiency.
èUSE: ultrasonic solvent extraction (Cuoco et al., 2008)
v Efficient contact (sample/solvent): increases efficiency
v Accelerates extraction due to disruption of cell walls.
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 18
19. SFE: alternative
èClassical methods:
v Limitations: time and solvent
consuming and energy costs
èSFE:
v Product quality:
Ø Solvent free
Ø Thermal degradation free
v Energy saving:
Ø Extraction + separation
http://www.nature.com
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 19
21. SFE: characteristics
SCF: intermediate properties between liquid and gas phases
State r x 103 [kg/m3] DAB x 104 [m2] m [kg/m.s]
Gas (0.6–2) x 10-3 0.1 – 0.4 (1–3) x 10-5
SCF
Pc; Tc 0.2 – 0.5 0.7 x 10-3 (1–3) x 10-5
4Pc; Tc 0.4 – 0.9 0.2 x 10-3 (3–9) x 10-5
Liquid 0.6 – 1.6 (0.2–2) x 10-5 (0.2–3) x 10-3
High mass transfer rates
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 21
22. Basic components
SOLVENT
PUMP
EXTRACTOR CO2: most used
solvent (304.2K
and 72.3bar)
SEPARATOR
SOLUTE
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 22
23. SFE: aspects
è Solvent power control (T/P)
è Fractionation
è Selectivity
è Extraction and separation:
v One step
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 23
24. SFE: applications
è Alternative process for high aggregated value products
è When quality is determinant
v Fine chemistry and pharmacy (active principles)
v Food (caffeine, hop, essential oils, aromas...)
è Sources:
v Plants, microorganisms, food, sea organisms, fungus…
è Examples:
v Food, colorants, drugs, vitamins, phyto-hormones
v Spices, coffee, aromas, oil seeds, hop, tobacco
v Wax, polymers, cleaning products…
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 24
26. P/T conditions
Extraction
Raw material Product
P (bar) T (oC)
Oily plants (crops) Soy oil Up to 700 Up to 50
Corn oil
Black pepper Black pepper oil 90 40
Piperine 200 40
Coffee Caffeine 300 80
Jojoba Jojoba oil 700 60
Green pepper Dye (color) 35 60
Hop Hop extract Up to 400 Up to 50
Chamomile Matricine ∼ 100 ∼ 40
Chrysanthemum Piretrine 250 40
Graichen & Hubert, (1994)
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 26
27. LATESC: raw materials
è Marigold (Calendula officinalis) è Apple pomace
è Horsetail (Equisetum giganteum) è Propolis
è Rice bran oil (Oryza sativa L.) è Peach almond
è Avenca-da-praia (Polygala cyparisias) è Shrimp shells
è Menthe (Mentha spicata) è Banana peel
è Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) è Orange pomace
è Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) è Eucalypt leaves
è Grape pomace (Vitis vinífera) è Plumb
v Shiraz, Merlot, Cabernet sauvignon è Fishery by-products
è Erva baleeira (Cordia verbenacea) è Pecan nuts
è Spent Coffee ground and coffee husk è Shrimp residue
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 27
28. Extraction results
èProcess aspects:
v Extraction yield: cross-over influence
v Use of co-solvents in SFE: increase yield
èProduct quality:
v Extract composition: chromatographic methods
v Biological activities: antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 28
29. Peach almond
Peach
è Peach almond:
Products
v Industrial residue
v 32-55 % of oil
v Rich in fatty acids
Residue 20 % (oleic and linoleic)
Animal feed Oil extraction
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 29
31. SFE: co-solvents
èCO2: non-polar è Ethanol, methanol, propane...
v Dissolves non-polar v EtOH: legally accepted
v From 1% to 5% (w/w)
èCo-solvents: èInfluence:
v Volatility between solute/SCF v Composition
v Increase solubility v Biological activity
v Target compounds v Extraction yield
v Affect selectivity
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 31
32. SFE: Modifier
èImprove the SFE performance: yield and selectivity
èSelection: Ability to dissolve compounds of interest;
èCommon examples:
v EtOH, EtAc, DCM, BtOH
LATESC group:
è Campos et al. (2008): SFE from C. sauvignon grape pomace
v Increased yield from 2.7% to 9.2% by using 15% EtOH
è Biscaia & Ferreira (2009): SFE from propolis
v Increased yield from 8.6% to 24.8% by using 5% of EtOH
è Michielin et al. (2009): SFE from C. verbenacea
v Increased yield from 5.0% to 7.7% by using 5% of EtOH
è Mezzomo et al. (2010): SFE from peach almond
v Increased yield from 22% to 24% by using 5% of EtOH.
