This document summarizes a study that investigated the application of laboratory management skills by chemistry teachers in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study found that chemistry teachers applied ordering skills and stocking/storing skills to a large extent when teaching chemistry. However, the study also found that chemistry teachers did not apply safety and maintenance skills to the same degree. This could negatively impact the proper management of chemicals and equipment in chemistry laboratories. The study recommends that chemistry teachers receive more training through workshops and seminars to improve their laboratory management skills, especially in the areas of safety and maintenance.
Micro-scale Chemistry Laboratory Techniques at Senior Secondary School Level ...ijsrd.com
This document discusses a study that assessed the effectiveness of using micro-scale chemistry laboratory techniques at the senior secondary school level in India. The study found that students who performed experiments using micro-scale techniques, which require only small amounts of chemicals, performed better on a chemistry achievement test than students who learned with traditional techniques. Micro-scale techniques reduce costs, waste, and health hazards compared to traditional experiments. The document concludes that micro-scale techniques are an effective and economical way to teach chemistry labs in schools.
The document summarizes a study that examined the effects of using kitchen resources on students' academic performance and retention in thermochemistry concepts. The study found that students who were taught thermochemistry using activities with common kitchen materials like fermenting juices and measuring wood heating capacities performed significantly better on tests of thermochemistry concepts compared to students who learned through conventional methods without kitchen resources. These results suggest that incorporating hands-on learning with everyday household items can enhance students' understanding and memory of science topics like thermochemistry.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document discusses an in-service training program for biology and chemistry teachers in Mozambique that aimed to improve their understanding of the importance of laboratory work. A study was conducted with 17 teachers before and after a five-day workshop. The findings showed that while teachers recognized the value of laboratory work, a lack of equipped laboratories and materials presented barriers. After the workshop, teachers still faced challenges in conducting laboratory work but felt they had a better understanding of its aims and importance. The study highlighted ongoing professional development as important for helping teachers overcome obstacles to implementing laboratory work.
Scientific Management of Equipment in Medical Innovation LaboratoryScientific Review SR
Aim; To solve the problem of innovation laboratory instrument management and improve laboratory management level. Method; It is necessary to do an excellent job in managing innovative laboratory equipment by improving the equipment management system, functional division management, appointment registration, and strengthening the construction of management teams to guarantee the cultivation of innovation and entrepreneurship capabilities of undergraduates. Results; The number of innovative experimental projects approved and the number of project groups that the laboratory can accept at the same time was increased significantly. The utilization rate of laboratory equipment has increased, and the vacancy rate has decreased. Conclusion; Excellent instrument management can significantly improve the efficiency of scientific research in the innovation laboratory.
This document provides administrative and instructional details for a Life Sciences module, including:
- Contact information for the lecturer, Ms. J. Williamson, and department secretary.
- General student responsibilities and policies around attendance, assignments, and sick tests.
- An introduction to the module's purpose of teaching life science content to FET learners and list of learning outcomes.
- An outline of the module's content covering human body systems, plant hormones, and teaching strategies.
- Details on assessment composition, requirements, and schedule.
Metacognitive Teaching Strategies on Secondary School Students Academic Perfo...ijceronline
The study was undertaken to examine the effect of metacognitive teaching strategies on secondary school students’ performance in chemistry. The study adopted pretest post test quasi experimental design. Three hundred and sixty senior secondary school II (SSII) chemistry students were drawn from three secondary school in Obio/Akpor Local Government of Rivers State Nigeria. Three research questions and three hypotheses were posed for the study. The instrument for data collection was a twenty five-item multiple choice chemistry achievement test (CAT) developed by the researcher. Students were divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Students in the experimental groups were subjected to treatment using thinking-aloud and self assessment metacognitive teaching strategies while students in the control group were taught with conventional method. Mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANCOVA were used for data analysis. The results showed that students taught with thinking-aloud metacognitive strategies performed better in chemistry achievement test followed by self assessment metacognitive strategy than the conventional strategy. It was concluded that metacognitive teaching strategy such as thinking-aloud and self assessment if effectively utilized and applied by teachers in the instructional delivery in chemistry could significantly improve the performance of students.
The Effectiveness of Students’ Worksheet of Virtual Laboratory Practice on Dy...IJAEMSJORNAL
The purpose of this research is to produce virtual laboratory practicum students’ worksheet using PhETsimulations media, which is attractive, useful, and effective to improve students’ science process skill. From the potency and problemsgained from the analysis of Physics teachers’ responses of Senior High Schools in Lampung Province, Indonesia, 40% of Senior High Schools have laboratory equipment and facilities for real practicum and 80% of Physics teachers need students’ worksheet despite in the virtual laboratory forms. Based on the students’ need analysis, 100%students need practicum activities. The data collecting technique used wasassessment sheet of material and media experts and questionnaires of attractiveness and usefulness of students’ worksheets. The test involved 68 State and Private Senior High School Students inLampung Province, Indonesia. It was obtained that the means of pre-test result = 55 and 44, and post-test result = 89 and 82. The usefulness and attractivenesswere (86,4%) attractive, (84,7%) useful, and effectiveness with N-Gain (g) 0.80 and 0.75. It is considered high classification to improve students’ learning achievement. The effectiveness level in improving science process skill is measured from practicum activity score, hypotheses proposal, experiments, data collecting, and conclusion drawing. The means of N-Gain (g) = 0.7, and it is considered high and effective. At the end of the practicum activity, there was a cognitive assessment of the comprehension test results of dynamic electricity concept from both schools. The means score were 89.33 and 86.67, which means that the scores have fulfilledthe minimum criteria of mastery learning (75).
Micro-scale Chemistry Laboratory Techniques at Senior Secondary School Level ...ijsrd.com
This document discusses a study that assessed the effectiveness of using micro-scale chemistry laboratory techniques at the senior secondary school level in India. The study found that students who performed experiments using micro-scale techniques, which require only small amounts of chemicals, performed better on a chemistry achievement test than students who learned with traditional techniques. Micro-scale techniques reduce costs, waste, and health hazards compared to traditional experiments. The document concludes that micro-scale techniques are an effective and economical way to teach chemistry labs in schools.
The document summarizes a study that examined the effects of using kitchen resources on students' academic performance and retention in thermochemistry concepts. The study found that students who were taught thermochemistry using activities with common kitchen materials like fermenting juices and measuring wood heating capacities performed significantly better on tests of thermochemistry concepts compared to students who learned through conventional methods without kitchen resources. These results suggest that incorporating hands-on learning with everyday household items can enhance students' understanding and memory of science topics like thermochemistry.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document discusses an in-service training program for biology and chemistry teachers in Mozambique that aimed to improve their understanding of the importance of laboratory work. A study was conducted with 17 teachers before and after a five-day workshop. The findings showed that while teachers recognized the value of laboratory work, a lack of equipped laboratories and materials presented barriers. After the workshop, teachers still faced challenges in conducting laboratory work but felt they had a better understanding of its aims and importance. The study highlighted ongoing professional development as important for helping teachers overcome obstacles to implementing laboratory work.
Scientific Management of Equipment in Medical Innovation LaboratoryScientific Review SR
Aim; To solve the problem of innovation laboratory instrument management and improve laboratory management level. Method; It is necessary to do an excellent job in managing innovative laboratory equipment by improving the equipment management system, functional division management, appointment registration, and strengthening the construction of management teams to guarantee the cultivation of innovation and entrepreneurship capabilities of undergraduates. Results; The number of innovative experimental projects approved and the number of project groups that the laboratory can accept at the same time was increased significantly. The utilization rate of laboratory equipment has increased, and the vacancy rate has decreased. Conclusion; Excellent instrument management can significantly improve the efficiency of scientific research in the innovation laboratory.
