This document discusses a study that assessed the effectiveness of using micro-scale chemistry laboratory techniques at the senior secondary school level in India. The study found that students who performed experiments using micro-scale techniques, which require only small amounts of chemicals, performed better on a chemistry achievement test than students who learned with traditional techniques. Micro-scale techniques reduce costs, waste, and health hazards compared to traditional experiments. The document concludes that micro-scale techniques are an effective and economical way to teach chemistry labs in schools.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Comparison of the effect of lecture and video projector teaching methods on s...Premier Publishers
Teachers used video projector in the classroom training. The aim of this research was to compare the students’ attitude, knowledge and practice about food health laboratory in conventional lecture and Video projector methods. In this quasi-experimental study; we grouped 40sophomore students of Environmental Health School, Islamic Azad University, and Tehran Medical Sciences Branch in Iran Country into two groups in April 2014. We collected the data by a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic (5) and food health laboratory (29) questions that used four-point Liker scales. We collected and measured the students’ knowledge and practice about food health laboratory in two groups by using pre and post-test. We analyzed the collected data by SPSS 18 software. The mean scores of the lecture and video projector groups were 10.95±5.28 (2-21), and 11.7±5.21 (6-24), respectively; the difference between the pre-test scores of the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.001). Knowledge scores of the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.001). Students’ practice in video projector method was higher than lecture method. The results indicated that the video projector was more efficacious, and more economic in enhancing the students' knowledge rate. This method led to increasing the students’ knowledge, and practice, it might be applied as a surrogate for traditional training such as lecture method in universities of medical sciences in the country.
Effects Of Using Gagne’s Learning Hierarchy On Chemistry Students’ Academic A...IOSR Journals
This study investigates the Effects of Using Gagne’s Learning Hierarchy on Chemistry Students’ Academic Achievement and Anxiety level in Balancing Chemical Equations in Secondary Schools. The study sample used 100 SSII students randomly selected from two Senior Secondary Schools in Katsina Metropolis. The two schools were randomly placed as experimental and control groups each with 50 students. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest research design was used for the study. The study subjects in the experimental group were taught using Gagne’s learning hierarchy, while the control group was taught using lecture method for the period of six weeks. Two instruments; Balancing Chemical Equation Achievement Test (BCEAT), and Students’ Anxiety Scale Questionnaire (SASQ) with reliability coefficient of 0.79 and 0.78 respectively, were used to collect data for the study. Performances of the two groups were compared using their posttest mean scores. The major findings from the study are: Students taught using Gagne’s learning hierarchy recorded high academic achievement than those taught using to lecture method. The anxiety level of students taught using Gagne’s learning hierarchy tended to be low when compared with students taught using lecture method. Based on the findings, the following recommendations were made: Chemistry teachers should as much as possible arranges concepts taught in Chemistry hierarchically so that students can learn the simple concepts which will help their understanding of abstract or complex concepts.
Investigating the status and barriers of science laboratory activities in Rwandan teacher training colleges towards improvisation practice By Kizito Ndihokubwayo From Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University
Abstract
This study aims at investigating the barriers encountered by science teachers in laboratory activities in Rwandan teacher training colleges (TTCs) using questionnaires and interviews. The results confirmed that teachers face barriers like time limitation, material scarcity and lack of improvising skills in their everyday science teaching life. About 95% of teachers who teach in schools with laboratories and only 5% of their peers at schools without laboratory show enough awareness on science laboratory activities. However, in terms of the importance of laboratory experiment and improvisation approach, students had the similar responses in all the investigated schools. Keywords: Barriers, TTCs, Laboratory activities
Metacognitive Teaching Strategies on Secondary School Students Academic Perfo...ijceronline
The study was undertaken to examine the effect of metacognitive teaching strategies on secondary school students’ performance in chemistry. The study adopted pretest post test quasi experimental design. Three hundred and sixty senior secondary school II (SSII) chemistry students were drawn from three secondary school in Obio/Akpor Local Government of Rivers State Nigeria. Three research questions and three hypotheses were posed for the study. The instrument for data collection was a twenty five-item multiple choice chemistry achievement test (CAT) developed by the researcher. Students were divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Students in the experimental groups were subjected to treatment using thinking-aloud and self assessment metacognitive teaching strategies while students in the control group were taught with conventional method. Mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANCOVA were used for data analysis. The results showed that students taught with thinking-aloud metacognitive strategies performed better in chemistry achievement test followed by self assessment metacognitive strategy than the conventional strategy. It was concluded that metacognitive teaching strategy such as thinking-aloud and self assessment if effectively utilized and applied by teachers in the instructional delivery in chemistry could significantly improve the performance of students.
Organochlorine Pesticides in Fruits & Vegetables v2zq
Organochlorine Pesticides in Fruits & Vegetables - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ pesticideresearch.com
Contemporary Teaching Methods in Mongolian Secondary School Chemistrytheijes
New developments in science education can take place due to the use of contemporary teaching strategies in teaching general chemistry. In this paper, the advantages of various teaching methods such as concept map drawing, workshops, problem-based learning, case study, predict-Observe-Explain (POE) methods will be brought into light
CHEM Study and CBA : Salient features, merits and demeritsADITYA ARYA
CHEM study.
