This presentation provides an overview of fungi. It begins by defining fungi as a ubiquitous and diverse group of organisms whose main purpose is to degrade organic matter. The presentation then covers the evolution of fungi, their key characteristics, and the different types of fungal structures like hyphae, mycelium, and reproductive structures. It also discusses the different lifestyles fungi can have as saprobes, parasites, symbionts, etc. and examines their physiology, nutrition, and temperature and pH requirements. The presentation concludes with information on medically important fungi and their importance in areas like recycling, plant growth, food, medicines, and diseases.

1. Welcome
To
Our
Presentation

2. JATIYA KABI KAZI NAZRUL ISLAM UNIVERSITY
TRISAL,MYMENSINGH
COURSE NAME: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
COURSE CODE:ESE-1205
PRESENTATION ON :FUNGI
Supervised By
Md. Alim Miah
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Environmental
Science and
Engineering
Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul
Islam University
Submitted By
Tushar Chawndra Dey
Id :21103427
Reg:9978
Dept. of Environmental
Science and
Engineering
Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul
Islam University
Submitted By
Id:
Reg
Dept. of Environmental
Science and Engineering
Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul
Islam University
Trisal,Mymensingh

3. PRESENTATION
ON
FUNGI

4. What are fungi?
• Fungi - ubiquitous and diverse group of organisms
• Main purpose - to degrade organic matter.
• All fungi lead a heterotrophic existence as
a. Saprobes
b. Symbionts
c. Commensals
d. Parasites

5. EVOLUTION OF FUNGI
• EARLIEST FOSSIL FUNGI
• FUNGAL SPORES
• 460 MILLION YEARS OLD

6. INTRODUCTION OF FUNGI
• EUKARYOTIC, HETEROTROPHIC (CHEMOHETEROTROPHIC) MICROORGANISM
• NO CHLOROPHYLL, NON-MOTILE
• THREAD OF CELLS (HYPHAE), TRANSVERSE CELL WALLS (SEPTATE), HYPHAL
ANASTOMOSIS
• STORAGE COMPOUND; GLYCOGEN

7. FUNGAL CHARACTERISTICS
• EUKARYOTIC
• MOST ARE MULTICELLULAR AND SOME ARE UNICELLULAR.
• HETEROTROPHIC
• ABSORB NUTRIENTS - MAY BE SAPROBES (ABSORB FROM DEAD MATERIAL), PARASITES, OR
MUTUALISTIC SYMBIONTS (WITH ALGAE MAKE LICHEN).
• SECRETE POWERFUL HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES.
• CELL WALLS CONTAIN CHITIN, AN AMINO SUGAR POLYSACCHARIDE ALSO FOUND IN
ARTHROPOD EXOSKELETONS
• LACK FLAGELLA

8. MOLDS
• FILAMENTOUS FUNGI
• HYPHAE (S., HYPHA)
• THE FILAMENTS OF A MOLD
• MAY BE COENOCYTIC (NO CROSS WALLS) OR HAVE SEPTA (CROSS WALLS)
• MYCELIUM (PL. MYCELIA)
• BUNDLES OR TANGLED MASSES OF HYPHAE

9. YEASTS
• UNICELLULAR FUNGI
• REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY, OFTEN BY BUDDING
• REPRODUCE SEXUALLY BY FORMATION OF SPORES

10. THE BODY OF A FUNGUS
• FUNGI EXIST MAINLY IN THE FORM OF SLENDER FILAMENTS (HYPHAE).
• LONG CHAINS OF CELLS JOINED END-TO-END DIVIDED BY CROSS-WALLS (SEPTA)
• RARELY FORM COMPLETE BARRIER
• CYTOPLASM FREELY STREAMS IN HYPHAE
• MYCELIUM - MASS OF CONNECTED HYPHAE
• GROWS THROUGH AND PENETRATES SUBSTRATE