This document provides administrative and instructional details for a Life Sciences module, including:
- Contact information for the lecturer, Ms. J. Williamson, and department secretary.
- General student responsibilities and policies around attendance, assignments, and sick tests.
- An introduction to the module's purpose of teaching life science content to FET learners and list of learning outcomes.
- An outline of the module's content covering human body systems, plant hormones, and teaching strategies.
- Details on assessment composition, requirements, and schedule.
Metacognitive Teaching Strategies on Secondary School Students Academic Perfo...ijceronline
The study was undertaken to examine the effect of metacognitive teaching strategies on secondary school students’ performance in chemistry. The study adopted pretest post test quasi experimental design. Three hundred and sixty senior secondary school II (SSII) chemistry students were drawn from three secondary school in Obio/Akpor Local Government of Rivers State Nigeria. Three research questions and three hypotheses were posed for the study. The instrument for data collection was a twenty five-item multiple choice chemistry achievement test (CAT) developed by the researcher. Students were divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Students in the experimental groups were subjected to treatment using thinking-aloud and self assessment metacognitive teaching strategies while students in the control group were taught with conventional method. Mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANCOVA were used for data analysis. The results showed that students taught with thinking-aloud metacognitive strategies performed better in chemistry achievement test followed by self assessment metacognitive strategy than the conventional strategy. It was concluded that metacognitive teaching strategy such as thinking-aloud and self assessment if effectively utilized and applied by teachers in the instructional delivery in chemistry could significantly improve the performance of students.
The Effectiveness of Students’ Worksheet of Virtual Laboratory Practice on Dy...IJAEMSJORNAL
The purpose of this research is to produce virtual laboratory practicum students’ worksheet using PhETsimulations media, which is attractive, useful, and effective to improve students’ science process skill. From the potency and problemsgained from the analysis of Physics teachers’ responses of Senior High Schools in Lampung Province, Indonesia, 40% of Senior High Schools have laboratory equipment and facilities for real practicum and 80% of Physics teachers need students’ worksheet despite in the virtual laboratory forms. Based on the students’ need analysis, 100%students need practicum activities. The data collecting technique used wasassessment sheet of material and media experts and questionnaires of attractiveness and usefulness of students’ worksheets. The test involved 68 State and Private Senior High School Students inLampung Province, Indonesia. It was obtained that the means of pre-test result = 55 and 44, and post-test result = 89 and 82. The usefulness and attractivenesswere (86,4%) attractive, (84,7%) useful, and effectiveness with N-Gain (g) 0.80 and 0.75. It is considered high classification to improve students’ learning achievement. The effectiveness level in improving science process skill is measured from practicum activity score, hypotheses proposal, experiments, data collecting, and conclusion drawing. The means of N-Gain (g) = 0.7, and it is considered high and effective. At the end of the practicum activity, there was a cognitive assessment of the comprehension test results of dynamic electricity concept from both schools. The means score were 89.33 and 86.67, which means that the scores have fulfilledthe minimum criteria of mastery learning (75).
This document outlines the aims, scheme of assessment, and conclusion for a secondary school biology syllabus in India. It aims to develop students' understanding of biological concepts and appreciation for life. The examination will consist of 4 papers testing knowledge, skills, and practical work. Paper I involves structured questions, Paper II involves essays and data analysis, Paper III evaluates practical skills, and Paper IV involves an experiment. Students must submit practical reports that will be graded out of 10 marks. The summary concludes by describing the interconnected nature of biology and how the syllabus aims to increase biological understanding.
Effect of qualification and experience of biology teachers on the status of e...Alexander Decker
4
Journal of Education and Practice
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.24, 2013
www.iiste.org
The study examined the effect of biology teachers' qualifications and experience on ecology teaching in Kwara State, Nigeria. A questionnaire was administered to 450 biology teachers. The findings showed that 68% of teachers felt ecology teaching was not adequate and most skipped difficult concepts. Both qualified and unqualified teachers and experienced and inexperienced teachers held similar views that ecology teaching could be improved. The study recommended more practical fieldwork and sponsoring teachers to ecology workshops and seminars.
Techakosit, S. and Nilsook, P. (2015) Using Augmented Reality for Teaching Physics.
The sixth International e-Learning Conference 2015 (IEC2015), July 20-21, 2015,BITEC Bangna, Bangkok, Thailand.
This document provides guidance for a practical activity where students stain root tips and calculate the mitotic index. It includes instructions for preparing root tips from garlic cloves and hyacinth bulbs. Students will either vary the plant material or staining method used. Precise protocols are given for making lactopropionic orcein and toluidine blue stains. Students will examine slides under a microscope and calculate the mitotic index to draw conclusions about mitosis rates or staining efficiency. Advice is provided on meeting assessment criteria and potential extensions, such as varying experimental conditions.
Comparison of the effect of lecture and video projector teaching methods on s...Premier Publishers
Teachers used video projector in the classroom training. The aim of this research was to compare the students’ attitude, knowledge and practice about food health laboratory in conventional lecture and Video projector methods. In this quasi-experimental study; we grouped 40sophomore students of Environmental Health School, Islamic Azad University, and Tehran Medical Sciences Branch in Iran Country into two groups in April 2014. We collected the data by a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic (5) and food health laboratory (29) questions that used four-point Liker scales. We collected and measured the students’ knowledge and practice about food health laboratory in two groups by using pre and post-test. We analyzed the collected data by SPSS 18 software. The mean scores of the lecture and video projector groups were 10.95±5.28 (2-21), and 11.7±5.21 (6-24), respectively; the difference between the pre-test scores of the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.001). Knowledge scores of the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.001). Students’ practice in video projector method was higher than lecture method. The results indicated that the video projector was more efficacious, and more economic in enhancing the students' knowledge rate. This method led to increasing the students’ knowledge, and practice, it might be applied as a surrogate for traditional training such as lecture method in universities of medical sciences in the country.
This document describes a cooperative team-based approach used to teach an introductory chemical engineering course at Bucknell University. Key points:
1. The course replaces traditional lectures with problem-based learning projects completed in teams of 4 students over 2 weeks each.
2. Projects cover material and energy balances, phase equilibria, and process simulation. Labs and plant trips are also included.
3. Students learn technical problem-solving as well as teamwork, communication, and professional skills.
4. Assessment shows benefits of this active learning approach over traditional lectures in better preparing students for chemical engineering careers.
Effects Of Using Gagne’s Learning Hierarchy On Chemistry Students’ Academic A...IOSR Journals
This study investigates the Effects of Using Gagne’s Learning Hierarchy on Chemistry Students’ Academic Achievement and Anxiety level in Balancing Chemical Equations in Secondary Schools. The study sample used 100 SSII students randomly selected from two Senior Secondary Schools in Katsina Metropolis. The two schools were randomly placed as experimental and control groups each with 50 students. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest research design was used for the study. The study subjects in the experimental group were taught using Gagne’s learning hierarchy, while the control group was taught using lecture method for the period of six weeks. Two instruments; Balancing Chemical Equation Achievement Test (BCEAT), and Students’ Anxiety Scale Questionnaire (SASQ) with reliability coefficient of 0.79 and 0.78 respectively, were used to collect data for the study. Performances of the two groups were compared using their posttest mean scores. The major findings from the study are: Students taught using Gagne’s learning hierarchy recorded high academic achievement than those taught using to lecture method. The anxiety level of students taught using Gagne’s learning hierarchy tended to be low when compared with students taught using lecture method. Based on the findings, the following recommendations were made: Chemistry teachers should as much as possible arranges concepts taught in Chemistry hierarchically so that students can learn the simple concepts which will help their understanding of abstract or complex concepts.