Chem study originated in 1960 at United States J.A Campbell was the project Director.
Chem Study employs inductive approach in which practical work precedes theory. The
main objectives of the course are
1) To diminish the separation between Scientist and teachers in the understanding of
Science.
2) To stimulate and prepare those high school students who planned to continue the
study of Chemistry in College in preparation for a professional career.
The materials produced under this project consists of a text, laboratory manual ,
teachers guide, two self instruction programmes two series of achievement tests,
26 basic films and 27 teacher training films.
Chemical Bond Approach (CBA)
CBA course was originated in 1959. Lawrence Strong was the founder of this
project. In CBA theory precedes practical work, ie, it is deductive in approach.
Important texts are Chemical system and investigating Chemical system. The concept of
bonding forms the central theme in C.B.A. The whole course is planned in such a
manner that experiments suggest the ideas to be tested and ideas to be tested suggest the
experiments to be setup.
Comparison of the effect of lecture and video projector teaching methods on s...Premier Publishers
Teachers used video projector in the classroom training. The aim of this research was to compare the students’ attitude, knowledge and practice about food health laboratory in conventional lecture and Video projector methods. In this quasi-experimental study; we grouped 40sophomore students of Environmental Health School, Islamic Azad University, and Tehran Medical Sciences Branch in Iran Country into two groups in April 2014. We collected the data by a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic (5) and food health laboratory (29) questions that used four-point Liker scales. We collected and measured the students’ knowledge and practice about food health laboratory in two groups by using pre and post-test. We analyzed the collected data by SPSS 18 software. The mean scores of the lecture and video projector groups were 10.95±5.28 (2-21), and 11.7±5.21 (6-24), respectively; the difference between the pre-test scores of the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.001). Knowledge scores of the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.001). Students’ practice in video projector method was higher than lecture method. The results indicated that the video projector was more efficacious, and more economic in enhancing the students' knowledge rate. This method led to increasing the students’ knowledge, and practice, it might be applied as a surrogate for traditional training such as lecture method in universities of medical sciences in the country.
Effects Of Using Gagne’s Learning Hierarchy On Chemistry Students’ Academic A...IOSR Journals
This study investigates the Effects of Using Gagne’s Learning Hierarchy on Chemistry Students’ Academic Achievement and Anxiety level in Balancing Chemical Equations in Secondary Schools. The study sample used 100 SSII students randomly selected from two Senior Secondary Schools in Katsina Metropolis. The two schools were randomly placed as experimental and control groups each with 50 students. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest research design was used for the study. The study subjects in the experimental group were taught using Gagne’s learning hierarchy, while the control group was taught using lecture method for the period of six weeks. Two instruments; Balancing Chemical Equation Achievement Test (BCEAT), and Students’ Anxiety Scale Questionnaire (SASQ) with reliability coefficient of 0.79 and 0.78 respectively, were used to collect data for the study. Performances of the two groups were compared using their posttest mean scores. The major findings from the study are: Students taught using Gagne’s learning hierarchy recorded high academic achievement than those taught using to lecture method. The anxiety level of students taught using Gagne’s learning hierarchy tended to be low when compared with students taught using lecture method. Based on the findings, the following recommendations were made: Chemistry teachers should as much as possible arranges concepts taught in Chemistry hierarchically so that students can learn the simple concepts which will help their understanding of abstract or complex concepts.
Investigating the status and barriers of science laboratory activities in Rwandan teacher training colleges towards improvisation practice By Kizito Ndihokubwayo From Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University
Abstract
This study aims at investigating the barriers encountered by science teachers in laboratory activities in Rwandan teacher training colleges (TTCs) using questionnaires and interviews. The results confirmed that teachers face barriers like time limitation, material scarcity and lack of improvising skills in their everyday science teaching life. About 95% of teachers who teach in schools with laboratories and only 5% of their peers at schools without laboratory show enough awareness on science laboratory activities. However, in terms of the importance of laboratory experiment and improvisation approach, students had the similar responses in all the investigated schools. Keywords: Barriers, TTCs, Laboratory activities
Metacognitive Teaching Strategies on Secondary School Students Academic Perfo...ijceronline
The study was undertaken to examine the effect of metacognitive teaching strategies on secondary school students’ performance in chemistry. The study adopted pretest post test quasi experimental design. Three hundred and sixty senior secondary school II (SSII) chemistry students were drawn from three secondary school in Obio/Akpor Local Government of Rivers State Nigeria. Three research questions and three hypotheses were posed for the study. The instrument for data collection was a twenty five-item multiple choice chemistry achievement test (CAT) developed by the researcher. Students were divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Students in the experimental groups were subjected to treatment using thinking-aloud and self assessment metacognitive teaching strategies while students in the control group were taught with conventional method. Mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANCOVA were used for data analysis. The results showed that students taught with thinking-aloud metacognitive strategies performed better in chemistry achievement test followed by self assessment metacognitive strategy than the conventional strategy. It was concluded that metacognitive teaching strategy such as thinking-aloud and self assessment if effectively utilized and applied by teachers in the instructional delivery in chemistry could significantly improve the performance of students.