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 32
33. Extract quality
è Product quality as important as process yield
è Results (LATESC):
v Different raw materials
v Different extraction methods
Ø SFE (CO2 and CO2 + CS) and classical extraction methods
è Quality evaluation:
1. Chemical composition profile
2. Antioxidant activity
3. Antimicrobial activity
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 33
34. 1. Composition
èChromatographic methods
v Gas Chromatography: mostly for non-polar substances
Ø adequate for CO2 extracts
v HPLC: detect substances with higher polarity
èMass spectrometry:
v Components identification:
Ø Standard Reference Data Series of the National Institute of Standard
and Technology.
èComposition:
v Retention time and standard curves
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 34
35. Grape pomace
è Miolo winery Ltda. (Vintage 2003)
v Residue from wine production
v Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and
Shiraz
è Compounds remain in pomace
v Essential oil and pigments
v Resveratrol, linoleic acid
è Extract quality:
v Composition Grape pomace
v Fruit origin, harvest,
v Wine process, Campos, L.M.A.S.; Leimann, F.V., Curi, R.P.;
v Extraction/solvent method. Ferreira, S.R.S. Bioresource Technology,
99(17), 2008: 8413-8420.
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 35
36. GC-MS: grape pomace
No Components
For cosmetic products,
1 Phenyl ethyl alcohol synthesis vit. E
2 Capric acid
3 Lauric acid
4 Palmitic acid
5 Tridecanoic acid
6 Phytol
7 Linoleic acid
8 Ethyl linoleate
9 Oleic acid
10 Octadecanoic acid
11 Palmitaldehyde
12 Long chain linear acid GC-MS from grape pomace extract obtained by SFE
with pure CO2 at 150 bar, 40ºC and 3.33gCO2/min
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 36
42. Horsetail (Equisetum giganteum)
è Horsetail = cola de caballo.
è Actions:
v Anti-inflammatory, diuretic, anti-
hemorrhagic, skin regenerator
è Extraction:
v SFE, soxhlet and COSE
è Composition:
v GC-MS
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 42
44. GC-MS: Mentha spicata L
èGC-MS: menthe
v Carvone: antifungal and antimicrobial
v Pulegone: muscle reliever and for indigestion
v Phytol: diterpene alcohol used for vitamin E
synthesis and regulates metabolic process.
Compound SFE (CO2) Sox-EtOH SFE CO2+EtOH
Carvone 36.16 41.61 49.76
Pulegone 8.22 9.44 6.9
Phytol 8.11 4.61 11.13
Almeida et al. Food and
Bioproc. Tech. .IN PRESS.
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 44
45. 2. Antioxidant activity (AA)
è Ability to avoid or reduce oxidative rancidity (food deterioration)
è Synthetics (carcinogenic effect):
v BHA, BHT, TBHQ (phenols)
è Naturals (non toxic):
v From food products and plant material
v Tocopherols, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds
è Several classes with diverse chemical behavior:
v AA result is dependant of the method
v One method: do not detect all mechanisms that characterize an AA.
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 45
46. Antioxidant methods
è Methods for AA%: Espectrophotometric and fluorescence methods
v Free radical scavenging methods
v Redox potential of antioxidants
è DPPH: (MENSOR et al. 2001)
v Radical (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil): electron capture from antioxidant
è ABTS:
v AA compounds: Ability to reduce radical ABTS•+ (600-750 nm)
è β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching method (Matthäus, 2002)
v Suitable for lipophilic fractions: Ability to protect the lipid fraction from oxidation
è Total phenolic content (TPC):
v Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method [Singleton & Rossi, 1965]
v TPC was expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/mg of extracts
v For poly-phenols and mono-phenols
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 46
47. 3. Antimicrobial activity
èAntimicrobial substances:
v Prevent or inhibit microorganisms growth
èResistant bacteria:
v Challenge to infection treatments
v Patient sensibility to traditional antimicrobials
v New substances are necessary
èAntimicrobial compounds from plant material:
v Not well exploited
v Studies are very incipient.