The study examined the use of instructional materials for teaching physics in secondary schools in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. It found that real objects and charts were the most available materials, but other tools like computers and videos were rarely used. Both teachers and students agreed that instructional materials are important for understanding physics, but many schools lacked adequate materials. The study concluded that secondary schools need to be better equipped with a variety of instructional materials, like models, videos and computers, in order to effectively teach physics concepts and improve student performance.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This document outlines Tarisai Mudzatsi's research proposal examining the development of topic specific pedagogical content knowledge (TSPCK) in stoichiometry among three practicing teachers through a lesson study. The purpose is to determine how TSPCK in stoichiometry improves through teacher interactions in a lesson study context and how this newly developed knowledge translates to teaching practice. Poor student performance in physical science, especially topics involving stoichiometry, provides rationale for the research. The proposal includes an introduction, purpose, rationale, literature review, research questions, methodology, data analysis, ethics statement, and references.
This document provides information about the Zoology department of Rajiv Gandhi Govt. Degree College in Shimla, India. It was established in 1994 and offers undergraduate courses using a semester-based credit system. The department has two faculty members and two technical staff. It aims to develop well-rounded students and conserve biodiversity. The faculty are involved in research and outreach activities like awareness campaigns. The department is well-equipped and strives for quality education through organized teaching, optimum resource use, and leadership development opportunities for students.
Human anatomyandphysiology approved2006wellmaker786
The document outlines the anatomy and physiology curriculum for human body studies. It is designed to build upon science concepts from K-8 and high school biology, with a focus on structure/function relationships, cellular processes, growth, homeostasis, heredity, and system interactions. The curriculum emphasizes hands-on learning and real-world applications. It integrates chemistry concepts and highlights related careers. Students are expected to demonstrate skills in scientific investigation, safe practices, use of tools and technology, data analysis, problem-solving, and clear communication.
This study examined the effects of a cooperative learning training seminar on teachers' attitudes, knowledge, and perceptions of cooperative learning strategies. Eight teachers from a high school in Jamaica participated in the four-day seminar. Results showed that the training had a positive impact on teachers' attitudes toward cooperative learning and significantly increased their knowledge of the academic and social benefits. All teachers expressed a commitment to implementing cooperative learning strategies in their classrooms. The study recommended providing additional training to all teachers at the school and ongoing support to help teachers successfully adopt cooperative learning approaches.
The purpose of this article is to design a consistent research-based learning model and internal relevance on biology learning at Higher Education. The study participants were 88 students of Biology Education Department IAIN Batusangkar who studied Research Method subjects in Biology study, academic year 2016/2017. The method used was educational design research with preliminary stages of research, prototyping stage, and assessment stage. The instruments used were product assessment sheets. Preliminary research findings were analysed by reducing, presenting, and drawing conclusions. The mean score of formative evaluation result and mean score of the students’ achievement were analysed by descriptive statistic. Preliminary research results showed that changes should be made toward the biology learning outcomes. The next finding was that there were 9 supporting theories used to design research-based learning models on biology learning. Formative and summative prototype evaluation results were good and had met the criteria of developing the learning model. So, it was concluded that research-based learning model on biology learning had consistency and internal relevance.
Assessment plan blueprint 1 final for livetextJeffery Massey
This document outlines an assessment blueprint for 4th grade Earth Sciences. It proposes using performance assessments (15%), formative assessments (35%), and paper-pencil/authentic assessments (50%) to evaluate student learning. Performance assessments would include in-class activities to apply concepts. Formative assessments would use questioning to monitor understanding. Paper-pencil assessments would incorporate multiple choice, essays and reflections to demonstrate comprehension. The assessments are designed to prepare students for high-stakes testing while addressing Common Core standards through hands-on, applied learning experiences.
11.the effectiveness of teaching physics through project method on academic a...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effectiveness of teaching physics through project method compared to traditional lecture method. 80 students were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group was taught using project method for 6 weeks, while the control used traditional lectures. Both groups took a pre-test and post-test on physics topics. Analysis showed the experimental group performed significantly better on the post-test overall and on domains of knowledge, comprehension, application, and skills. The results indicate that teaching physics through project method was more effective for student achievement than traditional lecture method.
Matt Tyrie edu 690 research indep study Matt Tyrie
This study investigated the effects of technology integration on student performance and attitudes in a 7th grade science classroom. An experimental group received weekly science lessons that incorporated various technology tools, while a control group received traditional paper-based lessons. Both groups were given pre- and post-tests to measure changes in science attitudes and achievement. The results showed minor differences between the groups in improved test scores and attitudes, suggesting that technology integration may help enhance student learning and engagement in science.
1. The study examined the effects of laboratory instructional methods on students' confidence and academic achievement in stoichiometry among senior secondary students in Kaduna State, Nigeria.
2. A quasi-experimental research design involving a pre-test and post-test for experimental and control groups was used. Results showed that students taught using laboratory instruction scored higher on achievement tests and had higher confidence levels compared to those taught using traditional lecture methods.
3. The study concluded that laboratory instructional methods have a positive impact on students' academic performance and confidence in stoichiometry, and recommended greater use of these methods in secondary school chemistry teaching.
This document summarizes a study that investigated preservice biology teachers' knowledge and usage of laboratory equipment and materials. The study surveyed 61 preservice biology teachers and assessed their ability to recognize equipment, identify functions, and describe implementation processes. Results showed that the teachers had an average level of knowledge for recognizing equipment and identifying functions, but a low level of knowledge for describing implementation processes. Female teachers scored significantly higher than male teachers on identifying functions. The study aimed to identify gaps in preservice teachers' laboratory skills to help improve teacher training.
This document outlines the aims, scheme of assessment, and conclusion for a secondary school biology syllabus in India. It aims to develop students' understanding of biological concepts and appreciation for life. The examination will consist of 4 papers testing knowledge, skills, and practical work. Paper I involves structured questions, Paper II involves essays and data analysis, Paper III evaluates practical skills, and Paper IV involves an experiment. Students must submit practical reports that will be graded out of 10 marks. The summary concludes by describing the interconnected nature of biology and how the syllabus aims to increase biological understanding.
Effect of qualification and experience of biology teachers on the status of e...Alexander Decker
4
Journal of Education and Practice
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.24, 2013
www.iiste.org
The study examined the effect of biology teachers' qualifications and experience on ecology teaching in Kwara State, Nigeria. A questionnaire was administered to 450 biology teachers. The findings showed that 68% of teachers felt ecology teaching was not adequate and most skipped difficult concepts. Both qualified and unqualified teachers and experienced and inexperienced teachers held similar views that ecology teaching could be improved. The study recommended more practical fieldwork and sponsoring teachers to ecology workshops and seminars.
Techakosit, S. and Nilsook, P. (2015) Using Augmented Reality for Teaching Physics.
The sixth International e-Learning Conference 2015 (IEC2015), July 20-21, 2015,BITEC Bangna, Bangkok, Thailand.