Organochlorine Pesticides in Fruits & Vegetables v2zq
Organochlorine Pesticides in Fruits & Vegetables - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ pesticideresearch.com
Contemporary Teaching Methods in Mongolian Secondary School Chemistrytheijes
New developments in science education can take place due to the use of contemporary teaching strategies in teaching general chemistry. In this paper, the advantages of various teaching methods such as concept map drawing, workshops, problem-based learning, case study, predict-Observe-Explain (POE) methods will be brought into light
CHEM Study and CBA : Salient features, merits and demeritsADITYA ARYA
CHEM study.
Chem study originated in 1960 at United States J.A Campbell was the project Director.
Chem Study employs inductive approach in which practical work precedes theory. The
main objectives of the course are
1) To diminish the separation between Scientist and teachers in the understanding of
Science.
2) To stimulate and prepare those high school students who planned to continue the
study of Chemistry in College in preparation for a professional career.
The materials produced under this project consists of a text, laboratory manual ,
teachers guide, two self instruction programmes two series of achievement tests,
26 basic films and 27 teacher training films.
Chemical Bond Approach (CBA)
CBA course was originated in 1959. Lawrence Strong was the founder of this
project. In CBA theory precedes practical work, ie, it is deductive in approach.
Important texts are Chemical system and investigating Chemical system. The concept of
bonding forms the central theme in C.B.A. The whole course is planned in such a
manner that experiments suggest the ideas to be tested and ideas to be tested suggest the
experiments to be setup.
Use of Four Mode Application Technique Learning Cycle Model to Unlock Student...Premier Publishers
The study identified Alkanols in Ordinary level West African Senior School Certificate (WASSC) Chemistry syllabus and examined the use of Four Mode Application Technique (4MAT) Learning Cycle Model in teaching methanol. The study adopted a quasi- experimental design and examined the effectiveness of 4MAT learning cycle model as a constructivist teaching strategy which is learner centered and activity- based in teaching Alcohols in Secondary Schools in Ondo State. A pretest posttest control group design was adopted with 4MAT being the treatment and lecture method as the control group. A total of 68 Senior Secondary School (SSS3) chemistry students were randomly selected from 27 secondary schools in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. The two intact classes chosen were classified into experimental (4MAT 32) and control group lecture method (LM 36). The two groups were taught separately in their respective schools. A 25-item instrument tagged “Organic Chemistry Achievement Test (OCAT) was validated by senior chemistry teachers. The study was guided by two hypotheses. Data collected were analyzed using t-test. The result showed that 4MAT was more effective (X 21.84) in teaching Alcohols than lecture method (X 14.33) after treatment, t 8.11, p<0.05. The study concluded that 4MAT is an effective method of teaching chemistry in general and alcohol in particular. Hence, the study recommended the use of 4MAT learning cycle model in teaching chemistry students to unlock their imaginative, and analytical mind for abstract experimentation and conceptualization.
8_Environmental Science, Waste and Disaster Management.pdfVamsi kumar
The course begins with the basic scientific knowledge and understanding of the world from an environmental perspective. Following that, this course introduces to different types of disasters and measures involved in strengthening the capacity to reduce the impact of the disaster. The course further provides an overview of the complexities associated with waste material and various techniques for waste management.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
Laboratories are an indispensable part of the fundamental sciences.
Laboratories are important learning environments that enable students to
relate events to daily life as well as being places where theoretical knowledge
is implemented. The present study investigated the knowledge and usage
level of preservice biology teachers regarding lab equipment and materials.
The study utilized a descriptive survey. A total of 61 preservice biology
teachers from the Biology Education Department of a public university in
Turkey constituted the participants. Lab Equipment and Materials
Recognition Form that is developed by the researcher of the present study
was used to collect data. In the design of this form, the 9–12 grade biology
curriculum was first analyzed, and a list of frequently-used equipment and
materials of biology laboratories was created in line with the opinions of
field experts. The form included 40 laboratories equipment and materials and
questions regarding the recognition of these items, their functions, and their
application processes. The preservice teachers’ answers to these questions
were graded as: zero points for each incorrect answer, one point for each
partially correct answer, and two points for each correct answer. The data
obtained were analyzed using cluster analysis, descriptive analysis, one-way
analysis of variance, and independent samples T-test in SPSS27 software,
and the Polycoric correlation coefficient in Factor Analysis software. The
results revealed that the preservice teachers mainly recognize the biology
laboratories equipment and materials but generally lack information
regarding the application process of laboratories equipment and materials.
Project Based Learning Tools Development on Salt Hydrolysis Materials through...iosrjce
The application of the Project Based Learning in order to compromise the student's centered
learning, because the students are fully engaged in the learning process, from planning to investigative
reporting. The main purpose of this research is to produce the valid and effective Project Based Learning,
included: syllabus, lesson plans, module, project worksheets, evaluation instruments, and research instruments.
The subject of the research is two classes of the eleventh year student of science program in SMA N 1
Pemalang. The research applied 4-D models of Thiagarajan, Semmel and Semmel. The 4-D models. Researcher
has tested the validity and the effectiveness. Developed a learning device called valid if it has been through a
process of expert validation. The device developed effective learning, average scores and the pretest results
posttest then to determine the level of significance of the increase is in the pretest results - posttest t test with
results of 69.07. Observations attitude Data showed an average student with a good attitude to have. The results
of the questionnaire showed no positive response from students so that it can be concluded that the development
of project-based learning through a scientific approach is valid and effective.