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 47
48. Antimicrobial activity
è Agar diffusion method (ADM): inhibition ≥ 9mm selected for MIC
v S. Aureus, B. Cereus, M. luteus: Gram positive
v E. Coli, P. Aeruginosa: Gram negative
v C. Albicans, : fungus
è Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC)
v Positive result (Duarte et al., 2007):
Ø < 500 mg/mL: strong inhibitors
Ø 600 – 1500 mg/mL: moderate inhibitor.
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 48
49. Yield and DPPH: grape pomace
10 25
Yield AA %
8 20
Yield [%]
AA [%]
6 15
4 10
2 5
0 0
SFE 0% EtOHSFE 10% EtOHSFE 15% EtOHSFE 20% EtOH
ESC at 150 bar, 40ºC: AA by DPPH (sample at 250 µg/mL)
SFE: yield and AA
increase with EtOH
concentration
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 49
51. Grape Pomace – ADM results
ADM (mm)
Other low pressure extracts:
no antimicrobial activity
ADM: positive results: selected
for MIC
Baydar et al. (2004): grape peel extracts (not
active); grape seed extracts (highly active)
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 51
52. Antimicrobial activity: MIC
Extraction MIC (µg/mL)
Grape Process conditions
Method S. aureus B. cereus E. coli P. aeruginosa C. albicans
150 bar 750 ± 250 2000 >2000 >2000 -
200 bar 1500 ± 500 1000 >2000 >2000 500
Merlot 50 °C
250 bar 2000 1500 ± 500 >2000 >2000 -
300 bar 625 ± 375 1000 1000 1000 -
ESC CO2 150 bar 1000 1000 2000 2000 >2000
200 bar 1000 2000 2000 2000 -
Merlot 60 °C
250 bar 2000 2000 2000 2000 -
300 bar 1500 ± 500 1000 2000 2000 -
Syrah 60 °C 250 bar 1500 ± 500 2000 >2000 >2000 -
C. sauvignon 60 °C 250 bar 500 1000 >2000 >2000 -
Soxhlet Syrah hexane - 2000 - - -
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011
53. AA% (DPPH): menthe
High AA for SFE
with co-solvent
SFE: CO2 SFE: CO2 + co-solvent Soxhlet
(bar/ºC) AA(%) (bar/ºC/EtOH%) AA(%) Solvent AA (%)
100/30 15 200/40/10% 70.3 Hx 30.5
100/40 26.7 200/40/15% 49.3 DCM 86.3
100/50 18.7 200/40/20% 71.4 EtAc 92.9
200/30 20.9 150/40/20% 38.2 BtOH 94.0
200/40 28.7 150/50/20% 84.4 EtOH 95.2
200/50 14.2 200/50/20% 24.5
300/30 22.6 230/40/20% 78.6
300/40 24.9 230/50/20% 35.3 HD AA (%)
300/50 24.2 Water 20.3
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 53
54. Shiitake (Lentinula edodes)
è 2° most consumed mushroom:
è Mushrooms: nutraceutic food
v Source of active compounds
v Cancer protection: Lentinan
v Anti-cholesterolemic: Eritadenina
v Antioxidant activity
v Antimicrobial activity
è Shiitake extract:
v 60 pills 500 mg = US$ 9.95
(http://www.vitacost.com)
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 54
55. AA%: Shiitake
IC50 (DPPH): Inhibition concentration SFE: AA%
ETA (equivalent of tanic acid): Total Phenolic Content similar to DCM
200 2.5
IC50
ETA
ETA (g/100 g extract)
160 2
120 1.5
IC50
80 1
40 0.5
0 0
Cose:DCM Cose:EtAc SF:EtOH 5% SF:EtOH SF:EtOH
10% 15%
Shiitake extract
Kitzberger et al., Journal of Food Engineering, 80(2): 631-638. 2007.
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 55
57. %AA Orange pomace: β-carotene/linoleic ac.
Extraction Solvent % AA (120 min)
ESC 40 ºC/100 bar CO2 84.4bcdefg ± 0.3
ESC 50 ºC/150 bar CO2 95b ± 4
ESC 40 ºC/200 bar CO2 82cdefgh ± 4
ESC 50 ºC/200 bar CO2 110a ± 3
ESC 50 ºC/250 bar CO2 90bcd ± 3
ESC 40 ºC/300 bar CO2 88bcdef ± 3
ESC 50 ºC/300 bar CO2 88bcde ± 2
ESC 50 ºC/250 bar CO2 + EtOH 92.5bc ± 0.2
BHT - 113a ± 7
Benelli et al. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, v. 55, p. 132-141, 2010.
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 57
58. Propolis
è Natural product used as
medicine purpose for centuries;
è Complex mixture:
v Resinous material from plant
sources, transferred by
enzymes (bee) and wax
(MARCUCCI et al., 2001).
http://www.natucentro.com.br/
è Component: artepilin C
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 58
59. AM: Propolis
method E. coli S. aureus B. cereus SFE (P/T) E. coli S. aureus B. cereus
100/30 13 19 16
Sox-EtOH 0 16 13 ADM (mm) 100/40 14 15 15
100/50 12 12 14
Sox-EtAc 0 14 13 150/30 0 15 16
Sox-CHCl3 0 14 12 150/40 13 17 20
Sox-Hex 0 18 14 150/50 0 21 20
200/30 0 16 21
Sox-H2O 0 14 10 200/40 0 15 15
COSE-EtOH 0 18 13 200/50 0 18 17
COSE-EtH2O 70% 0 14 14 250/40 0 16 18
COSE-EtH2O 50% 0 18 19
S. B.
Method E. coli aureus cereus
Sox-EtOH
Sox-Hx
NT
NT
0.2500
0.0625
0.5000
0.5000
MIC (mg/mL)
COSE:EtOH50% NT 1.0000 0.2500
SFE100/30 1.0000 0.1250 1.0000
SFE100/40 0.5000 0.2500 1.0000
SFE150/40 0.5000 0.1250 1.0000 SFE: excellent method for
SFE200/30 NT 0.0625 1.0000 antimicrobial extracts
SFE250/40 NT 0.0625 0.5000
SFE150/40/5% NT 0.0625 0.5000
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 59
60. Cordia verbenacea
è SC and SP shore;
v erva baleeira, salicilina (RAMOS et al., 2005, CARVALHO et al., 2004 ).
è Activities:
v anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing
v Rheumatism and attrite treatments
è Essential oils (aroma):
v a-humulene, b-caryophylene, pinene
è Flavonoids:
v quercetine, artemetin
www.jardimdeflores.com.br
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 60
61. DPPH: C. verbenacea
1200
C. verbenacea:
DPPH (EC50 g/mL)
800
Extracts with
excellent AA
400
0
Ac
H
t
x
Ac
CM
H
SE M
x
er
er
H
in
in
Ke
H
H
O
O
O
C
ut
at
et
at
Et
Et
SE
Et
D
Et
s
D
Et
x
rc
R
w
w
So
So
SE
x
x
%
SE
ue
x
O
x
So
%
So
So
So
50
C
O
25
Q
O
O
C
C
C
Extracts
COSE EtAc EC50= 9.2±0.4 mg/mL Soxhlet 50% EtOH EC50= 29±2 mg/mL
Rutin Ec50= 6.2±0.3 mg/mL
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 61
63. AM: C. verbenacea
Extract S. aureus B. cereus E. coli P. aeruginosa
SFE100bar/30 C 09 11 00 12
SFE100bar/50 C 15 15 00 11
SFE200bar/30 C 15 13 00 00
SFE200bar/40 C 31 12 00 00 ADM (mm)
SFE300bar/30 C 16 13 00 11
SFE300bar/40 C 15 13 00 10
CO2+ 5% EtAc 17 14 00 10
CO2+ 5% EtOH 15 12 00 09 All extracts present
COSE EtAc 19 16 00 11 AM against Gram +
COSE Water 20 13 00 00 bacteria
Sox 25% EtOH 25 15 16 21
Sox 50% EtOH 18 11 00 00
Sox EtOH 16 13 00 00
Sox Water 20 10 12 16
Sox EtAc 21 16 12 00
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 63
64. AM: C. verbenacea
Extract S. aureus B. cereus E. coli Pseudomona
aeruginosa
SFE 100/50 °C 1.000 0.125 NT >4.000
MIC (mg/mL)
SFE 200/40 °C 0.500 0.0468 NT NT
SFE 300/30 °C 0.375 < 0.0078 NT >4.000
CO2 + 5% EtAc 0.250 0.0156 NT >4.000
SFE: excellent
CO2 + 5% EtOH 0.250 0.03125 NT 1.000
method for highly
Mac EtAc 0.250 0.0468 NT 1.500
effective AM
Sox 25% EtOH 2.000 1.000 2.000 1.000
Sox Water 2.000 2.000 2.000 1.000
Sox Hx NT NT 2.000 >4.000
Sox EtAc 0.500 0.0468 2.000 NT
MIC (Positive result): < 0.5 mg/mL: strong inhibitors
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 64
65. Economic issues
è Last 15 years (natural products):
v More than 100 plants (pilot and industrial scales) in operation
è Small to medium units:
v 100 to 1000 ton/year at 3 to 4 EUR/kg product
è Industrial units:
v 10.000 ton/year at 0.5 EUR/kg product
è Natural products (3% extract)
v Cost: 100 to150 EUR/kg product
v Continuous process: cost reduction in 5 times
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 65
66. Conclusion
èExtraction method and process conditions affect:
v Extraction yield
v Chemical profile
v Biological activity
èSFE: relevant technology for biological active extracts
v Screening
v Process optimization
v Product standardize
v Costs Good idea!
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 66
67. Federal University of Santa Catarina
Chemical and Food
Engineering Department
EQA/CTC – UFSC, P.O. Box 476
Florianópolis, SC – BRAZIL
ZIP Code 88040-900
Phone: + 55 48 3721.9448
FAX: + 55 48 3721.9687
www.enq.ufsc.br
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 67
68. References
è MENSOR, et al. Phitoterapy Research. v. 15, p. 27-130.
è SAUCEAU, M. J.of Supercritical Fluids 31 (2004) 133-140.
è SOVOVÁ, H. J. Chem. Data 2001, 46, 1255-1257.
è CHAFER et al., J. of Supercritical Fluids 32 (2004) 89-96.
è BOHN, J.; BEMILLER, J.N. Carbohydrate Polymers, USA, 28, 3-14, 1995.
è Campos, L.M.A.S.; Leimann, F.V., Curi, R.P.; Ferreira, S.R.S. Bioresource Technology, 99(17), 2008: 8413-8420.
è C. M. P. Sarmento, S. R. S. Ferreira; H. Hense. BJChE (IN PRESS). BJChE, 23(2): 243 – 249. 2006.
è Nicolaou, K. C.; Wu, T. R.; Sarlah, D.; Shaw, D. M.; Rowcliffe, E.; Burton, D. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 2008; In Press.
è Shilabin, A. G.; Kasanah, N.; Tekwani, B. L.; Hamann, M. T. J. Nat. Prod.; (Article); 2008; 71(7); 1218-1221.
è Duncan, R.; Gilbert, H. R. P.; Carbajo, R. J.; Vicent, M. J. Biomacromolecules; (Article); 2008; 9(4); 1146-1154.
è Yuan Y. ; Fuse S. ; Ostash B. ; Sliz P. ; Kahne D. ; Walker S. ACS Chem. Biol.; (Article); 2008; 3(7); 429-436.
è Feyen, F.; Cachoux, F.; Gertsch, J.; Wartmann, M.; Altmann, K. Acc. Chem. Res.; (Article); 2008; 41(1); 21-31.
è Shlyapnikov et al. Protein Expression and Purification, 60(1) 2008: 89-95.
è Strayo et al. Devasagayam. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 173(3). 2008: 215-223.
è Kukić et al. Food Chemistry, 107 (2). 2008: 861-268.
è Liu et al. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 41(7) 2008: 1344-1349.
è Ju et al. Bioorg. & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 2008.
è Cavalcanti et al. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 147(4). 2008 409-415.
è G. Romanik et al. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 70 (2007) 253–261
è Michielin, E.M.Z.; Bresciani, L. F.V.; Danielski, L.; Yunes, R.A.; Ferreira, S.R.S. J. Supercritical Fluids. 2005. V 33: 131.
è Kitzberger et al., Journal of Food Engineering, 80(2): 631-638. 2007.
è Danielski et al. Chem. Eng. Proc., 46 (2). 2007: 99-106.
SRSFerreira - Chapecó, November, 2011 68