This document provides guidance for a practical activity where students stain root tips and calculate the mitotic index. It includes instructions for preparing root tips from garlic cloves and hyacinth bulbs. Students will either vary the plant material or staining method used. Precise protocols are given for making lactopropionic orcein and toluidine blue stains. Students will examine slides under a microscope and calculate the mitotic index to draw conclusions about mitosis rates or staining efficiency. Advice is provided on meeting assessment criteria and potential extensions, such as varying experimental conditions.
Comparison of the effect of lecture and video projector teaching methods on s...Premier Publishers
Teachers used video projector in the classroom training. The aim of this research was to compare the students’ attitude, knowledge and practice about food health laboratory in conventional lecture and Video projector methods. In this quasi-experimental study; we grouped 40sophomore students of Environmental Health School, Islamic Azad University, and Tehran Medical Sciences Branch in Iran Country into two groups in April 2014. We collected the data by a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic (5) and food health laboratory (29) questions that used four-point Liker scales. We collected and measured the students’ knowledge and practice about food health laboratory in two groups by using pre and post-test. We analyzed the collected data by SPSS 18 software. The mean scores of the lecture and video projector groups were 10.95±5.28 (2-21), and 11.7±5.21 (6-24), respectively; the difference between the pre-test scores of the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.001). Knowledge scores of the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.001). Students’ practice in video projector method was higher than lecture method. The results indicated that the video projector was more efficacious, and more economic in enhancing the students' knowledge rate. This method led to increasing the students’ knowledge, and practice, it might be applied as a surrogate for traditional training such as lecture method in universities of medical sciences in the country.
This document describes a cooperative team-based approach used to teach an introductory chemical engineering course at Bucknell University. Key points:
1. The course replaces traditional lectures with problem-based learning projects completed in teams of 4 students over 2 weeks each.
2. Projects cover material and energy balances, phase equilibria, and process simulation. Labs and plant trips are also included.
3. Students learn technical problem-solving as well as teamwork, communication, and professional skills.
4. Assessment shows benefits of this active learning approach over traditional lectures in better preparing students for chemical engineering careers.
Effects Of Using Gagne’s Learning Hierarchy On Chemistry Students’ Academic A...IOSR Journals
This study investigates the Effects of Using Gagne’s Learning Hierarchy on Chemistry Students’ Academic Achievement and Anxiety level in Balancing Chemical Equations in Secondary Schools. The study sample used 100 SSII students randomly selected from two Senior Secondary Schools in Katsina Metropolis. The two schools were randomly placed as experimental and control groups each with 50 students. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest research design was used for the study. The study subjects in the experimental group were taught using Gagne’s learning hierarchy, while the control group was taught using lecture method for the period of six weeks. Two instruments; Balancing Chemical Equation Achievement Test (BCEAT), and Students’ Anxiety Scale Questionnaire (SASQ) with reliability coefficient of 0.79 and 0.78 respectively, were used to collect data for the study. Performances of the two groups were compared using their posttest mean scores. The major findings from the study are: Students taught using Gagne’s learning hierarchy recorded high academic achievement than those taught using to lecture method. The anxiety level of students taught using Gagne’s learning hierarchy tended to be low when compared with students taught using lecture method. Based on the findings, the following recommendations were made: Chemistry teachers should as much as possible arranges concepts taught in Chemistry hierarchically so that students can learn the simple concepts which will help their understanding of abstract or complex concepts.
The study examined the use of instructional materials for teaching physics in secondary schools in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. It found that real objects and charts were the most available materials, but other tools like computers and videos were rarely used. Both teachers and students agreed that instructional materials are important for understanding physics, but many schools lacked adequate materials. The study concluded that secondary schools need to be better equipped with a variety of instructional materials, like models, videos and computers, in order to effectively teach physics concepts and improve student performance.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This document outlines Tarisai Mudzatsi's research proposal examining the development of topic specific pedagogical content knowledge (TSPCK) in stoichiometry among three practicing teachers through a lesson study. The purpose is to determine how TSPCK in stoichiometry improves through teacher interactions in a lesson study context and how this newly developed knowledge translates to teaching practice. Poor student performance in physical science, especially topics involving stoichiometry, provides rationale for the research. The proposal includes an introduction, purpose, rationale, literature review, research questions, methodology, data analysis, ethics statement, and references.
This document provides information about the Zoology department of Rajiv Gandhi Govt. Degree College in Shimla, India. It was established in 1994 and offers undergraduate courses using a semester-based credit system. The department has two faculty members and two technical staff. It aims to develop well-rounded students and conserve biodiversity. The faculty are involved in research and outreach activities like awareness campaigns. The department is well-equipped and strives for quality education through organized teaching, optimum resource use, and leadership development opportunities for students.
Human anatomyandphysiology approved2006wellmaker786
The document outlines the anatomy and physiology curriculum for human body studies. It is designed to build upon science concepts from K-8 and high school biology, with a focus on structure/function relationships, cellular processes, growth, homeostasis, heredity, and system interactions. The curriculum emphasizes hands-on learning and real-world applications. It integrates chemistry concepts and highlights related careers. Students are expected to demonstrate skills in scientific investigation, safe practices, use of tools and technology, data analysis, problem-solving, and clear communication.
This study examined the effects of a cooperative learning training seminar on teachers' attitudes, knowledge, and perceptions of cooperative learning strategies. Eight teachers from a high school in Jamaica participated in the four-day seminar. Results showed that the training had a positive impact on teachers' attitudes toward cooperative learning and significantly increased their knowledge of the academic and social benefits. All teachers expressed a commitment to implementing cooperative learning strategies in their classrooms. The study recommended providing additional training to all teachers at the school and ongoing support to help teachers successfully adopt cooperative learning approaches.
The purpose of this article is to design a consistent research-based learning model and internal relevance on biology learning at Higher Education. The study participants were 88 students of Biology Education Department IAIN Batusangkar who studied Research Method subjects in Biology study, academic year 2016/2017. The method used was educational design research with preliminary stages of research, prototyping stage, and assessment stage. The instruments used were product assessment sheets. Preliminary research findings were analysed by reducing, presenting, and drawing conclusions. The mean score of formative evaluation result and mean score of the students’ achievement were analysed by descriptive statistic. Preliminary research results showed that changes should be made toward the biology learning outcomes. The next finding was that there were 9 supporting theories used to design research-based learning models on biology learning. Formative and summative prototype evaluation results were good and had met the criteria of developing the learning model. So, it was concluded that research-based learning model on biology learning had consistency and internal relevance.
Assessment plan blueprint 1 final for livetextJeffery Massey
This document outlines an assessment blueprint for 4th grade Earth Sciences. It proposes using performance assessments (15%), formative assessments (35%), and paper-pencil/authentic assessments (50%) to evaluate student learning. Performance assessments would include in-class activities to apply concepts. Formative assessments would use questioning to monitor understanding. Paper-pencil assessments would incorporate multiple choice, essays and reflections to demonstrate comprehension. The assessments are designed to prepare students for high-stakes testing while addressing Common Core standards through hands-on, applied learning experiences.
11.the effectiveness of teaching physics through project method on academic a...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effectiveness of teaching physics through project method compared to traditional lecture method. 80 students were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group was taught using project method for 6 weeks, while the control used traditional lectures. Both groups took a pre-test and post-test on physics topics. Analysis showed the experimental group performed significantly better on the post-test overall and on domains of knowledge, comprehension, application, and skills. The results indicate that teaching physics through project method was more effective for student achievement than traditional lecture method.