Due to availability of internet and evolution of embedded devices, Internet of things can be useful to contribute in energy domain. The Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will come across new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. The future smart home, various devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. This paper discusses the different approaches being taken worldwide to connect the smart grid. Full system solutions can be developed by combining hardware and software to address some of the challenges in building a smarter and more connected smart grid.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
In today’s emerging world of Internet, each and every thing is supposed to be in connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the devises used in our day to day life, make our life trouble less and easy. We are incorporated in a world where we are used to have smart phones, smart cars, smart gadgets, smart homes and smart cities. Different institutes and researchers are working for creating a smart world for us but real question which we need to emphasis on is how to make dumb devises talk with uncommon hardware and communication technology. For the same what kind of mechanism to use with various protocols and less human interaction. The purpose is to provide the key area for application of IoT and a platform on which various devices having different mechanism and protocols can communicate with an integrated architecture.
Study on Issues in Managing and Protecting Data of IOTijsrd.com
This paper discusses variety of issues for preserving and managing data produced by IoT. Every second large amount of data are added or updated in the IoT databases across the heterogeneous environment. While managing the data each phase of data processing for IoT data is exigent like storing data, querying, indexing, transaction management and failure handling. We also refer to the problem of data integration and protection as data requires to be fit in single layout and travel securely as they arrive in the pool from diversified sources in different structure. Finally, we confer a standardized pathway to manage and to defend data in consistent manner.
Interactive Technologies for Improving Quality of Education to Build Collabor...ijsrd.com
Today with advancement in Information Communication Technology (ICT) the way the education is being delivered is seeing a paradigm shift from boring classroom lectures to interactive applications such as 2-D and 3-D learning content, animations, live videos, response systems, interactive panels, education games, virtual laboratories and collaborative research (data gathering and analysis) etc. Engineering is emerging with more innovative solutions in the field of education and bringing out their innovative products to improve education delivery. The academic institutes which were once hesitant to use such technology are now looking forward to such innovations. They are adopting the new ways as they are realizing the vast benefits of using such methods and technology. The benefits are better comprehensibility, improved learning efficiency of students, and access to vast knowledge resources, geographical reach, quick feedback, accountability and quality research. This paper focuses on how engineering can leverage the latest technology and build a collaborative learning environment which can then be integrated with the national e-learning grid.
Internet of Things - Paradigm Shift of Future Internet Application for Specia...ijsrd.com
In the world more than 15% people are living with disability that also include children below age of 10 years. Due to lack of independent support services specially abled (handicap) people overly rely on other people for their basic needs, that excludes them from being financially and socially active. The Internet of Things (IoT) can give support system and a better quality of life as well as participation in routine and day to day life. For this purpose, the future solutions for current problems has been introduced in this paper. Daunting challenges have been considered as future research and glimpse of the IoT for specially abled person is given in the paper.
A Study of the Adverse Effects of IoT on Student's Lifeijsrd.com
Internet of things (IoT) is the most powerful invention and if used in the positive direction, internet can prove to be very productive. But, now a days, due to the social networking sites such as Face book, WhatsApp, twitter, hike etc. internet is producing adverse effects on the student life, especially those students studying at college Level. As it is rightly said, something which has some positive effects also has some of the negative effects on the other hand. In this article, we are discussing some adverse effects of IoT on student’s life.
Pedagogy for Effective use of ICT in English Language Learningijsrd.com
The use of information and communications technology (ICT) in education is a relatively new phenomenon and it has been the educational researchers' focus of attention for more than two decades. Educators and researchers examine the challenges of using ICT and think of new ways to integrate ICT into the curriculum. However, there are some barriers for the teachers that prevent them to use ICT in the classroom and develop supporting materials through ICT. The purpose of this study is to examine the high school English teachers’ perceptions of the factors discouraging teachers to use ICT in the classroom.
In recent years usage of private vehicles create urban traffic more and more crowded. As result traffic becomes one of the important problems in big cities in all over the world. Some of the traffic concerns are traffic jam and accidents which have caused a huge waste of time, more fuel consumption and more pollution. Time is very important parameter in routine life. The main problem faced by the people is real time routing. Our solution Virtual Eye will provide the current updates as in the real time scenario of the specific route. This research paper presents smart traffic navigation system, based on Internet of Things, which is featured by low cost, high compatibility, easy to upgrade, to replace traditional traffic management system and the proposed system can improve road traffic tremendously.
Ontological Model of Educational Programs in Computer Science (Bachelor and M...ijsrd.com
In this work there is illustrated an ontological model of educational programs in computer science for bachelor and master degrees in Computer science and for master educational program “Computer science as second competence†by Tempus project PROMIS.
