Abstract
Curcuminoids is the mixture of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin obtained from dried
rhizomes of Curcuma longa, commonly used for its wide therapeutic value. However, the absorption efficacy of
curcuminoids is too low to exhibit its proper therapeutic value. Thus, a new preparation named as
BioTurmin-WD (water dispersible curcuminoids) was developed for improved bioavailability. By using human
Caco-2 cell monolayer, the permeability efficacy of BioTurmin-WD was evaluated and compared with that of
95% pure curcuminoids. Caco-2 model predicts the in vivo absorption of drugs across the gut wall by measuring
the rate of transport of a compound across the Caco-2 cell line. BioTurmin-WD was added to the apical layer and
basolateral samples were collected over 120 min to examine the concentration diffusing across the cell
monolayer. Permeable curcuminoids across the cell monolayer was analysed through reverse phase high pressure
liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Apparent permeabilities (Papp) of BioTurmin-WD and 95% curcuminoids
were found to be 5.89 × 10 -6 and 2.65 × 10 -6 cm/s respectively. The apparent permeability coefficient of
BioTurmin-WD was 7.03-fold higher than 95% pure curcuminoids. Percentage permeability of BioTurmin-WD
(0.2945) was much higher than 95% curcuminoids (0.0859). Results indicated that BioTurmin-WD have a much
higher absorption capacity (bioavailability) compared to 95% pure curcuminoids. Thus, BioTurmin-WD may be
useful as a dietary supplement with greater bioavailability to exert clinical benefits in humans at a lower dosage.
Keywords: BioTurmin-WD, bioavailability, Caco-2 cells, Curcuma longa, curcuminoids, permeability
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Solid wastes of fruits peels as source of low cost broad spectrum natural ant...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts of Cochlospermum...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of
Choclospermum planchonii leaf were tested against some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms.
The phytochemical screenings of the extracts were also carried out. The leaf extracts of the plant exhibited
antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii and reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 28923),
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853. The methanolic leaf extracts
exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 0.31
and 1.25 mg/ml; and its zones of inhibition on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 13
mm. The petroleum ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) ranging between 2.50mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml and its inhibition zone ranging between 4mm and 8mm. The
phytochemical constituents present in the plant were alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and
sterols. The methanolic extracts of the leaf exhibited potentially biological activity than other extracts. This
indicates that the plant leaf could be useful in the treatment of human infections caused by these pathogens. The
antibacterial activities of the methanolic leaf extract may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds.
Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence by Some Indonesian Medicinal ...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study aims to discover quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) from some Indonesian medicinal plants ethanol extract to analyze their inhibitory activities against QS-mediated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa using in-vitro experimental study-laboratory setting. Indonesian medicinal plant ethanolic extracts were tested for their capability to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility, biofilm formation using microtiter plate method, pyocyanin and LasA production using LasA staphylolytic assay. Statistical significance of the data were determined using one way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test. Differences were considered significant with P values of 0.05 or less. The findings obtained showed that Ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and A. alitilis flower capable to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility as well as pyocyanin production and biofilm formation. Both extracts also showed capability in reducing LasA protease production. It is concluded that T. catappa and A. alitilis are an interesting sources of innovative plant derived quorum quenching compound(s), thus can be used in the development of new antipathogenic drug.
Background: Dennentia tripetalla (Pepper Fruit) belongs to the Annonaceae family and is abundant in Nigeria. Its
fruit in folklore medicine is used for treatment of varying ailments. While ample research evidence exists on the
plants fruit and seed, no current study exists on the toxicological profile of the plant leaves.
Methods: qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals and In vitro antioxidant assays were carried out using
standard methods. The acute toxicity study indicates that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Subchronic
toxicity studies was carried out using five groups of rats. Group 1 served as control, 2–5 received 100 mg/
Kg, 200 mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg body weight orally for 28 days.
Results: Post-administration biochemical analysis indicates there was increased weight in rats administered 100
mg/kg and 200 mg/kg while it reduced in the 500 mg/kg group. Significant elevations of liver function markers
were reported for 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Serum and hepatic protein profiles remained unaltered.
Renal function analysis revealed elevated serum urea and creatinine for 200 and 500 mg/kg groups, elevated serum
Na+ and Ca+ and reduced serum Cl− for the 500 mg/Kg group. Elevated Kidney K+ and Ca+ levels, reduced Cl−
were significantly observed in 500 mg/Kg group. Significant rise in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was
observed in 200 and 500 mg/Kg groups. There were observed disarmament of the antioxidant defense systems
occasioned by rise and drop in tissue (hepatic, renal, testes, heart) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat),
Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the test groups relative to control.
Histopathological examination indicated architectural aberrations at 500 and 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: It concluded that the plant had significant phytochemical and antioxidant properties of medical
interest and possessed toxic properties in rats when administered at a dose above 200 mg/Kg over a prolonged
period of time.
Phytochemical Profile and in vitro and in vivo Anticonvulsant and Antioxidant...Self-employed researcher
This study presents the phytochemical profile and in vitro and in
vivo anticonvulsant and antioxidant activities of Epilobium hirsutum, which
has been traditionally used in the treatment of epilepsy by local people of
Turkey. In vitro studies revealed that the extract contained a pronounced
amount of phenolics (206.3±0.9 mg Gallic acid Eq/g extract) and exhibited
significant levels of antioxidant (FRAP; 6226 µmol Fe2+/g extract, ORAC;
6593 µmol Trolox Eq/g extract, DPPH; IC50:33.8 ug/mL and metal chelation;
IC50:114 ug/mL) and anticonvulsant (AChE; IC50:71.2 ug/mL, BChE; IC50:92.5
ug/mL, GABA-T; IC50:94.7 ug/mL) activities. In vivo studies shown that the
the extract exhibited high anticonvulsant activities. In addition, the extracts
regulated the behavior, locomotion, and mental activities of the mice tested.
Biochemical evaluation of the brain tissue revealed that the extract inhibited
the production of MDA and stimulated the increase of antioxidant enzyme
levels, which suggest the possible antioxidative role of the extract that worked
as neuroprotective agents by scarfing the free radicals produced through PTZ
seizure inducer and attenuate convulsions. Moreover the extract regulated
serum biochemical parameters, total antioxidants, total oxidant, and ischemia modified albumin levels. Chromatographic studies were revealed that gallic
acid principally might be the major contributor of anticonvulsant and
antioxidant activities with the additive contributions of fatty acids and mineral
compounds. Findings obtained from this study partially justified the traditional
use of Epilobium hirsutum in the treatment of epilepsy and suggest potential
use of the extract as an industrial or pharmaceutical agent.
The Central and Peripheral effects of the methanol extract of Fadogia cienkow...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Solid wastes of fruits peels as source of low cost broad spectrum natural ant...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts of Cochlospermum...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of
Choclospermum planchonii leaf were tested against some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms.
The phytochemical screenings of the extracts were also carried out. The leaf extracts of the plant exhibited
antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii and reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 28923),
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853. The methanolic leaf extracts
exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 0.31
and 1.25 mg/ml; and its zones of inhibition on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 13
mm. The petroleum ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) ranging between 2.50mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml and its inhibition zone ranging between 4mm and 8mm. The
phytochemical constituents present in the plant were alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and
sterols. The methanolic extracts of the leaf exhibited potentially biological activity than other extracts. This
indicates that the plant leaf could be useful in the treatment of human infections caused by these pathogens. The
antibacterial activities of the methanolic leaf extract may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds.
Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence by Some Indonesian Medicinal ...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study aims to discover quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) from some Indonesian medicinal plants ethanol extract to analyze their inhibitory activities against QS-mediated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa using in-vitro experimental study-laboratory setting. Indonesian medicinal plant ethanolic extracts were tested for their capability to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility, biofilm formation using microtiter plate method, pyocyanin and LasA production using LasA staphylolytic assay. Statistical significance of the data were determined using one way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test. Differences were considered significant with P values of 0.05 or less. The findings obtained showed that Ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and A. alitilis flower capable to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility as well as pyocyanin production and biofilm formation. Both extracts also showed capability in reducing LasA protease production. It is concluded that T. catappa and A. alitilis are an interesting sources of innovative plant derived quorum quenching compound(s), thus can be used in the development of new antipathogenic drug.
Background: Dennentia tripetalla (Pepper Fruit) belongs to the Annonaceae family and is abundant in Nigeria. Its
fruit in folklore medicine is used for treatment of varying ailments. While ample research evidence exists on the
plants fruit and seed, no current study exists on the toxicological profile of the plant leaves.
Methods: qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals and In vitro antioxidant assays were carried out using
standard methods. The acute toxicity study indicates that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Subchronic
toxicity studies was carried out using five groups of rats. Group 1 served as control, 2–5 received 100 mg/
Kg, 200 mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg body weight orally for 28 days.