Matt Tyrie edu 690 research indep study Matt Tyrie
This study investigated the effects of technology integration on student performance and attitudes in a 7th grade science classroom. An experimental group received weekly science lessons that incorporated various technology tools, while a control group received traditional paper-based lessons. Both groups were given pre- and post-tests to measure changes in science attitudes and achievement. The results showed minor differences between the groups in improved test scores and attitudes, suggesting that technology integration may help enhance student learning and engagement in science.
1. The study examined the effects of laboratory instructional methods on students' confidence and academic achievement in stoichiometry among senior secondary students in Kaduna State, Nigeria.
2. A quasi-experimental research design involving a pre-test and post-test for experimental and control groups was used. Results showed that students taught using laboratory instruction scored higher on achievement tests and had higher confidence levels compared to those taught using traditional lecture methods.
3. The study concluded that laboratory instructional methods have a positive impact on students' academic performance and confidence in stoichiometry, and recommended greater use of these methods in secondary school chemistry teaching.
This document summarizes a study that investigated preservice biology teachers' knowledge and usage of laboratory equipment and materials. The study surveyed 61 preservice biology teachers and assessed their ability to recognize equipment, identify functions, and describe implementation processes. Results showed that the teachers had an average level of knowledge for recognizing equipment and identifying functions, but a low level of knowledge for describing implementation processes. Female teachers scored significantly higher than male teachers on identifying functions. The study aimed to identify gaps in preservice teachers' laboratory skills to help improve teacher training.
This document discusses the role of laboratory activities in science education. It notes that while labs have long been seen as important for engaging students and helping them learn science concepts, research has failed to show a direct relationship between lab experience and student learning. The document examines different types of lab activities and variables that impact their effectiveness. It emphasizes the need for more detailed descriptions of lab contexts in research to better understand how to design labs that promote learning goals.
This document discusses the importance of practical work and laboratory activities in science education. It outlines how practical work helps students develop knowledge, process skills, and scientific attitudes. Some key benefits of practical work mentioned include helping students learn concepts and relationships through hands-on activities. The document also discusses best practices for organizing practical work, such as forming student groups, providing clear instructions, and maintaining proper laboratory equipment and facilities.
No nation whether developed or developing countries can rise above the level of its education without giving adequate consideration for its Human and Material resources in terms of curriculum to be used. One of the Basic qualities of a curriculum is dynamism. This implies that a good curriculum is never static rather it changes along with changes in societal needs and aspirations, political and economic factors. For example in Nigeria the educational system has witnessed some changes in Content, Context and Structure (9-3-4 educational systems). Like most of the countries in the world, the changes have come as result of the growing awareness of the need to develop technologically, socially, and economically.
Design and development workshop interior design and furniture sectionIJERA Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design and development workshop interior design and furniture sectionIJERA Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The learning teaching process has undergone a paradigm shift in recent years. It has shifted from teacher centred to student centred. Hence, the challenge of a teacher has become as to how to cater to the needs of all types of learners in the classroom when their learning styles vary according to their individual needs. Heutagogy is a technique of self-determined learning with practices and principles rooted from andragogy that could be responsible for the developments in higher education. This technique coupled with e-content is an innovative strategy that provides multi-sensory experience to the learners. The learners can visualize the entire content and attain mastery over the topics. In the present study, the e-content on osmosis was developed and given to the tertiary learners for learning. Pre-test and post-test were administered to the samples to ascertain the effectiveness of heutagogy integration into e-content. The results of the study revealed that e-content with heutagogical approach for learners of higher education were effective.
1) The study assessed the efficacy of virtual laboratories in developing biology students' laboratory skills and knowledge.
2) Virtual laboratories can be effective tools for conducting experiments when access to physical labs and supplies is limited. They allow students to learn science processes and concepts.
3) The researcher planned to have biology students complete experiments in four free virtual labs - LabXchange, Molecular Workbench, Virtual Biology Lab, and Inq-ITS - and measure any changes in their pre- and post-test scores and feedback on the virtual lab experiences.
Assessments Of Students Practical Skill In Laboratory A Case Study In Secon...Jim Webb
The document discusses a case study that assesses the practical skills of second-year chemistry students at Bule Hora University in Ethiopia. The study found several issues that hindered students' practical skills, including a lack of confidence, limited time, and lack of prior lab exposure and equipment. Interviews and observations revealed problems like fear of chemicals and a lack of independence. The authors recommend using simulations and virtual experiments to improve skills and make students comfortable with technology. The goal is to help students develop both theoretical and practical knowledge to succeed in their careers.
Educational technology was found to have a positive effect on nursing students' clinical competency skills and satisfaction levels. Results showed that students who learned clinical skills like hand hygiene and injections using reusable learning objects had higher average scores on competency evaluations compared to students who learned through traditional demonstration methods. The mean differences between the groups were 2.36 for hand hygiene skills and 1.12 for injection skills, indicating reusable learning objects led to better outcomes. Overall, the study found educational technology to be an effective method for teaching nursing students important clinical skills.
Article Introductory Biology Courses A Framework To Support Active Learning ...Lisa Brewer
This document describes a framework developed for incorporating active learning into a large enrollment introductory biology course. The framework is called the Active Learning Course Framework (ALCF). Key aspects of the ALCF include:
- Dividing the course into three modules anchored by case studies that integrate all course material and activities.
- Utilizing a teaching team of faculty, graduate teaching assistants, and undergraduate teaching assistants to organize and implement active learning components.
- Leveraging three learning environments - lectures, labs, and online - connected by the teaching team and online technologies.
Assessment of Chemistry Teachers Usage of National Commission for Colleges of...iosrjce
This study assessed the College chemistry teachers assessment of their usage of eleven pedagogical
methods in the National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE) Benchmark. The study also monitored
the influence of teachers qualification and gender on the usage of these methods. The study was carried out in
both Federal and State Colleges of Education in the five States in South-East zone of Nigeria. The sample for
the study comprises of all the sixty-one (61) chemistry teachers drawn from the seven colleges (state & federal)
in the five States. Three research questions and the three hypotheses guided this work. 55-item questionnaire
constructed by the researcher from the eleven pedagogical methods in the Benchmark was used as instrument
for data collection. This instrument was validated by experts in the field and reliability sought and after pilot
study and found to have 0.87 alpha value using Cronbach technique. Data collected were analyzed using means
and standard deviation for research questions and independent t-test for hypotheses at 0.05 level of confidence.
The result obtained showed that chemistry teachers adequately use only four methods, (demonstration,
experimental, discussion and lecture) during their classroom instructions. All other seven methods were not
adequately used. It was also discovered that teachers’ qualification and gender have no remarkable influence
on the usage of these methods. Recommendations for the usage of other methods were made.
The document discusses the implementation of the biology curriculum at the secondary level in Government Girls Urdu School. It provides background on the school and analyzes curriculum implementation based on interviews with the headmistress, teachers, and students. The interviews revealed that while teachers have a good understanding of curriculum objectives and work to help students learn, there are opportunities to improve use of technology in teaching and practical experimentation. Resources and facilities like the biology lab require upgrades to better support hands-on learning.