Understanding IoT Management for Smart Refrigeratorijsrd.com
Lately the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is being more elaborated and devices and databases are proposed thereby to meet the need of an Internet of Things scenario. IoT is being considered to be an integral part of smart house where devices will be connected to each other and also react upon certain environmental input. This will eventually include the home refrigerator, air conditioner, lights, heater and such other home appliances. Therefore, we focus our research on the database part for such an IoT’ fridge which we called as smart Fridge. We describe the potentials achievable through a database for an IoT refrigerator to manage the refrigerator food and also aid the creation of a monthly budget of the house for a family. The paper aims at the data management issue based on a proposed design for an intelligent refrigerator leveraging the sensor technology and the wireless communication technology. The refrigerator which identifies products by reading the barcodes or RFID tags is proposed to order the required products by connecting to the Internet. Thus the goal of this paper is to minimize human interaction to maintain the daily life events.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING FINITE ELEMENT...ijsrd.com
Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel. 3-D model of the Lower Wishbone Arm is prepared by using CAD software for modal and stress analysis. The forces and moments are used as the boundary conditions for finite element model of the wishbone arm. By using these boundary conditions static analysis is carried out. Then making the load as a function of time; quasi-static analysis of the wishbone arm is carried out. A finite element based optimization is used to optimize the design of lower wishbone arm. Topology optimization and material optimization techniques are used to optimize lower wishbone arm design.
A Review: Microwave Energy for materials processingijsrd.com
Microwave energy is a latest largest growing technique for material processing. This paper presents a review of microwave technologies used for material processing and its use for industrial applications. Advantages in using microwave energy for processing material include rapid heating, high heating efficiency, heating uniformity and clean energy. The microwave heating has various characteristics and due to which it has been become popular for heating low temperature applications to high temperature applications. In recent years this novel technique has been successfully utilized for the processing of metallic materials. Many researchers have reported microwave energy for sintering, joining and cladding of metallic materials. The aim of this paper is to show the use of microwave energy not only for non-metallic materials but also the metallic materials. The ability to process metals with microwave could assist in the manufacturing of high performance metal parts desired in many industries, for example in automotive and aeronautical industries.
Web Usage Mining: A Survey on User's Navigation Pattern from Web Logsijsrd.com
With an expontial growth of World Wide Web, there are so many information overloaded and it became hard to find out data according to need. Web usage mining is a part of web mining, which deal with automatic discovery of user navigation pattern from web log. This paper presents an overview of web mining and also provide navigation pattern from classification and clustering algorithm for web usage mining. Web usage mining contain three important task namely data preprocessing, pattern discovery and pattern analysis based on discovered pattern. And also contain the comparative study of web mining techniques.
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Study and Review on Various Current Comparatorsijsrd.com
This paper presents study and review on various current comparators. It also describes low voltage current comparator using flipped voltage follower (FVF) to obtain the single supply voltage. This circuit has short propagation delay and occupies a small chip area as compare to other current comparators. The results of this circuit has obtained using PSpice simulator for 0.18 μm CMOS technology and a comparison has been performed with its non FVF counterpart to contrast its effectiveness, simplicity, compactness and low power consumption.
Reducing Silicon Real Estate and Switching Activity Using Low Power Test Patt...ijsrd.com
Power dissipation is a challenging problem for today's system-on-chip design and test. This paper presents a novel architecture which generates the test patterns with reduced switching activities; it has the advantage of low test power and low hardware overhead. The proposed LP-TPG (test pattern generator) structure consists of modified low power linear feedback shift register (LP-LFSR), m-bit counter, gray counter, NOR-gate structure and XOR-array. The seed generated from LP-LFSR is EXCLUSIVE-OR ed with the data generated from gray code generator. The XOR result of the sequence is single input changing (SIC) sequence, in turn reduces the switching activity and so power dissipation will be very less. The proposed architecture is simulated using Modelsim and synthesized using Xilinx ISE9.2.The Xilinx chip scope tool will be used to test the logic running on FPGA.
Defending Reactive Jammers in WSN using a Trigger Identification Service.ijsrd.com
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Micro-scale Chemistry Laboratory Techniques at Senior Secondary School Level and its Effectiveness
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 2, Issue 09, 2014 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 478
Micro-Scale Chemistry Laboratory Techniques at Senior Secondary
School Level and Its Effectiveness
Dr. Gopal Krishna Thakur1
1
Director (School of Education)
1
Noida International University, Greater Noida
Abstract— Micro-scale chemistry techniques are proving to
be very useful for performing chemistry experiments in
school laboratory. These are not just cost effective but also
reduce wastage and health hazards. The techniques enable
students to perform experiments in an environmentally safe
and pollution free atmosphere using small quantities of
chemicals without compromising the quality and standard of
experiments. A typical micro-scale experiment consumes
only, say less than 10% of the required quantity of reagents
used in a corresponding traditional chemistry experiment.
This paper presents the outcomes of a study that attempted
to assess the effectiveness of the experiments in terms of
students’ understanding of chemistry related concepts and
their overall achievement in chemistry subject. The paper
discusses the result of the study and accentuates the
economy model of micro-scale chemistry experiments and
further delineates the educational implications of this
technique for all the stake holders of school education.
Key words: Micro-scale chemistry, Space and Furniture
Requirement, chemistry experiments
I. INTRODUCTION
Laboratory experiments are an integral part and essential
features of chemistry teaching at all levels of education. The
laboratory work in chemistry supports, enhances, and
extends the concepts and principles presented in the
classroom. They also provide students with the opportunity
to learn and apply new laboratory skills, foster collaborative
relationships with others, and improve problem-solving
skills. Chemistry practical classes (experiments) are
believed to help students in understanding theories and
chemical principles which are difficult or abstract otherwise.