Results: Post-administration biochemical analysis indicates there was increased weight in rats administered 100
mg/kg and 200 mg/kg while it reduced in the 500 mg/kg group. Significant elevations of liver function markers
were reported for 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Serum and hepatic protein profiles remained unaltered.
Renal function analysis revealed elevated serum urea and creatinine for 200 and 500 mg/kg groups, elevated serum
Na+ and Ca+ and reduced serum Cl− for the 500 mg/Kg group. Elevated Kidney K+ and Ca+ levels, reduced Cl−
were significantly observed in 500 mg/Kg group. Significant rise in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was
observed in 200 and 500 mg/Kg groups. There were observed disarmament of the antioxidant defense systems
occasioned by rise and drop in tissue (hepatic, renal, testes, heart) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat),
Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the test groups relative to control.
Histopathological examination indicated architectural aberrations at 500 and 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: It concluded that the plant had significant phytochemical and antioxidant properties of medical
interest and possessed toxic properties in rats when administered at a dose above 200 mg/Kg over a prolonged
period of time.
Phytochemical Profile and in vitro and in vivo Anticonvulsant and Antioxidant...Self-employed researcher
This study presents the phytochemical profile and in vitro and in
vivo anticonvulsant and antioxidant activities of Epilobium hirsutum, which
has been traditionally used in the treatment of epilepsy by local people of
Turkey. In vitro studies revealed that the extract contained a pronounced
amount of phenolics (206.3±0.9 mg Gallic acid Eq/g extract) and exhibited
significant levels of antioxidant (FRAP; 6226 µmol Fe2+/g extract, ORAC;
6593 µmol Trolox Eq/g extract, DPPH; IC50:33.8 ug/mL and metal chelation;
IC50:114 ug/mL) and anticonvulsant (AChE; IC50:71.2 ug/mL, BChE; IC50:92.5
ug/mL, GABA-T; IC50:94.7 ug/mL) activities. In vivo studies shown that the
the extract exhibited high anticonvulsant activities. In addition, the extracts
regulated the behavior, locomotion, and mental activities of the mice tested.
Biochemical evaluation of the brain tissue revealed that the extract inhibited
the production of MDA and stimulated the increase of antioxidant enzyme
levels, which suggest the possible antioxidative role of the extract that worked
as neuroprotective agents by scarfing the free radicals produced through PTZ
seizure inducer and attenuate convulsions. Moreover the extract regulated
serum biochemical parameters, total antioxidants, total oxidant, and ischemia modified albumin levels. Chromatographic studies were revealed that gallic
acid principally might be the major contributor of anticonvulsant and
antioxidant activities with the additive contributions of fatty acids and mineral
compounds. Findings obtained from this study partially justified the traditional
use of Epilobium hirsutum in the treatment of epilepsy and suggest potential
use of the extract as an industrial or pharmaceutical agent.
The Central and Peripheral effects of the methanol extract of Fadogia cienkow...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Studies on Bambusa arundinacea a...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
This study was formulated to check the phytochemical, antioxidant, antibacterial potential of
Bambusa arundinacea (Bamboo) and Mangifera indica (Mango) trees. Aqueous, ethanolic and
methanolic extracts were prepared from leaves of former and stem bark of later. The phytochemical
screening of the extracts showed the presence of various bioactive compounds such as
carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins and proteins in B. arundinacea, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins,
saponins, steroids and cardiac glycosides in M. indica. Total phenolic concentration and
percentage of free radical scavenging activity was more in ethanolic extracts of B. arundinacea and
M. indica followed by methanolic extracts and aqueous extracts. Highest percentage of ferric
reducing antioxidant power was found in ethanolic extracts and lowest in aqueous extracts indicates
that ethanolic extracts has more antioxidant potential than the other two extracts. Ethanolic extracts
of both plants had higher inhibition on the tested Gram positive (B. subtilis & S. aureus) as well as
Gram negative (E.coli & P. aeruginosa) bacteria evidenced from the zones of inhibition. M. indica
showed more therapeutic potential as compared to B. arundinacea and ethanolic as well as
methanolic extracts of both the tested plants were more effective than aqueous extracts due to better
extraction power of organic solvents. Overall study indicates that B. arundinacea and M. indica are
potential source of natural antioxidants, phytochemicals and antibacterials that can be used for the
development of novel drugs and may represent new source of antimicrobials with stable, biologically
active components that can establish a scientific base for further use in modern medicines.
EVALUATION OF NEPHROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF MORNIDO CITROFOLIA IN ALBINO RATS.pdfgynomark
Nephroprotective agents are material that has potential to minimize the effects of nephrotoxic agents. Medicinal
plants have curative properties due to the presence of various complex chemical substances. Morinda citrifolia L
(Noni) also known as Indian mulberry is a common plant known to grow in the tropical countries. The present study
was focused on the investigation of Nephroprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of fruit Juice of Morinda
citrifolia on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. The phytochemical investigation revealed the
presence of carbohydrate, alkaloids, flavanoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, phenols and anthroquinone in
EEMC. The administration of cisplatin during experimentation is effectively induced apoptosis and necrosis, which
was similar to acute renal failure in human. Therefore,it is an effective and an ideal model for nephrotoxicity
research. The evaluation of renal parameters on nephrotoxic rats with EEMC showed significantly elevate the
attenuated body weight, urine volume, creatinine clearanceand significantly reduce in elevated serum creatinine
level, which supports its Nephroprotective activity.
Key words: Nephroprotective activity, Mornido citrofolia, Albino rats, phytochemical screening
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The present work has been under taken to study the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of O.
indicum against disease causing gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of solvent
extracts of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum has been studied to find out its activity against four important
bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus . The antimicrobial activity of
the stem bark extracts was done through well diffusion method and by measuring the inhibition zone around the
disc. The results revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. indicum exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the
microbes under study. The results provided evidence that the species O. indicum can be used as a potential
source of antimicrobial agent.
7 synthesis, characterisation and antimicrobial activity of schiff base of 7 ...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: Compounds having 2-quinolone moiety are associated with interesting biological activities. In the present study, we synthesized Schiff bases of 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-quinolone and their antibacterial activity was evaluated by wells diffusion method. Schiff bases of 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-quinolone (1 to 5 named as Q2aa-Q2ae) were prepared by refluxing 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-quinolone with substituted aromatic aldehydes. The final test compounds were purified and characterized by IR, 1HNMR and Mass Spectral studies. M.P. of these compounds was confirmed by open capillary method instrument chemline cl 725. They were evaluated for antibacterial activity. Compounds were active against Klebsiella pneumonia and Enterococcus faecalis. While ciprofloxacin was used as standards.
Phytochemical composition and antiradical activity of Sakersia africana Hook....Open Access Research Paper
The valorization of the medicinal plants of our country and determination of their impact on health due to their abundance of substances with various pharmacological effects are our principal objective. This study was evaluated the phytochemical screening and radical 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of different extracts of Sakersia africana Hook. f.. The results revealed that Sakersia africana Hook. f. is rich in phenols compounds, sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids and reducing compound. The values in total phenols and proanthocyanidines are ranging respectively from 391.58 ± 0.04 to 777 ± 0.03 mg/100 g of drugs and 113.5 ± 3.17 to 653.5 ± 36.83 mg/100 g of drugs. Results also show that different extracts tested present antiradical activity with values of IC50 ranging from 164.21± 0.014 to 195.54± 0.012 % and abundance in bioactive compounds. This study could justify the use of Sakersia africana of some chronic diseases.
PRODUCTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF PECTINASE BY BACILLUS SP. ISOLATED FROM VEGETA...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Microbial enzymes have shown tremendous potential for different applications. Over the years due to their remarkable features enzymes have occupied the centre stage of all the biochemical and industrial processes. Pectinases are a group of enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of pectic materials found in plants and are important industrial enzymes. In the present study, pectinase is produced from Bacillus sp. that was isolated from vegetable waste dump soil samples. A total of five isolates showed pectinase production and designated as PPB1 to PPB5. The screened isolates were used as a source of pectinase production using cassava waste as a substrate. Isolate PPB5 showed maximum enzyme activity of 0.641 IU/ml. Pectinase activity was optimized for various parameters like incubation time, temperature, pH, different carbon and nitrogen sources. Enzyme activity was observed maximum at 96 hr of incubation, 35°C temperature and at pH 6. The best carbon was found to be glucose. Among organic and inorganic nitrogen sources yeast extract and ammonium nitrate was founded to be better than other nitrogen sources. Among the five isolates, the isolate PPB5 showed maximum activity at all optimum conditions. This isolate is best producer and can be used in future for further pectinase production.
In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Cochlospermum planchonii Roots Crude Ext...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether of
Cochlospermum planchonii root extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms were
investigated using conventional microbiological and microdilution indicator technique. Phytochemical
screenings were also carried on the extracts. The root extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activities
against reference strains and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii. However, the susceptibility pattern of the bacteria did not
differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). The methanolic root extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial
activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 1.25 mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml; and its zones
of inhibition diameter on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 12mm. The petroleum
ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.00mg/ml and
its zones of inhibition diameter ranging between 4mm and 7mm. The bioactive constituents in the plant were
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and sterols. The methanolic extracts of root appeared to be
more biologically active than other extracts and may be more useful in treating human infections caused by
these pathogens.
Antimicrobial Activity of Bauhinia Purpurea (L) by Minimum Inhibitory Concent...IOSRJPBS
MIC methods are widely used in the comparative testing of new agents, or when a more accurate result is required for clinical management. As there are no CLSI (formerly NCCLS) recommendations for the determination of MICs of varies bio-compounds against gram positive and gram negative organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration is the lowest concentration (in μg/ml) of an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of a given strain of bacteria. In Diagnostic laboratories these MIC’S are used to confirm resistance and also most often used to determine antimicrobial invitro activity. In the present MIC method, one can get the information about Antibiotic agent, preparation of stock solutions, media and inoculation, conditions of incubation, ultimately reading and interpretation of results. The present study is focused to evaluate antibacterial activities of ethanolic extract and purified fractions of Bauhinia purpurea using a gram-positive and a gram-negative organisms Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella, E.coli and enterococcus
Microbiological and physicochemical quality of pasteurized milk supplemented ...UniversitasGadjahMada
Caesalpinia sappan L (Sappanwood) contains antibacterial compounds and antioxidants that inhibit the growth of microbes. This study aimed to investigatethe microbiological and physicochemical qualities of pasteurized milk supplemented with 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8% (w/v) sappan wood extract. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design factorial followed by the Duncan’s new multiple range test. Preliminary analysis showed that sappan wood extract contained 44.66 ± 0.09 mg/100g phenols, 0.18 ± 0.01 mg/100mg flavonoids, 46.42 ± 0.23 mg/100g tannins, and antioxidant activity at 85.82 ± 0.25%. The addition of sappan wood extract significantly increased the antioxidant activity (P<0.05) of pasteurized milk during storage. Pasteurized milk supplemented with sappan wood extract had a lower total bacterial count (P<0.05) than that of unsupplemented pasteurized milk, and supplemented milk showed strong antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella thypimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes.The addition of sappan wood slightly increased the protein content but did not affect pH, and viscosity. It is concluded that the addition of sappan wood extract increased the microbiological quality and maintained the physicochemical quality of pasteurized milk, thus extending the product’s shelf-life.
Potency of Nanopropolis Stinglessbee Trigona spp Indonesia as Antibacterial A...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Studies on Bambusa arundinacea a...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
This study was formulated to check the phytochemical, antioxidant, antibacterial potential of
Bambusa arundinacea (Bamboo) and Mangifera indica (Mango) trees. Aqueous, ethanolic and
methanolic extracts were prepared from leaves of former and stem bark of later. The phytochemical
screening of the extracts showed the presence of various bioactive compounds such as
carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins and proteins in B. arundinacea, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins,
saponins, steroids and cardiac glycosides in M. indica. Total phenolic concentration and
percentage of free radical scavenging activity was more in ethanolic extracts of B. arundinacea and
M. indica followed by methanolic extracts and aqueous extracts. Highest percentage of ferric
reducing antioxidant power was found in ethanolic extracts and lowest in aqueous extracts indicates
that ethanolic extracts has more antioxidant potential than the other two extracts. Ethanolic extracts
of both plants had higher inhibition on the tested Gram positive (B. subtilis & S. aureus) as well as
Gram negative (E.coli & P. aeruginosa) bacteria evidenced from the zones of inhibition. M. indica
showed more therapeutic potential as compared to B. arundinacea and ethanolic as well as
methanolic extracts of both the tested plants were more effective than aqueous extracts due to better
extraction power of organic solvents. Overall study indicates that B. arundinacea and M. indica are
potential source of natural antioxidants, phytochemicals and antibacterials that can be used for the
development of novel drugs and may represent new source of antimicrobials with stable, biologically
active components that can establish a scientific base for further use in modern medicines.
EVALUATION OF NEPHROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF MORNIDO CITROFOLIA IN ALBINO RATS.pdfgynomark
Nephroprotective agents are material that has potential to minimize the effects of nephrotoxic agents. Medicinal
plants have curative properties due to the presence of various complex chemical substances. Morinda citrifolia L
(Noni) also known as Indian mulberry is a common plant known to grow in the tropical countries. The present study
was focused on the investigation of Nephroprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of fruit Juice of Morinda
citrifolia on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. The phytochemical investigation revealed the
presence of carbohydrate, alkaloids, flavanoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, phenols and anthroquinone in
EEMC. The administration of cisplatin during experimentation is effectively induced apoptosis and necrosis, which
was similar to acute renal failure in human. Therefore,it is an effective and an ideal model for nephrotoxicity
research. The evaluation of renal parameters on nephrotoxic rats with EEMC showed significantly elevate the
attenuated body weight, urine volume, creatinine clearanceand significantly reduce in elevated serum creatinine
level, which supports its Nephroprotective activity.
Key words: Nephroprotective activity, Mornido citrofolia, Albino rats, phytochemical screening
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The present work has been under taken to study the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of O.
indicum against disease causing gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of solvent
extracts of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum has been studied to find out its activity against four important
bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus . The antimicrobial activity of
the stem bark extracts was done through well diffusion method and by measuring the inhibition zone around the
disc. The results revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. indicum exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the
microbes under study. The results provided evidence that the species O. indicum can be used as a potential
source of antimicrobial agent.
7 synthesis, characterisation and antimicrobial activity of schiff base of 7 ...BIOLOGICAL FORUM
ABSTRACT: Compounds having 2-quinolone moiety are associated with interesting biological activities. In the present study, we synthesized Schiff bases of 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-quinolone and their antibacterial activity was evaluated by wells diffusion method. Schiff bases of 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-quinolone (1 to 5 named as Q2aa-Q2ae) were prepared by refluxing 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-quinolone with substituted aromatic aldehydes. The final test compounds were purified and characterized by IR, 1HNMR and Mass Spectral studies. M.P. of these compounds was confirmed by open capillary method instrument chemline cl 725. They were evaluated for antibacterial activity. Compounds were active against Klebsiella pneumonia and Enterococcus faecalis. While ciprofloxacin was used as standards.
Phytochemical composition and antiradical activity of Sakersia africana Hook....Open Access Research Paper
The valorization of the medicinal plants of our country and determination of their impact on health due to their abundance of substances with various pharmacological effects are our principal objective. This study was evaluated the phytochemical screening and radical 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of different extracts of Sakersia africana Hook. f.. The results revealed that Sakersia africana Hook. f. is rich in phenols compounds, sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids and reducing compound. The values in total phenols and proanthocyanidines are ranging respectively from 391.58 ± 0.04 to 777 ± 0.03 mg/100 g of drugs and 113.5 ± 3.17 to 653.5 ± 36.83 mg/100 g of drugs. Results also show that different extracts tested present antiradical activity with values of IC50 ranging from 164.21± 0.014 to 195.54± 0.012 % and abundance in bioactive compounds. This study could justify the use of Sakersia africana of some chronic diseases.
PRODUCTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF PECTINASE BY BACILLUS SP. ISOLATED FROM VEGETA...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Microbial enzymes have shown tremendous potential for different applications. Over the years due to their remarkable features enzymes have occupied the centre stage of all the biochemical and industrial processes. Pectinases are a group of enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of pectic materials found in plants and are important industrial enzymes. In the present study, pectinase is produced from Bacillus sp. that was isolated from vegetable waste dump soil samples. A total of five isolates showed pectinase production and designated as PPB1 to PPB5. The screened isolates were used as a source of pectinase production using cassava waste as a substrate. Isolate PPB5 showed maximum enzyme activity of 0.641 IU/ml. Pectinase activity was optimized for various parameters like incubation time, temperature, pH, different carbon and nitrogen sources. Enzyme activity was observed maximum at 96 hr of incubation, 35°C temperature and at pH 6. The best carbon was found to be glucose. Among organic and inorganic nitrogen sources yeast extract and ammonium nitrate was founded to be better than other nitrogen sources. Among the five isolates, the isolate PPB5 showed maximum activity at all optimum conditions. This isolate is best producer and can be used in future for further pectinase production.
In Vitro Antibacterial Activities of Cochlospermum planchonii Roots Crude Ext...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether of
Cochlospermum planchonii root extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms were
investigated using conventional microbiological and microdilution indicator technique. Phytochemical
screenings were also carried on the extracts. The root extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activities
against reference strains and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii. However, the susceptibility pattern of the bacteria did not
differ significantly from each other (p>0.05). The methanolic root extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial
activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 1.25 mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml; and its zones
of inhibition diameter on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 12mm. The petroleum
ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 5.00mg/ml and
its zones of inhibition diameter ranging between 4mm and 7mm. The bioactive constituents in the plant were
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and sterols. The methanolic extracts of root appeared to be
more biologically active than other extracts and may be more useful in treating human infections caused by
these pathogens.
Antimicrobial Activity of Bauhinia Purpurea (L) by Minimum Inhibitory Concent...IOSRJPBS
MIC methods are widely used in the comparative testing of new agents, or when a more accurate result is required for clinical management. As there are no CLSI (formerly NCCLS) recommendations for the determination of MICs of varies bio-compounds against gram positive and gram negative organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration is the lowest concentration (in μg/ml) of an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of a given strain of bacteria. In Diagnostic laboratories these MIC’S are used to confirm resistance and also most often used to determine antimicrobial invitro activity. In the present MIC method, one can get the information about Antibiotic agent, preparation of stock solutions, media and inoculation, conditions of incubation, ultimately reading and interpretation of results. The present study is focused to evaluate antibacterial activities of ethanolic extract and purified fractions of Bauhinia purpurea using a gram-positive and a gram-negative organisms Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella, E.coli and enterococcus
Microbiological and physicochemical quality of pasteurized milk supplemented ...UniversitasGadjahMada
Caesalpinia sappan L (Sappanwood) contains antibacterial compounds and antioxidants that inhibit the growth of microbes. This study aimed to investigatethe microbiological and physicochemical qualities of pasteurized milk supplemented with 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8% (w/v) sappan wood extract. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design factorial followed by the Duncan’s new multiple range test. Preliminary analysis showed that sappan wood extract contained 44.66 ± 0.09 mg/100g phenols, 0.18 ± 0.01 mg/100mg flavonoids, 46.42 ± 0.23 mg/100g tannins, and antioxidant activity at 85.82 ± 0.25%. The addition of sappan wood extract significantly increased the antioxidant activity (P<0.05) of pasteurized milk during storage. Pasteurized milk supplemented with sappan wood extract had a lower total bacterial count (P<0.05) than that of unsupplemented pasteurized milk, and supplemented milk showed strong antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella thypimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes.The addition of sappan wood slightly increased the protein content but did not affect pH, and viscosity. It is concluded that the addition of sappan wood extract increased the microbiological quality and maintained the physicochemical quality of pasteurized milk, thus extending the product’s shelf-life.
Potency of Nanopropolis Stinglessbee Trigona spp Indonesia as Antibacterial A...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. 2021
Vol.9 No.7:32
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AmericanJournalofPhytomedicineandClinicalTherapeutics
ISSN 2321-2748
leaves and native to wetlands of southern and Eastern India. It
belongs to Plantaginaceae family. Bacopa monnieri is well known
in traditional ayurvedic medicine and used to alleviate variety of
disorders including neuronal stress [7]. The entire plant is used
medicinally in Ayurveda and was initially described. in texts such
as the Charaka Samhita, and Sushruta Samhita as a medhya
rasayana class of herb, taken to sharpen intellect and attenuate
mental deficits. [8]. Bacosides are the major constituents of B.
monnieri and these actives were found to ease the learning and
memory in normal rats and found to inhibit the amnesic effects
induced by scopolamine, electroshock and immobilization stress
[9]. The cognition facilitating activity of B. monnieri extract
is attributed to the saponins, Bacosides (Figure 1), which are
effective in much lower doses in various studies. In another
study, improved anticholinesterase and anti-dementic activities
in scopolamine induced amnesic mice are shown by B. monnieri
extract [9]. In addition, B. monnieri possesses antioxidant [10,11]
anti-stress [12] anti-fatigue [13] memory enhancing, anxiolytic
[14] and neuroprotective properties [15]. Hence, the current
study was undertaken to explore the anti-amnesic effects of
BacoLIve® on scopolamine-induced amnesia in various learning
and memory test models.
Materials and Methods
Botanical Identification of B. Monnieri
The identity of this plant was confirmed by taxonomists. The
voucher specimen sample of B. Monnieri was deposited in
Phytochemistry R&D Dept at Olive Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd.
Preparation of test substance BacoLive®
Study material BacoLive® is prepared from whole herb of Bacopa
monnieri (Figure 2a) by using aqueous ethanol extraction process.
BacoLive® is standardized to contain at least 50% of Bacosides
by HPLC (USP method). Dried herb (Figure 2b) is ground until it
becomes a coarse powder, extracted using aqueous ethanol 70%,
stirred at 60-65°C for 2-3 h and filtered. Extraction continued
for 3 more cycles and combined extracts are then filtered under
vacuum and evaporated using a rotary evaporator at 50-60°C to
obtain a viscous extract. The extract is then washed to remove the
resinous/Chlorophyll impurities. Further the extract is purified
selectively for enrichment of Bacosides, filtered and wet cake was
dried at 60-70°C under vacuum to become powder. This product
(Figure 2c) is further standardized to contain 50% Bacosides by
HPLC.
Figure 1 Chemical constituents of Bacopa monnieri.
Figure 2 a) Bacopa Fresh herb, b) Bacopa dried herb and c) BacoLive® extract.
a b c
4. 2021
Vol.9 No.7:32
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American Journal of Phytomedicine and ClinicalTherapeutics
ISSN 2321-2748
four paws entering arm) was scored and recorded. Animals were
returned to home cage and number of fecal pellets was counted
in the Y-maze and data was recorded. Y-Maze was cleaned with
alcohol between trials of each animal.
Novel object recognition test
Novel object recognition (NOR) test is one of the best-known
tests used for assessing recognition memory in rats and mice.
It has become increasingly useful tools for basic and preclinical
research investigating the neural basis of memory. The apparatus
consists of a Plexiglas box is 40 cm × 40 cm × 40 cm. The colour
of Plexiglas is frosted white or transparent. The size of objects is
4 cm × 4 cm × 4 cm approximately. The shape of objects is simple
like the building blocks. The objects made by wood, metal or
hard plastic are preferred, because those are resistant to biting
demolition [18] (Figure 5).
Method: Grouping and treatment followed as per the protocol.
The mice were treated as per manipulated environment for
decreasing their stress. Mice were first transported to preparing
area located near the operative space for 10 min. Then the mice
are put into the apparatus for analysis for 10 min to acclimate.
Figure 3 A representative high performance liquid chromatography shows the elution profile of Bacosides in BacoLive ® at
205 nm. The peaks 1 to 5 represent Bacopaside I, Bacoside A3
, Bacopaside II, Jujubogenin isomer of bacopasaponin C
(Bacopaside X) and Bacopasaponin C respectively.
Figure 4 Y maze test model.
This procedure is carried out for two days. On day 3 (training
day), similar to Day 1 and 2, mice were first transported to
preparing area located near for the operative space for 10 min.
Two identical objects were placed in the boxes for mice to explore
for 10 min. On day 4 (Testing Day) all the processes were same
as the Day 3, except that one of old objects is randomly replaced
with a new different object. The exploration time were counted
by the period that mice stay near the new object. If the total of
exploration time found less than 20 sec, mouse were likely under
the stress and data should be excluded. All groups are stressed
and tested for exploring new object. Time spent on exploring new
object by each group of animals is noted. Results are interpreted
based on % increase in time in exploring the new object by STD
& treatment group. This indicates ability of each group animals
to explore new object recognition under stressed condition. The
preference rates were measured by dividing the total exploration
time by the time to explore object. The formula to calculate the
object preference is:
The preference % 100
time to explore the individual object
Total exploration time to objects
= ×
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AmericanJournalofPhytomedicineandClinicalTherapeutics
ISSN 2321-2748
Table 2 Effect of BacoLive ®on reduced number of arm entries compared to amnesia group in Y- Maze test model in Swiss albino mice.
Group Treatment Number of arm entries
I Control 24
II Control + Scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg/i.p.) (memory loss induced group) 31
III Control + Scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg/i.p.) + Piracetam (200 mg/kg) 17
IV Control + Scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg/i.p.) + BacoLive ® extract (100 mg/kg) 27
V Control + Scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg/i.p.) + BacoLive ® extract (200 mg/kg) 22
Table 3 Effect of BacoLive® on percentage preference for new object recognition compared to amnesia group in Swiss albino mice.
Group Treatment % Preference for New object recognition
I Control 66.00
II Control + Scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg/i.p.) (memory loss induced group) 58.90
III Control + Scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg/i.p.) + Piracetam (200 mg/kg) 65.97
IV Control + Scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg/i.p.) + BacoLive ® extract (100 mg/kg) 62.52
V Control + Scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg/i.p.) + BacoLive ® extract (200 mg/kg) 64.61
Conclusion
Based on the present study and findings, BacoLive® demonstrated
its effectiveness in learning and memory enhancing effects and
reversed cognitive deficits induced by scopolamine in mice, which
suggests its beneficial role in conditions associated with memory
dysfunctions. Current study is an attempt to revalidate Bacopa
monnieri extract (BacoLive®) using a scientific approach, which
supports the basis of its use in Ayurveda System for enhancing
memory & brain health.
Acknowledgement
We acknowledge Radiant Research Services Pvt Ltd, Bangalore,
India for providing the facility for conducting the trials.
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