Utilization of Instructional Materials and Academic Performance of Senior Sec...ijtsrd
The study assesses the level of the availability and utilization of instructional materials for teaching chemistry in Oji River Local Government Area of Enugu State. A survey research approach was used in this study. The target population was 114 pupils from three selected senior secondary schools in Oji River Local Government Area of Enugu State. The study employed one sample t test to test the hypotheses. This study found that instructional materials affect academic performance of chemistry students in senior secondary schools. Another finding was that teachers utilized the available instructional materials in teaching chemistry in senior secondary schools. Based on the findings, the researcher recommended among others that chemistry teacher training should be revised to provide a greater emphasis on knowledge and abilities linked to emerging technologies, such as the use of visual and audio visual instructional resources in chemistry classrooms. Chikendu, Rebecca E. "Utilization of Instructional Materials and Academic Performance of Senior Secondary School Students in Chemistry in Enugu State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49840.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/49840/utilization-of-instructional-materials-and-academic-performance-of-senior-secondary-school-students-in-chemistry-in-enugu-state/chikendu-rebecca-e
Problem solving strategy and students' achievements on the concept of gas lawsveneyo
This document discusses a study that investigated the effect of using problem-solving strategy on students' academic achievements regarding the concept of gas laws in senior secondary school. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design involving 100 SS1 students from two public schools who were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group was taught gas laws using problem-solving strategy while the control group was taught using lecture strategy. A chemistry achievement test on gas laws was administered as a pretest and posttest. Results from independent t-test analysis revealed that students taught using problem-solving strategy performed significantly better than those taught using lecture strategy. The study also found no significant difference in achievement between male and female students taught using problem-solving strategy. The study
The document discusses nursing education laboratory methods. It describes how laboratory methods originated in chemistry education and involve experimental study, testing, and analysis. Laboratories provide hands-on experiences with actual situations and materials to help students acquire skills and scientific approaches. There are different types of laboratories including science, nutrition, and nursing skills labs. Effective laboratory work involves preparation, an actual work period, and culminating discussion. Laboratories benefit students by allowing them to learn by doing and develop observation and problem-solving skills.
This document provides a syllabus for an AP Biology course taught at BrainworX Academy during the 2020-2021 school year. The course will meet daily from August 3, 2020 to May 21, 2021 in room 206 of the CTECH building. The instructor is Tim Welsh, who can be contacted by cell phone or email. The course aims to develop students' skills in collaboration, preparation for work and higher education, and innovation in biology. Key topics covered include evolution, biological systems, heredity, and interactions with the environment. Students will learn through inquiry-based labs and applying scientific practices to enduring understandings and big ideas. Formative and summative assessments will evaluate students' mastery of concepts and application of skills
This document discusses the importance of science laboratories in education. It notes that laboratories allow students to learn independently and draw conclusions from experiments. The document outlines various objectives of laboratory work like developing scientific concepts and skills. It provides guidance on administering laboratories, including organizing experiments, maintaining safety and discipline. Recommendations are given for equipping laboratories with proper storage, workspaces and supplies. The conclusion emphasizes that laboratories are essential for hands-on science learning.
Similar to Application of laboratory management skills by chemistry teachers in enugu state (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Application of laboratory management skills by chemistry teachers in enugu state
1. Journal of Education and Practice
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.18, 2013
www.iiste.org
Application of Laboratory Management Skills by Chemistry
Teachers in Enugu State
ALICE EZEANO1 FLORENCE EZEUDU2*
1. Department of Science and Computer Education,
Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Enugu State, Nigeria.
2. Department of Science Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
Email:flossyezeudu@yahoo.com
Abstract
The study sought to find out how chemistry teachers apply laboratory management skills (LMS) in their teaching.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the aspect of LMS which the chemistry teachers applied most in
their teaching of chemistry and the extent of the application. Two research questions guided the study. The
design is survey and the instrument used was a questionnaire. The respondents were one hundred and seventeen
(117) chemistry teachers. The data collected were analyzed using mean score. The findings revealed that
chemistry teachers applied ordering skills, stocking and storing skills. It was also revealed that chemistry
teachers do not apply safety and maintenance skills. Among the recommendations was that chemistry teachers
should be involved in routine retraining, workshops, and seminars in order to acquire the skills and also to keep
them abreast with the importance of LMS in effective teaching and learning of chemistry.
Key words: Application, Laboratory, laboratory management skill, Chemistry and Teachers.
Introduction
The development of science and technology requires a steady flux of resources and effective use of such
resources. These resources are found in the laboratories. Bajah (1990) defined science laboratory as anywhere
science can be taught or learnt. Laboratory is also a place where experiments in science are carried out. These
experiments involve chemicals, specimens, materials and equipment. Amongst the secondary school core science
subjects, chemistry is occupying a central position because it is a prerequisite for the study of valuable
professional courses like medicine, nursing, engineering, pharmacy, laboratory technology, radiography, medical
rehabilitation to mention but a few. This may be the reason why Urevbu (1990) stated that laboratory is the most
distinctive feature of chemistry instruction and that it occupies a central position in sciences teaching. Science
laboratory is characterized by practical approach in imparting knowledge to students and some education
theorists like John Dewey formulated some theories that advocate the activity method of impacting knowledge to
learners. John Dewey (1859-1953) was a philosopher and educator. His theory emphasized learning by doing
which is an activity method. Some implications of Dewey’s theories to science education are that the following:
science teaching and learning must be built on the values of the society and on skills of the learner. Problem
solving method should be used to teach the learner so that science teaching and learning should involve handson-activities, and experiments so as to give the learner the opportunity to manipulate and handle scientific
equipment. Dewey’s philosophy of work is also centred on training and acquisition of certain skills. In chemistry,
experiments are drawn from Dewey’s theory and learners are given opportunity to manipulate materials,
chemicals and equipment. Gagne (1965) developed the theory of learning. To Gagne (1965) the highest level of
learning is problem solving. Gagne’s theory of learning hierarchy stated that learning of skill depends on the
mastery of prerequisite concepts or skills. That is learning of skills should be from known to unknown. Gagne’s
theory is relevant to chemistry teaching especially in acquisition of practical skills.
Proper management of student’s prerequisite skills in the laboratory will lead to acquisition of a higher skill or
easier understanding of the required skills. Management pattern of practical work in chemistry laboratory can
ensure sequentially move of basic practical skills to fundamental science skills needed in future career.
Management according to Olaiton, Nwachukwu, Igbo, Onyemachi and Ekong (1999) is the process of planning,
organizing, directing, implementing, and evaluating input resources for the purpose of producing output in the
form of goods and services. Paul (2008) said that effective laboratory management is a learned skill which
involves regular meetings and delegating responsibility. Management of science laboratory therefore means the
running and controlling of materials and human resources. These are divided into two: (a) material resource
management and (b) human resource management. Material resource management involves procuring, stocking,
storing of materials, arrangement and maintenance of materials and equipment in the laboratory. Human
resource management involves directing, planning and delegating duties to laboratory workers.
Human resources include the following: Qualified chemistry teacher. He/she is a teacher with the Nigerian
Certificate in Education (NCE) or university graduate in the chemistry. Laboratory technician are those with
Higher National Diploma (HND) or Ordinary National Diploma (OND). They also have responsibilities in the
159
2. Journal of Education and Practice
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.18, 2013
www.iiste.org
organization and management of the laboratory and the also supervise other staff. Laboratory assistant are with
senior school certificate or equivalent. They help teachers or technicians in preparations and carrying out of
experiments. In schools where the technician is absent, the teacher can train them in preparing solutions,
collection of specimens, purchasing of materials and storage of materials. Laboratory attendants are with first
school leaving certificate. They clean the laboratory. Other human resources include resources persons from the
locality and organizations being invited by the teacher.