Moreover, they offer several opportunities to students. Some
of these opportunities include handling chemicals safely and
with confidence, gain hands-on experience in using
instruments and apparatus, develop scientific thinking and
enthusiasm to chemistry, develop basic manipulative and
problem solving skills, gain opportunities to students as
investigators of the experimental work, identify chemical
hazards and learn to assess and control risks associated with
chemicals. Experiments in Chemistry significantly help
students to understand theories and principles of chemistry.
Moreover, in addition to consolidating theoretical
knowledge of students, practical courses help students to
identify and solve problems, learn how to handle chemicals,
operate different instruments and apparatus. They also help
to develop in students, scientific attitude and spirit of
innovation.
In thinking of laboratory work, there are some
important and inevitable issues. Students are not always best
placed to see the relevance and importance of all the
elements of their course. On the other hand, there is a
tendency for teachers to think in terms of completing their
syllabus rather than of meeting the students’ needs. The
laboratory part of the schooling always suffers in terms of
quality due to negligence and other priority shifts. If we
look into the status of chemistry laboratory and its use
particularly at school level, we find that the quality of our
practical work is poor and our science laboratories continue
to be underdeveloped educational resources. Students
perform and complete a prescribed list of experiments, but
these are done in a mechanical manner, and consequently
they fail to excite and challenge them.
If we look at the evolution of school science in
India, we see a clear trend of including more and more
content – overwhelmingly in the form of factual information
– in the syllabus. Laboratories have declined, and even
demonstrations, once common, are now confined to elite
schools. Thus the factual information that dominates the
syllabi is not supported by any kind of activity, which can
make it plausible or even comprehensible. Students
therefore have no option but to memories the facts. The
consequence of this is that students find science not only
difficult but also boring. As a result, the school education
and eventually higher education is witnessing a growing
trend of students’ disinterests towards science subjects. One
of the main reasons of this disinterest is lack of adequate
provision of chemistry practical or experimental classes in
schools. While the government schools lack of laboratory
resources and chemicals, the private schools have their own
reservations regarding spending money on laboratory
expenses which demand recurring expenditures in terms of
chemicals and glassware, i.e. apparatus and other laboratory
instruments. This situation of unavailability of resources in
Govt. schools and cost cutting in private schools leave
students with very little scope of adequate practical
experiences of laboratory experiments. Formalities are
completed by conducting demonstration classes in
laboratory by teachers themselves. By and large, the
experiments have continued to be marginalized in school
education, and have not been given due importance. In
general, as discussed above, there is a crunch of financial
resources for constructing a separate conventional chemistry
laboratory in Govt. schools and unwillingness to spend more
on labs by private school management. Increasing cost of
chemicals, handling a large number of students, constraints
in maintenance of equipment and accessories, recurring cost
to replace the breakages, problems in disposal of waste,
handling of toxic chemicals, etc. are some of the major
contributing factors of this disappointing situation.
However, with the introduction of micro-scale chemistry
laboratory techniques, there have been efforts to answer
these perturbing questions of unavailability of resources and
lack of willingness. This development of micro-scale
chemistry experiments characterizes the use of small
quantity of chemicals and simple equipment. The concept
was first introduced by D. W. Mayo, S. S. Butcher et. al. at
Bowdoin College in Brunswick about 30 years ago. In India,
NCERT significant work has been done to develop and
improvise this technique.
2. Micro-Scale Chemistry Laboratory Techniques at Senior Secondary School Level and Its Effectiveness
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 09/2014/107)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 479
II. WHAT IS MICRO SCALE CHEMISTRY?
The micro-scale chemistry laboratory techniques enable the
students to perform experiments in an environmentally safe
and pollution free atmosphere using small quantities of
chemicals without compromising the quality and standard of
experiments. The experiments can be performed quickly and
are pollution and hazard free. Even smaller area is adequate
for laboratory space and a few milligrams and drops of
solutions are used in experiments. A typical micro-scale
experiment consumes only, say less than 10% of the
required quantity of reagents used in a corresponding
traditional chemistry experiment. Thus it reduces
expenditures chemical wastage and minimizes lab hazards.
III. THE PRESENT STUDY
In order to assess the effectiveness of the micro-scale
chemistry techniques, a study was planned to be conducted
on class XI students of a privately managed school of
Gautam Buddha Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh. The
researcher attempted to identify the concepts that could be
transacted through the laboratory activities and took a stock
of the prevailing facilities to transact the existing laboratory
curriculum. This was followed by designing a chemistry
laboratory curriculum filling the gaps as inferred from the
analysis of the data received. The so designed chemistry
laboratory experiments were tried out for the identified
group of students. Two groups of chemistry students were
randomly selected from class XI for this purpose. These two
groups of students were randomly assigned as experimental
and control groups. The designed chemistry laboratory
curriculum was transacted on the experimental groups and
the students of the control groups were taught by the
conventional methods. The schedule of transacting the
designed curriculum covered one academic session. At the
end of the schedule, the experimental and control groups of
both the classes were administered a test to assess students’
achievement of desired objectives. The difference between
mean scores was subjected to a test of statistical
significance.
IV. BASIC TENETS OF MICRO-SCALE CHEMISTRY
LABORATORY TECHNIQUES
Keeping the concerns discussed in the above section in the
context of this study, the researcher attempted to develop a
laboratory curriculum which could fill the gap between what
exists and what ought to be there. The underlying tenets of
developing the proposed chemistry laboratory curriculum
were articulated as the following:
The chemistry laboratory curriculum should be cost
effective, i.e. economical in terms of cost of
apparatus and chemicals to be used. It should have
minimum recurring cost on resources.
It should be environment friendly. The experiments
should be less hazardous, and there should be less
pollution, minimum chemical disposal as well as
minimum wastage at source should be there.
It should be teachers friendly, i.e. the time
consumed in the laboratory process should be
minimized so that teachers could get more time and
be more comfortable in explaining concepts and
managing overall laboratory sessions.
It should be student friendly, i.e. students should be
able to conduct experiments safely with minimum
risk of accidents, handle apparatuses safely with
minimum chances of breakage and feel at ease
while experimenting.
It should be school friendly, i.e. the curriculum
should not put much additional load on
infrastructure. The major inhibition of school
management is to procure consumables in
chemistry laboratory because of its cost factor.
With the above considerations as the bases, a list
chemistry laboratory experiments was designed
incorporating useful laboratory activities from the
existing CBSE chemistry laboratory curriculum,
and adding a few more experiments in the proposed
laboratory curriculum.
V. PROPOSED LIST OF MICRO-SCALE CHEMISTRY
EXPERIMENTS
The consolidated list of proposed micro-scale laboratory
experiments for class XI is as the following: (i)
Determination of relative atomic mass; Determining the
empirical formula of copper(II) oxide; (ii) Determination of
melting point of an organic compound; (iii) Determination
of boiling point of an organic compound; (iv) Crystallization
of an impure sample of any one of the following: alum,
copper sulphate, benzoic acid; (v) Determination of pH of
some solutions obtained from fruit juices, varied
concentrations of acids, bases and salts using pH paper or
universal indicator; (vi) Study of pH change by common-ion
effect in case of weak acids and weak bases; (vii) To
investigate double Replacement Reactions; (viii) Study the
shift in equilibrium between ferric ions and thiocyanate ions
by increasing / decreasing the concentration of either ions;
(ix) Enthalpy of dissolution of copper sulphate or potassium
nitrate; (x) To determine the enthalpy of neutralisation of
reaction between lM HCl and 1M NaOH; (xi) A study of
gaseous diffusion; (xii) Preparation of ammonium sulphate
fertilizer; (xiii) Using a chemical balance; (xiv) Preparation
of standard solution of oxalic acid; (xv) Determination of
strength of a given solution of sodium hydroxide by titrating
it against standard solution of oxalic acid; (xvi)
Determination of one anion and one cation in a given salt;
(xvii) Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine, bromine and
iodine in an organic compound.
VI. FACILITIES REQUIRED FOR THE PROPOSED EXPERIMENTS
The facilities required for the designed chemistry laboratory
experiments at + 2 levels did not pose any extra burden on
schools except some new apparatus that too were very
economical. The detail of the facilities required for
conducting micro-scale chemistry laboratory is as the
following:
VII. SPACE AND FURNITURE REQUIREMENT
The laboratory activities require as much space as may be
convenient for the strength of students in the school. The
ideal space requirement in our country is 30 – 35 sq. ft. per
student. However, generally a laboratory hall of 825 sq, ft.
area is acceptable for 42 students. In the laboratory, one
demonstration table and students’ practical tables or work
3. Micro-Scale Chemistry Laboratory Techniques at Senior Secondary School Level and Its Effectiveness
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 09/2014/107)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 480
stations are required. For the proposed laboratory
experiments, even the smaller room can serve the purpose.
The room does not need to have pre-fixed facilities.
Experiments can be conducted even with makeshift
arrangement with a few tables in proportionate with the
number of students. The apparatus and chemicals require
smaller space for storage. Hence, there is not much
requirement for furniture. Therefore, no additional burden
on infrastructure is there.
VIII. APPARATUS REQUIREMENT
The apparatus required for conducting micro-scale
experiments are as the following: Polyethylene dispensing
bottles (squeeze type), Micro burettes; Micro Test Tube,
Test Tube Holder, Test Tube Stand, Dropper with Rubber
Bulb, Glass Rod and Stirring Rod, Spatula, Beaker (10 mL),
Funnel, Dry Cell with Cell Holder, Torch Bulb with Holder,
Beaker (50 mL), Measuring Cylinder (10 mL), W- Tube,
Tripod, Kerosene Burner, Laboratory Stand – (1) Boss head,
(2) G-Clamp, (3) M.S. Rod; Litmus Paper, Watch Glass,
China Dish, Magnet (Bar), Thermometer (Laboratory), pH
Paper, Micro Test Tube Brush, Dispensing Bottle, Vials,
Double mouthed flask, Stop cock, Chromatographic Jar with
Cork, Micro Filtration Unit, Micro Test Plate/Well plate,
One way Key, Connecting Wire, Beam balance, Cotton
wool, Wash Bottle, Pasteur Pipette (Dropper), Capillary
Tube, PVC. Tubes, Scissor.
IX. REQUIRED CHEMICALS
The chemicals required for the proposed chemistry
laboratory curriculum are the same as required by the
conventional set up though in very little quantity. The
advantage of the micro-scale laboratory technique is that it
requires chemicals in milligrams and reagents in few drops
to carry out the experiments. Therefore, the consumption of
chemicals is drastically reduced to almost one tenth of that
required in the conventional laboratory.
X. ANALYSIS OF DATA
The descriptive statistics of the post-test scores of the
treatment group and the control group of classes XI are
given in the following table:
Table 1
Statistics
Treatment
Group
Control
Group
Mean 23.875 20.906
Standard Error 0.538 0.649
Median 24 22
Mode 27 23
Standard Deviation 3.045 3.675
Sample Variance 9.274 13.507
Kurtosis -0.420 -0.573
Skewness -0.472 -0.377
Range 12 13
Minimum 17 14
Maximum 29 27
Sum 764 669
Count (N) 32 32
Confidence Level
(95.0%)
1.097967941 1.325049003
An examination of the descriptive statistics
indicates that distributions of sample scores of the treatment
group of class XI are approximately symmetrical. Though
the result suggests that the distribution is slightly negatively
skewed, i.e. the value of Mean (23.875) is less than Median
(24) and the Median is less than the Mode (27); and the
value of skewness is –0.473. This suggests that the
distribution is skewed to the left. However, with the value of
‘skewness’ between −½ and +½ (–0.473), the distribution
appears to be approximately symmetric. The value of
‘kurtosis’ of the treatment group is –0.421. This suggests
that compared to a normal distribution, this sample is
slightly ‘platykurtic’, and the peak of the distribution curve
is just a bit shallower than the peak of a normal distribution.
Also, in the case of the distribution of treatment
group scores, 62.5 % students fall between Mean + 1 S.D.
and 96.875 % students fall between Mean + 2 S.D. This
implies that 20 students fall between the Mean + 1 (i.e.
between Mean value plus and minus first standard deviation
value), which is just two observations less than the ideal
value (22) of normal distribution. Thus it appears that the
distribution of post-test scores of the treatment group is
slightly skewed to the left yet nearly normal.
Similarly, the distribution of the post-test scores of
the control group of class XI appears to be slightly skewed
to the left with its Mean value (20.906) less than the Median
(22), which is less than the Mode (23), and skewness as –
0.378. However, with the value of skewness as –0.378 and
that of kurtosis as –0.573, the distribution appears to be
approximately symmetrical with its peak a bit shallower
than the peak of a normal distribution.
Fig. 1: Distribution of Scores of Treatment and
Control Group
The result of the achievement test (Table 1) further
indicates that the students of the treatment group performed
slightly better in the test than those of the control group. The
students of the treatment group of class XI obtained higher
mean scores (23.875) than the students of control group
(20.906).
XI. CONCLUSIONS
After the chemistry laboratory curriculum was designed and
transacted on the randomly selected treatment group of + 2
level students, an achievement test was administered on the
students of treatment group and control group. The result of
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
1
4
8
12
7
2
4
6
14
4
2
Frequency
Class XI - Scores of Achievement Test
Treatment Group
4. Micro-Scale Chemistry Laboratory Techniques at Senior Secondary School Level and Its Effectiveness
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 09/2014/107)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 481
the achievement test was subjected to the test of statistical
significance. A t-Test was performed to analyse the variance
of the mean results of the treatment group and the control
group. The result showed that the students who practised the
laboratory activities of the proposed model chemistry
laboratory curriculum, performed better than the students of
control group. It can be concluded that the proposed micro-
scale chemistry laboratory techniques proved to be more
effective in enhancing students’ performance in chemistry at
+ 2 level.
XII. IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY
The conclusions drawn on the basis of the study have the
following implications for chemistry teachers, school
administrators, and institutions / regulatory bodies (CBSE,
NCERT, etc.) responsible for development and
implementation of chemistry laboratory curriculum in
schools.
XIII. IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHERS
Teachers should give more emphasis on applications of
chemistry related experiments rather mechanically following
the conventional system of conducting practical works.
They should look at the symptoms of the difficulty in
chemistry practical work as their own problem and, through
proper planning, prepare a programme of action to achieve
the desired change through student centered laboratory
activities. They should consciously help students to connect
the theoretical concepts of chemistry with the laboratory
activities and thereby make them able to appreciate the
importance of chemistry in human life.
XIV. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SCHOOL ADMINISTRATOR
The school administrator should ensure that the laboratory
facilities are available at optimum level to provide adequate
learning experiences to the students. In the light of the
proposed chemistry laboratory curriculum, the consumption
of chemicals in the laboratory is drastically reduced. So,
they should adopt the new format of laboratory activities in
order to have best use of available laboratory resources.
XV. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CURRICULUM PLANNERS AND
IMPLEMENTING AUTHORITIES
Sincere steps should be taken by the authorities to promote
the adoption of micro-scale chemistry laboratory techniques
in schools at all levels. Orientation programme in using
micro-scale technique should be organized for chemistry
teachers of senior secondary schools. A continuous and
formative assessment system for chemistry practical works
should be introduced for the + 2 level students instead of the
existing summative format of assessment. There should be
regular inspection of the physical conditions of the school
laboratories since they play an important role in enhancing
attitudes, stimulating interest and enjoyment, and motivating
students to learn science.
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