11. FUNGAL HYPHAE
• HYPHAE
• THREAD OF
CELLS
• ONE CELL THICK
• HIGH SURFACE
AREA TO
VOLUME RATIO

12. FUNGAL HYPHAE
• HYPHAE
• ABSORB
WATER, IONS,
NUTRIENTS
• GAS
EXCHANGE
• WASTE
DISPOSAL

13. HYPHAL TYPES
• SEPTATE
• COENOCYTIC

14. MYCELIUM
• INTERTWINED FILAMENTOUS MASS FORMED BY
HYPHAE, VISIBLE TO THE UNAIDED EYE
• FORMS WHEN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
ARE RIGHT
• VEGETATIVE MYCELIUM: MYCELIAL PORTION
REMAINING INSIDE THE SUBSTRATE TO OBTAIN
NUTRITION
• REPRODUCTIVE MYCELIUM: MYCELIAL PORTION
EXTENDS INTO AIR ,RESPONSIBLE FOR SPORE
REPRODUCTION

15. mycelia hypha

16. REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
• MADE OF
HYPHAE
• DIFFERENT
SHAPES FOR
DIFFERENT
FUNGAL
GROUPS

17. REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
• MAKE SPORES,
EITHER BY
MITOSIS OR
MEIOSIS
• SOME ARE
CALLED
“FRUITING
BODIES”

19. HETEROKARYON
• FORMED AFTER
PLASMOGAMY
• N + N
• UNFUSED NUCLEI FROM
BOTH PARENTS

20. DIKARYON
• SPECIAL TYPE
OF
HETEROKARY
ON
• LONG-
LASTING
• AS CELLS
DIVIDE, CELLS
RETAIN N + N

21. FUNGAL LIFESTYLES
SAPROBES = DECOMPOSERS

22. FUNGAL LIFESTYLES
PARASITES

23. FUNGAL LIFESTYLES
PREDATORS

24. FUNGAL LIFESTYLES
MUTUALISTS:
MYCORRHIZAE

25. FUNGAL LIFESTYLES
MUTUALISTS: LICHENS
PHOTO CREDIT: FIELD BIOLOGY STUDENT, 360 OVERLOOK 2005

28. TYPES OF LICHENS
CRUSTOSE

29. TYPES OF LICHENS
FOLIOSE
PHOTO CREDIT: FIELD BIOLOGY STUDENT, 360 OVERLOOK 2005

30. TYPES OF LICHENS
FRUTICOSE
PHOTO CREDIT: M. HIRSCH,
BIOL 1407 BASTROP FIELD
TRIP 2004

31. PHYSIOLOGY
• AERATION
• NUTRITION
• WATER
• TEMPERATURE
• HYDROGEN ION
• LIGHT

32. AERATION
• THE FUNGI INCLUDE SPECIES THAT ARE OBLIGATELY
AEROBIC (EG. MOST ZYGOMYCOTA), OBLIGATELY
ANAEROBIC (EG. RUMEN FUNGI)
• ORGANISMS CAN OBTAIN ENERGY BY OXIDATIVE
(RESPIRATORY) METABOLISM OR BY FERMENTATION
• O2 IS USED FOR OXIDATIVE METABOLISM TO GENERATE
ENERGY. HOWEVER IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR BIOSYNTHESIS OF
STEROLS, UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS AND SOME
VITAMINS

33. Fungal nutrition
A. Absorptive mode
over whole surface or via restricted absorbing regions ,
e.g. a. rhizoids in "lower" fungi
b. substrate hyphae* in "higher" fungi
c. apical tips of hyphae
*The substrate hyphae of molds nourish the
aerial hyphae and reproductive hyphae
B. Extracellular digestion
Fungi secrete enzymes that depolymerize complex
natural products (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, etc.) so
they can be absorbed as sources of carbon and energy.

35. THE NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT OF FUNGI
• CARBON NEEDS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF
CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS, AND
PROTEINS.
• SIMPLE SUGARS, POLYSACCHARIDES, CITRIC ACID, GLYCEROL
• NITROGEN FOR SYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS FOR
PROTEINS, PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES FOR NUCLEIC
ACIDS, GLUCOSAMINE FOR CHITIN, AND VARIOUS
VITAMINS
• AMINO ACID, AMMONIUM, NITRATE

36. NUTRITION
• C/N RATIO (20:1)
• OTHER ELEMENTS
• P : ENERGY-RICH COMPOUND METABOLISM, PHOSPHOLIPID IN LIPID BILAYER
• K : COENZYME
• MG : CONCER WITH SPORULATION
• S : PROTEIN COMPONENT
• TRACE ELEMENTS
• FE, CU, MN, AND ZN

37. WATER AVAILABILITY
• MOST FUNGI REQUIRE VERY HIGH WATER AVAILABILITY (RELATIVE
HUMIDITY), AND RAPIDLY DRY OUT OR SENESCENCE IN DRY
CONDITIONS.
• WATER ACTIVITY (AW) = PS/PW (PURE WATER = 1)
• DNA IS DENATURED AT AW = 0.55
• OSMOPHILES 0.85, XEROPHILES 0.80, HALOPHILES 0.75
• THE XEROTOLERANT FUNGI CAN GROW SLOWLY, AT WATER
ACTIVITY OF 0.64.

38. TEMPERATURE

39. HYDROGEN ION
• OPT. PH 5.0-7.0
• ACID-TOLERANT (PH 2.0) ASPERGILLUS, PENICILLIUM, FUSARIUM, YEAST IN
STOMACH OF ANIMALS
• STRONGLY ALKALINE ENVIRONMENT (PH 10-11)  F.OXYSPORUM, P.VARIABILE

40. LIGHT
• INFLUENCE ON FUNGAL GROWTH IN SPECIFIC CASES
• LIGHT DOES NOT PLAY A MAJOR PART IN GROWTH AND METABOLISM OF FUNGI
• A COMMON METABOLIC EFFECT OF LIGHT IS THE INDUCTION OF CAROTENOID
BIOSYNTHESIS

41. MORPHOLOGY
YEAST
• UNICELLULAR, ROUND OR OVAL, SIZE 8-15 X 3-5 ΜM
• CONIDIOGENESIS (BUDDING, BINARY FISSION, SEXUAL SPORES)
Budding
yeasts
Binary fission

43. MORPHOLOGY
MOLD
• MULTICELLULAR, HYPHAE, SEPTATE & NONSEPTATE, HYALINE &
DEMATIACEOUS, DIAMETER 4-20 ΜM
• SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Hyaline aseptate hyphae
Dematiaceous septate hyphae
Hyaline septate hyphae

44. MORPHOLOGY
DIMORPHIC FUNGI (THERMALLY DIMORPHIC FUNGI)
Environment/Routine culture media
(SDA) 25-300C ---Mold form
Tissue/Enriched media (BHI)
35-370C---Yeast form
Sporothrix schenckii

45. Medically important fungi are in four phyla:
1. Ascomycota - Sexual reproduction in a sack called an ascus
with the production of ascopspores.( Aspergillus, Blastomyces
dermatidis, Histoplasma capsulatus)
2. Basidiomycota -Sexual reproduction in a sack called a
basidium with the production of basidiospores.( Cryptococcus
neoformans)
3. Zygomycota - sexual reproduction by gametes and asexual
reproduction with the formation of zygospores.( Rhizopus,
Mucor)
4. Deuteromycota(Fungi Imperfecti Mitosporic Fungi) - no
recognizable form of sexual reproduction. Includes most
pathogenic fungi ( Sporothrix, Coccidioides immitis, Candida,
Pneumocystis).

46. • Fungi - most important groups of organisms on the planet.
• Important in an enormous variety of ways.
– RecyclingMycorrhizae and plant growth
– Food
– Medicines
– Biocontrol
– Crop Diseases
– Animal Disease
– Food Spoilage

47. Any question