Effective teaching and learning of chemistry at all levels demand many of the above mentioned
laboratory resources. These resources are indispensable if indebt understanding of the subject will ever be
achieved because they are utilized to make difficult and abstract concepts in chemistry real, remove
misconceptions, ignite, increase and sustain students’ interest and also help to consolidate conceptual
understanding of things taught in theory lessons (Mbajiorgu and Reid 2004; and Ezeano 2008). Despite the
importance of laboratory resources, they are not adequately available in many secondary school laboratories.
This may be due to huge sum of money required to provide them (Aniodo, 2008). Maintaining and repairing the
productive resource materials or laboratory equipment and chemicals in the chemistry laboratory will help to
reduce the cost of teaching and learning the subject. Chemistry teachers while in training are exposed to lots of
laboratory management skills (LMS).
Laboratory management skills they are exposed to include ordering skills, stocking and storage skills
and safety and maintenance skills. Dan Rhoads in Careers laboratory survival from the Bitesize Bio Channel
(2008) indicated that LMS requires navigating tenure, hiring, and managing laboratory members, teaching and
mentoring project management and collaborations. In University of Maryland, the University College
Laboratory Management Degree Planning Workshop includes these as the LMS for the programme:
1. Create a healthy, safe, and productive work place by effectively and appropriating hiring, training,
supporting and evaluating laboratory personnel.
2. Monitor and maintain laboratory-related documentation, equipment, and supplies, necessary for
conducting efficient, safe, cost-effective and hygienic laboratory operations.
3. Manage (plan, organize, and direct) the daily work activities of a laboratory setting by working
independently and as a member of a tea, meeting job expectations, and adhering to organizational
policies and goals.
4. Communicate thoughts orally and writing in a clear, well-organized manner that effectively persuades,
informs and claries ideas, informative, and laboratory techniques/procedures to staff, scientific
community and the public.
5. Practice ethical standards of integrity, honesty, fairness as a laboratory manger and professional.
6. Manage scientific and laboratory practices and procedures by complying with and adhering to national,
state, and local standards, policies, practicals and regulations.
The LMS help chemistry teachers to be resourceful and increase their potentiality and creativity in
chemistry education. It is chemistry teachers’ ability to apply LMS that motivate them to improvise in absence of
needed laboratory materials (Ezeano, 2001). LMS when effectively applied reduce accidents and damages and
consequently reduce cost of laboratory material resources. LMS require the managerial abilities of chemistry
teachers and laboratory assistant who help teachers in bringing out materials, washing and packing them after
practical lessons.
LMS when duly applied can make both teachers and students to be more activity oriented and it can
foster effective science teaching and learning and achievement. With all the benefits accruable by the application
of LMS, there is need to ascertain the extent of application of LMS by chemistry teachers in the teaching and
learning of chemistry.
1.1 Statement of the problem
Chemistry laboratory equipment and chemicals are indispensable for effective teaching and learning of
chemistry. But they are rarely adequately available due to their high costs. As a result many chemistry teachers
could not conduct practical chemistry classes as and when due. Instead they wait until the period of external
examinations is at hand. The conscientious and resourceful chemistry teachers resort to demonstration, even
though it cannot replace the experience students have when they perform the experiment themselves (Ezeano,
2008). During chemistry practical lessons, chemistry teachers with the help of laboratory assistants prepare
reagents and equipment needed for practical lessons, and also clean washes and packs them after the practical
lessons.
The chemistry teacher requires laboratory management skills to be able to do his/her work effectively.
The laboratory assistant who should be helping the chemistry teacher in laboratory management are lacking in
many secondary school laboratories, leaving the work of teaching and laboratory management for the teacher
alone. The chemicals and equipment when not properly managed may be wasted and harmful. Therefore, there is
the need to ascertain the laboratory management skills (LMS) applied by chemistry teachers.
160
3. Journal of Education and Practice
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.18, 2013
www.iiste.org
1.2 Purpose of the study
The purpose of this study is to: (1) investigate the aspect of LMS which the chemistry teachers applied most, (2)
find out the extent chemistry teachers apply LMS in the teaching and learning of chemistry.
1.3 Research Questions
1.
Which aspect of LMS do chemistry teacher applied most?
2.
To what extent do chemistry teachers apply LMS in the teaching and learning of chemistry?
2. Methodology
The design for this study is survey. The population for the study was 11 7 chemistry teachers in Enugu
Education Zone of Enugu State. Simple random sampling was used to pick Enugu Education Zone from four
education Zones that make up Enugu State. There was no sampling because the population was sizeable for the
study. The instrument was a 33 items questionnaires on chemistry teachers’ application of laboratory and
management skills (LMS).
The instrument was on a five point rating scale with numerical values of very large extent (VLE (5),
large extent (LM (4), moderate extent (ME (3), small extent (SM (2) and very small extent (VSE (1). The
instrument was validated by experts in chemistry education and measurement and evaluation. The valuators’
scrutiny, corrections and modifications were employed to prepare the final draft of the questionnaire. The five
point responses with the assigned values of 5,4,3,2 and 1 respectively gave the average or mean of 3.00. Any
mean score equal to and above 3:00 is accepted and any mean score below 3.00 is rejected. The questionnaire
was distributed to the chemistry teachers. There was 100% return and the data gathered were analyzed using
simple mean.
3. Results
In line with research questions which guided the study, the results of the data analysis were presented in the table
below
161
4. Journal of Education and Practice
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.18, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table 1: Mean scores of chemistry teachers on the LMS applied and the extent to which they applied them.
Mean
S/No
Items on LMS employed by chemistry teachers
Decision
(X-)
A,
Ordering skills
1.
Chemistry teachers; ordered for needed and relevant laboratory materials.
3.3
A
Obtain quotations for items from more than one laboratory equipment
2.
3.1
A
suppliers
3.
Ensure priority placement on items that are ordered
3.3
A
4.
Ensure that the needed chemicals and equipment ordered for are supplied
3.5
A
5.
Arrange with knowledgeable laboratory equipment suppliers
3.2
A
6.
Check for and reject fake laboratory equipment and chemicals
4.3
A
7.
Compare cost of materials to their qualities
3.2
A
A
GRAND MEAN
3.4
B
Stocking/Storage Skills
8.
Labeling reagents boldly
3.5
A
9.
Separating chemicals that can react with each other
3.9
A
10.
Provide and use stock record book(s)
3.1
A
11
Considering production and expiring dates of chemicals
3.7
A
12.
Storing chemicals that are susceptible to photolysis in dark coloured bottles 3.2
A
13.
Preventing glass ware breakage by not storing them in nest pattern
3.2
A
14.
Record damages and breakages properly
3.1
A
15.
Properly disposing of broken glassware
4.2
A
16.
Careful recording and stocking of used-up chemicals
3.1
A
A
GRAND MEAN
3.4
C
Safety and Maintenance Skills
17.
Isolating radioactive, toxic flammable and carcinogenic chemicals
3.4
A
18.
Using warning symbols or signs where and when necessary
3.7
A
19.
Ensuring careful disposal of laboratory wastes (used chemicals)
3.2
A
Making laboratory store assessable to only chemistry teachers and
20.
2.9
R
laboratory assistant
21.
Ensuring that drainages are functional
2.6
R
Inspect apparatus, equipment and electrical appliances before allowing
22.
2.1
R
students to use them.
23.
Ensuring that used laboratory equipment are washed and packed
3.9
A
24.
Preventing and amending leakages of water and gas
2.9
R
Repair equipment with minor problems like leaking burette, blocked pipette
25.
2.2
R
etc.
26.
Encouraging students to stand up during practical
2.0
R
Ability to take care of students who may swallow base, spill acid on their
27.
2.6
R
bodies and floor
28.
Ensure that students wear lab coats and use their napkins
2.0
R
29.
Using fume cub board were necessary and available
1.5
R
Reduce pilferage by not allowing students to enter the laboratory with their
30.
3.8
A
bags
31.
Ensuring that food is not eaten in the laboratory especially during practicals 3.1
A
32.
Ensuring that students do not play in the laboratory
3.0
A
Making sure that students wash their hands after every practical before
33.
3.8
A
leaving
R
GRAND MEAN
2.6
A
OVERALL GRAND MEAN
3.1
From Table 1, it is evident that chemistry teachers rarely apply safety and maintenance skills (grand mean 2.6).
The grand mean for safety and maintenance skills is below the cut -off point of 3.0. For instance, they did not
ensure that students wear lab-coats and use their napkins during chemistry practical lessons (2.0), they did not
repair equipment with minor problems like leaking burette, blocked pipette etc(2.2), they did not inspect
apparatus, equipment and electrical appliances before allowing students to use them (2.1).
162
5. Journal of Education and Practice
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.18, 2013
www.iiste.org
On the other hand, they applied the ordering skills (grand mean 3.4) and stocking, and storage skills
(grand mean 3.4) most. They check and reject fake laboratory equipment and chemicals (4.4); they properly
dispose of broken glassware (4.2); they separate chemicals that can react with each other (3.9) and considered
production and expiring dates (3.7). In fact all the items under ordering and stocking/storage skills are above the
cut- off point of 3.0, proving that chemistry teachers applied them to a reasonable extent.
3.1 Discussion of findings
The finding of this study revealed that chemistry teachers applied LMS, ordering and stocking and
storage skills (3.4). The finding relates to that of Akubue and Eze (2007) who discovered the chemistry teachers
utilized LMS to appreciable extent.
This study in addition, unveiled the fact that chemistry teacher did not apply safety and maintenance
skills and this agreed with the finding of Akubue and Eze (2007) that discovered that teachers are not sufficiently
skilled in the area of safety and maintenance of equipment and materials. This finding creates worry in the heart
of reasonable and patriotic Scientists who have actually discovered that chemistry laboratories are ill equipped
and requires the skills of resourceful teachers to safe and maintain little available laboratory equipment and
chemicals.
The chemistry teachers’ lack of skills of safety and maintenance, as discovered in this study, is also in
line with the view of Idah (2004) who discovered that secondary school teachers lack safety awareness. This lack
of skills for safety should be tackled with urgency by exposing the teachers to workshops, seminars and
retraining them to instill into them the need for safety and maintenance in chemistry laboratory. This is necessary
because according to Nwabueze (2002), ones chemicals and equipment are provided, the onus of storage and
maintenance rest squarely on the shoulder of the science teachers. The exposure and retraining will make the
science teachers to stand up to their responsibilities and avoid delay that may hinder science and technological
advancement which the country has been yearning for.
4. Conclusion
The study which considered chemistry teachers’ application of laboratory management skills (LMS) revealed
that chemistry teachers applied the ordering and stocking and storage skills to high extent but they did not apply
safety and maintenance skills. Despite the importance of LMS in the teaching and learning of practical chemistry,
some aspects of LMS were not applied by chemistry teachers. This then revealed that there is a gap that require
urgent filling in the teaching and learning of chemistry.
4.1 Recommendations
From the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made:
1.
Strict measure will be employed to ensure that would- be chemistry teachers learnt LMS very well
before giving them to certificate to go and teach.
2.
Chemistry teachers should be involved in routine retraining, workshops and seminars to help them
acquire the skills as well as to keep them abreast with the important LMS for effective teaching and
learning of chemistry.
3.
Chief-supervising principals should be visiting schools more often to check for chemistry teachers’
application of LMS and to advise them on their importance in science and technological growth.
4.
The government and interested non-governmental organization should also equip the chemistry
laboratories adequately to encourage the teachers to conduct chemistry practical lessons as and
when due, to give them the opportunity to constantly applied LMS.
REFERENCES
Aniodo, H.C.O. (2008). Modern Aspects of Integrated Science Education. Hacofom Educational Books, Enugu,
Nigeria.
Akubuo, P.A. and Eze, C.U. (2007). Laboratory Management Skills Employed
by Phemistry Teachers
in Enugu State, Nigeria. Journal of Functional
Educations. 5 (1), 38-35.
Bajah, S. T. (1977). Pupils’ Perception of the Adequacy and Assessment of Practical Work in Science. West
African Journal of Educational and Vocational Measurement, 4 (1).
Bitesizebio.com/articles/management-skills-in-science/Dan Rhoads in careers Lab survival from Bitesize Bio
Channel (2008). (Online) Available (April 26, 2013).
Dewey, John (1902). The Child and the Curriculum. (Online) Available: htt://books.google.com/books
(November 23,2012).
Dewey, John (1938). Experience and Education. New York: The Macmillan Company.
Ezeano, C.A. (2001). Improvisation in Chemistry. Teacher Role. Journal of Science and Computer Education
(JOSCED). Publication of Science and Computer Education ESUT 1(1) 15-30.
163
6. Journal of Education and Practice
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol.4, No.18, 2013
www.iiste.org
Ezeano, C.A. (2008). Effect of Small Scale Experiment on Students’ Achievement and Relation in Chemistry.
Ph.D Thesis. University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
Gagne, R. M. (1985). The Conditions of Learning. (3rd Edition). Holt Reinhart and Winston.
Idah, N. N.(2004). Status of Safety Standard in Secondary School Chemistry
Laboratories in Enugu State.
M.Ed. Thesis. University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
Kang, N. and Wallace,C. S. (2004). Secondary Teachers use of Laboratory Activities Linking Epistemological
Beliefs, Goals and Practices. (Online) Available :(February 16, 2004) www.intersciencewiley.com
Mbajiogu, N.M. and Reid N (2004). Reports of the Literature Search on Pedagogic Research into Curriculum
Development in Chemistry at the Secondary School Level. Centre for Science Education. University of
Glasgow.
Nwabueze, S. C. (2002). Laboratory Design, Management and Safety in Iwu, Ike and Okoye (Ed) Perspectives
on Science Education Methods. Owerri, Onii. Publishing House.
Olaiton, S. O., Nwachukwu, C. E., Igbo, C. A., Onyemachi, G. A., and Ekong, A. O. (1999). Curriculum
Development and Management in Vocational and Technical Education. Onitsha: Cape Publishing
International Limited.
Paul Hruz (2008). Essential Laboratory Management Skills. (Online) Available
April 26,
2013:Wustl.edu/Hruz_ERM_3.27.08pdt.
Urevbu, A. O. (1990). Methodology of Science Teaching: Studies in Science Education. Benin City: Juland
Educational Publishers University of Benin Press.
University of Maryland, University College Lab/memt Degree Planning Worksheet. (Online) Available: April 26,
2013. www.umuc.edugradlugprograms/labm.cfm.
164
7. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for
submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission
instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/
The IISTE
editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified submissions in a
fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the
world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from
gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the journals is also available
upon request of readers and authors.
MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/
Recent conferences: http://www.iiste.org/conference/
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar