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Microplastics - my experience as a PhD student

The document discusses a training program on regional ocean governance, highlighting the environmental concerns related to plastic pollution, particularly in marine ecosystems. It details the history and origins of plastic, the pervasive problem of marine pollution, and the impact of microplastics on the Mediterranean Sea. The document emphasizes the need for effective governance and strategies in addressing the multifaceted challenges posed by plastic waste in marine environments.

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Training Programme on Regional Ocean Governance for the 30th November 2016 Mediterranean, Black, Baltic and Caspian Seas By Kristina Edwards
Introduction
Introduction Plastic material = “plastikos” (Greek), “plasticus” (Latin) – fit for molding. Mixture of (semi-)synthetic polymers obtained through industrial process of polycondensation (thermosetting plastics1) or polymerization (thermoplastics2) 1 it hardens when heated 2 it gets pasty when heated Aubry, 2004 Bellis, 2011 PlasticsEurope, 2016
Introduction Light & Practical Resistant & Slowly degraded Aesthetic Waterproof, insulating Asepticised Limit CO2 emissions Cheaper
5 « CHANGE IS POSSIBLE » « Plastic everywhere » « plastics […] are also in our food chain » « Only a fraction of the plastic that we produce is recycled» « 276 pieces of plastic inside a 190 day-old chick » Introduction www.plasticoceans.org/film/
Introduction 6 « CHANGE IS POSSIBLE » « Plastic everywhere » « plastics […] are also in our food chain » « Only a fraction of the plastic that we produce is recycled» « 276 pieces of plastic inside a 190 day-old chick »
7 Chronicle of Plastic 1736 1835 1860 1869 1898 1912 1922 1927 1935 1938 1944 1953 1965 1980 1833 1839 1862 1870 1909 1913 1924 1933 1937 1940 1946 1954 1973 2001
8 Chronicle of Plastic 1736 1835 1860 1869 1898 1912 1922 1927 1935 1938 1944 1953 1965 1980 1833 1839 1862 1870 1909 1913 1924 1933 1937 1940 1946 1954 1973 2001 = Invention of parkesine, plastic based on cellulose A. Parkes
9 Chronicle of Plastic 1736 1835 1860 1869 1898 1912 1922 1927 1935 1938 1944 1953 1965 1980 1833 1839 1862 1870 1909 1913 1924 1933 1937 1940 1946 1954 1973 2001 1 = Invention of celluloid to substitute ivory billiard balls J.W. Hyatt
10 Chronicle of Plastic 1736 1835 1860 1869 1898 1912 1922 1927 1935 1938 1944 1953 1965 1980 1833 1839 1862 1870 1909 1913 1924 1933 1937 1940 1946 1954 1973 2001 1 = Invention of bakelite, first plastic totally man-made L.H. Baekeland
11 Chronicle of Plastic 1736 1835 1860 1869 1898 1912 1922 1927 1935 1938 1944 1953 1965 1980 1833 1839 1862 1870 1909 1913 1924 1933 1937 1940 1946 1954 1973 2001 1 = Innovation for manufacturing process of PVC F. Klatte
12 Chronicle of Plastic 1736 1835 1860 1869 1898 1912 1922 1927 1935 1938 1944 1953 1965 1980 1833 1839 1862 1870 1909 1913 1924 1933 1937 1940 1946 1954 1973 2001 1 = Invention of 6,6 Polyamid (nylon) W.H. Carothers
13 Chronicle of Plastic 1736 1835 1860 1869 1898 1912 1922 1927 1935 1938 1944 1953 1965 1980 1833 1839 1862 1870 1909 1913 1924 1933 1937 1940 1946 1954 1973 2001 Creation of new plastic materials e.g. PS, nylon, LDPE, PU, Teflon, PET
14 Chronicle of Plastic 1736 1835 1860 1869 1898 1912 1922 1927 1935 1938 1944 1953 1965 1980 1833 1839 1862 1870 1909 1913 1924 1933 1937 1940 1946 1954 1973 2001 Constant increase of plastic production & consumption i.e. Plastic present in most professional sectors as well as day-to-day basis
15 Chronicle of Plastic 1736 1835 1860 1869 1898 1912 1922 1927 1935 1938 1944 1953 1965 1980 1833 1839 1862 1870 1909 1913 1924 1933 1937 1940 1946 1954 1973 2001 Plastic era i.e. Plastic products are almost everywhere all over the world
16 Origins of Plastic GALALITH (« milk stone ») POLYPROPYLENE POLYSTYRENE, POLYPROPYLENE, PVC… Casein
Origins of Plastic 385°C 30°C 180°C C6-C10 Furnace Distillation Tower Naphtha + (mixture of hydrocarbons) DISTILLATION STEAM CRACKING Monomers e.g. propylene, ethylene POLYCONDENSATION/ POLYMERISATION (e.g. polyaddition) TRANSFORMATION Crude oil (e.g. extrusion techniques) Polymers e.g. polypropylene, polyethylene 99%
 They present numerous advantages, though with major disadvantage which is very slow degradation and leaching.  Since 1960’s, constant growth in the global production has been observed, leading to “plastic-dependent societies”.  Mainly issued from petrochemical industry (99%)  Plastic materials can mainly get harder (thermosetting plastics) or pasty (thermoplastics) when heated.
19 Marine pollution “Any persistent manufactured or processed solid material (deliberately), directly or indirectly discarded, disposed of or abandoned in the marine and coastal environment […] (adapted from UNEP, 2009)
NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICA OCEANIA Marine pollution This is one of the major environmental concern worldwide and various studies have been conducted since 1950’s. ANTARCTICA ARCTICA?
NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICA OCEANIA Marine pollution This is one of the major environmental concern worldwide and various studies have been conducted since 1950’s. ANTARCTICA ARCTICA?
NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICA OCEANIA Marine pollution This is one of the major environmental concern worldwide and various studies have been conducted since 1950’s. ANTARCTICA ARCTICA?
NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICA OCEANIA Marine pollution This is one of the major environmental concern worldwide and various studies have been conducted since 1950’s. ANTARCTICA ARCTICA?
NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICA OCEANIA Marine pollution This is one of the major environmental concern worldwide and various studies have been conducted since 1950’s. ANTARCTICA ARCTICA?
NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICA OCEANIA Marine pollution This is one of the major environmental concern worldwide and various studies have been conducted since 1950’s. ANTARCTICA ARCTICA?
NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICA OCEANIA Marine pollution This is one of the major environmental concern worldwide and various studies have been conducted since 1950’s. ANTARCTICA ARCTICA?
NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICA OCEANIA Marine pollution This is one of the major environmental concern worldwide and various studies have been conducted since 1950’s. ANTARCTICA ARCTICA?
28 Marine pollution The Mediterranean Sea has been highlighted as one of the most polluted seas in the world, mainly due to significant loss of plastic materials. (Deudero et Alomar, 2015) Eriksen et al., 2014 Lebreton et al., 2012 Cózar et al., 2015 Suaria et al., 2016
Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Good Environmental Status (GES) « Properties and quantities of marine litter do not cause harm to the coastal and marine environment » (European Parliament, 2008) Microplastics (MPs)
= Any plastic materials which measure less than 5 mm in diameter = Basic form to create any plastic products = Slowly degraded by the environment Microplastics (MPs) Arthur et al., 2009 Cole et al., 2011 Corcoran et al., 2009 Fendall et Sewell, 2009 Galgani et al., 2013 Hartl et al., 2015 Van Cauwenberghe et al., 2015 Wright et al., 2013 LMPs = 1-5 mm SMPs = 1μm (20μm)-1mm
31 Physical Chemical Biological Wave action Temperature UVs Oxidation Hydrolysis Micro-organisms Microplastics (MPs) Degradation processes
32 Microplastics (MPs) General processes PE PP PS PVC PET Cave? ~ 20% (e.g. faeces, currents) Sea surface Water column Seabed ~ 80% Biota Natural processes DEGRADATION OF PLASTIC TRANSPORTATION OF PLASTIC
Microplastics (MPs)
 Most Microplastics come from slow degradation processes and they are pervasive.  Marine pollution is a major environmental issue worldwide.  There is no clear definition for Microplastics but most studies refers to particles < 5 mm in diameter.
- PhD. in Marine Science - « Assessing levels of Microplastics in Maltese waters (Central Mediterranean) and their impacts on selected marine species in compliance with the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) obligations »
36 The Maltese Islands
37 The Maltese Islands + Within the heart of the Mediterranean Sea + Valuing and unique landscapes, habitats, and wildlife - The 1st highest population density in Europe (2016) - Surrounded by the most polluted sea
38 Study areas Bezzina, 2016 Golden Bay Għajn Tuffieħa Bay Għadira Bay St George’s Bay Pretty Bay
39 Study areas Bezzina, 2016 Golden Bay* GPS Coordinates (WGS84): 35°56’01.93’’ N; 14°20’40.06’’ E *Marine Protected Area (MPA)
40 Study areas Bezzina, 2016 Għajn Tuffieħa Bay*
41 Study areas Bezzina, 2016 Għadira Bay*
42 Study areas Bezzina, 2016 St George’s Bay*
43 Study areas Bezzina, 2016 Pretty Bay
44 Beach profile Sea conditions Biology Topography Sedimentology Meteorological conditions Demography & Socio-economy
45 z Beach profile TOPOGRAPHY Name GB-Mt Shape Type Polygon Number of Points 33 Area (m²) 8 813 Perimeter (m) 522 Max. length (m) 189 Max. width (m) 91,70 Degree of slope On site Aperture angle On map
46 z Beach profile TOPOGRAPHY Name GB-Mt Shape Type Polygon Number of Points 33 Area (m²) 8 813 Perimeter (m) 522 Max. length (m) 189 Max. width (m) 91,70 Degree of slope On site Aperture angle On map GIS (e.g. Google Earth, MapInfo, ArcGIS))
47 z Beach profile TOPOGRAPHY Name GB-Mt Shape Type Polygon Number of Points 33 Area (m²) 8 813 Perimeter (m) 522 Max. length (m) 189 Max. width (m) 91,70 Degree of slope On site Aperture angle On map Measurements (e.g. Clinometer, Iphone)
48 z Beach profile TOPOGRAPHY Name GB-Mt Shape Type Polygon Number of Points 33 Area (m²) 8 813 Perimeter (m) 522 Max. length (m) 189 Max. width (m) 91,70 Degree of slope On site Aperture angle On map (e.g. Google Earth, Protractor)
49 Beach profile SEA CONDITIONS Wave Exposure Index (EI) pH Wave Heights (m) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) (°C) Tides & Currents (e.g. sea-level variability, coastal seiches) Physical degradation of plastic materials + Transport
50 Beach profile Ocean acidification – oils & polymers are leaching from plastic materials SEA CONDITIONS Wave Exposure Index (EI) pH Wave Heights (m) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) (°C) Tides & Currents (e.g. sea-level variability, coastal seiches)
51 Beach profile Physical degradation of plastic materials SEA CONDITIONS Wave Exposure Index (EI) pH Wave Heights (m) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) (°C) Tides & Currents (e.g. sea-level variability, coastal seiches)
52 Beach profile Physical degradation of plastic materials + Transport SEA CONDITIONS Wave Exposure Index (EI) pH Wave Heights (m) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) (°C) Tides & Currents (e.g. sea-level variability, coastal seiches)
53 z Beach profile Wind speed (m/s) & direction Prevailing Weather - Humidity (%) - UV Index Physical degradation of plastic Precipitations (mm/3hrs) Run-off(s) Sunrise/Sunset time Sun exposure METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
54 z Beach profile SEDIMENTOLOGY Grain-size Sieving conventional Technique Permeability (cm/s) Ability of fluid to pass through sediment Porosity Soil having interstices through which liquid/air may pass Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Infauna, Chemical degradation pH Infauna, Acidification
55 z Beach profile SEDIMENTOLOGY Grain-size Sieving conventional Technique Permeability (cm/s) Ability of fluid to pass through sediment Porosity Soil having interstices through which liquid/air may pass Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Infauna, Chemical degradation pH Infauna, Acidification
56 z Beach profile SEDIMENTOLOGY Grain-size Sieving conventional Technique Permeability (cm/s) Ability of fluid to pass through sediment Porosity Soil having interstices through which liquid/air may pass Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Infauna, Chemical degradation pH Infauna, Acidification 500 ml dry sediment 500 ml water
57 Beach profile Identification of species Identification key Abundance Number of individuals within species Specific richness Number of species Shannon diversity index Number of species & abundance Pielou Equitability Distribution of individuals within species BIOLOGY / ECOLOGY
58 z Beach profile Permanent residents - Inbound tourism Per month, Per year Avg. number of bathers Per day, Per month Marine Protected Area (MPA) Yes/No (date) Blue Flag Yes/No (date) Presence of macro-litter Yes/No (when sampling) Number of bins - Number of activities Among 21 Clean-ups Frequency, technique(s) DEMOGRAPHY / SOCIO-ECONOMY
Sampling Beach sediment – in Malta 10 m 0 m 50 cm Strandline T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Q2 Q4 Q6 Q8 Q10 Q1 Q3 Q5 Q7 Q9
Sampling Beach sediment – in Malta 10 m 0 m 50 cm Strandline Strandline Landmark Bin
Sampling Beach sediment – in Malta
 The risk of contamination is considered but still ubiquitous.  The main variations in the sampling phase depend on: * Number of line transects (e.g. 3, 5) and direction (along or perpendicular to the strandline); * Dimensions of quadrats (e.g. 1x1 m; 50x50 cm; 25x25 cm; 5x5 cm); * Superficial layer of sediment (e.g. 0-5 cm; 0-15 cm; 5-10 cm). Galgani et al., 2013 Hidalgo-Ruz et al., 2012 Kunz et al., 2016 Laglbauer et al., 2014 Lippiatt et al., 2013 McKinley, 2014 Wessel et al., 2016 Yu et al., 2016
Sampling Marine sediment – in Malta Strandline T1 // // 0 m x « Biological zero » 3 m depth x 7 m depth x
Sampling Marine sediment – in general  Shallow waters (0-60 m)  Van Veen Grab  Ekman Grab  Smith-McIntyre Grab  Hammon Grab  Multisampler  Beeker sampler  Metal cores Hidalgo-Ruz et al., 2012 Claessens et al., 2011 Löder et Gerdts, 2015
Sampling Marine sediment – in general  Deep waters (> 60 m)  Van Veen Grab  Ekman Grab  Smith-McIntyre Grab Hidalgo-Ruz et al., 2012 Claessens et al., 2011 Löder et Gerdts, 2015  Hammon grab
 The risk of contamination is considered but still ubiquitous.  The main variations/limitations in the sampling phase depend on: * Volume and height sampled (grab or equipment capacity); * Diving generates more disturbance of the sediment but it is much cheaper; * Substrate (soft or coarse sediment).
67 Sampling Water column (sea surface) – in general
Sampling Water column (sea surface) – in general Net tow - Speed and Time
Sampling Water column (sea surface) – in general Net type Mesh size (μm) Dimensions (cm) Tow speed (knots) Tow time (minutes) Depth (cm) References Bongo - - - - - - Ring 120 Ø 50 1-2 5-7 0-25 Castillo et al., 2016 Manta 333 300 333 330 333 333 505 500 333 333 505 60 x 20 50 x 15 61 x 16 60 x 15 90 x 15 61 x 16 - - 60 x 25 60 x 20 86 x 15.5 ~ 2.5 4 ~ 1-3 ~ 2.7 ~ 1-3 ~ 1-3 ~ 1-1.5 ~ 2 ~ 3.13 ~ 2.5 1.5-2 60 30 - 45-90 - 60 15 20 15-30 20 15 0-10 - 0-25 - - - - 0-50 - 0-10 - Pedrotti et al., 2016 Sadri et Thompson, 2014 Setälä et al., 2016 Faure et al., 2015 Moore et al., 2001 Eriksen et al., 2013 Gilfillan et al., 2009 De Lucia et al., 2014 Ruiz-Orejόn et al., 2016 Collignon et al., 2012 Doyle et al., 2011 Neuston 200 330 200 1000 - 330 505 50 50 x 50 - 200 - - 50 x 30 2-3 2 1.5 100 - ~ 1-4 1.5-2 ~ 15 10 20 1-2 - 15-60 10 - - - - - - 0-10 (15) Cόzar et al., 2015 Yamashita et Tanimura, 2007 Fossi et al., 2016 Van Cauwenberghe et al., 2013 Goldstein et al., 2012 Eriksen et al., 2014 Doyle et al., 2011 WP2 200 200 200 60 x 25 Ø 57 Ø 57 ~ 1.35 1 ~ 1.5 20 15 20 0-20 - - Collignon et al., 2014 Fossi et al., 2012 Panti et al., 2015
Sampling Water column – in general Specific depths or Tows at selected depths (e.g. 15 m or 212 m) Vertical distribution(s) Doyle et al., 2011 Fossi et al., 2012 Hansen, 2016 Santos, 2015 William et Zimmermann, 2014
 The risk of contamination is considered but still ubiquitous.  There are no standard methodologies yet.  The main variations in the sampling phase depend on: * Characteristics of the net (e.g. type, mesh size); * Time and speed of the net tow; * Conservation of samples on boat.
- PhD. in Marine Science - « Assessing levels of Microplastics in Maltese waters (Central Mediterranean) and their impacts on selected marine species in compliance with the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) obligations »
Sampling Marine biota – in general More than 700 species have been recorded ingesting plastic materials!  COLLECTION IN THE WILD (e.g. trawl surveys, [skin] biopsies or faeces, dives, part of nests)  FINDING OF DEAD OR DYING INDIVIDUALS AT SEA OR ON LAND  FISH MARKET OR OTHER PURCHASE Caron et al., 2016 Bellas et al., 2016 Browne et al., 2013 Cole et al., 2013 De Witte et al., 2014 Fossi et al., 2016 Devriese et al., 2015 Galgani et al., 2013 Rebolledo et Van Franeker, 2015  WATER OR SEDIMENT SAMPLES (i.e. micro-organisms, infauna) Preservation treatment:  Formalin solution  Ethanol  Isopropyl alcohol
 Numerous marine organisms are under threat of ingesting microplastics.  There are no standard methodologies yet even though some protocols purpose guidelines.  The main variations in the sampling phase depend on: * The number of individuals collected; * Conservation of the samples.
Analysing
Analysing Beach sediment or Water samples PHASE 1 Record wet weight of sediment DRYING SAMPLE Record dry weight of sediment How? Which temperature? How long? • Oven • Drying cabinet • 1-2 days • Min. 24 hrs • 250°C • 75°C • 65,5°C Mc. Kinley, 2014 Mathalon et Hill, 2014 Masura et al., 2015
Analysing Beach sediment or Water samples PHASE 2 DENSITY SEPARATING At 25°C: • NaCl = 1,20 g/ml • CaCl2 = 1,47 g/ml • ZnCl2 = 2,14 g/ml • NaI = 1,84 g/ml • Na2WO4 = 0,74 g/ml Which? Claessens et al., 2013 Cole et al., 2014 Hidalgo-Ruz et al., 2012 Masura et al., 2015 Stolte, 2014 Stirring 2’ 500 ml CaCl2 solution (1,47 g/ml) Settlement min. 30’ Supernatant
Analysing Beach sediment or Water samples PHASE 3 COLLECTING Filter Paper 300 μm (FP)Vacuum Filtration System Supernatant + large visible MPs + large visible MPs
Analysing Beach sediment or Water samples PHASE 4 OBSERVING or 32x-80x Drying FP How? Which temperature? How long? • Oven • Drying cabinet • Min. 12 hrs • 24 hrs • 100°C • 60°C • 40°C Cover when not in use! Gomes de Carvalho, 2016 Massos, 2015 Davison et al., 2015
Analysing Beach sediment or Water samples PHASE 5 ISOLATING 32x-80x Cover when not in use! Fibre(s) MPs D(I)W D(I)W (dried at air T°C) - Covered for protection Cleaning Storage D(I)W drop ABUNDANCE OF FIBERS ABUNDANCE OF MPs Cózar et Martí, 2016
Analysing Beach sediment or Water samples PHASE 6 CHARACTERIZING Cover when not in use! Image J SIZE MEASUREMENTS COLOUR SHAPE TYPE 32x-80x or/and     FTIR or RAMAN Spectroscopy or « hot needle » test POLYMER COMPOSITION 
Analysing Biota samples PHASE 1 DEFROST DISSECTING Digestive system (i.e. oeasophagus, stomach, and/or intestine) Characterisation of individual • Species • Sex • Age/ Maturity stage • IUCN Conservation status • Cause of death • Location • Origin • Morphometric measurements (e.g. lengths, widths) • Health state etc… Galgani et al., 2013 Duis et Coors, 2016 Matusiewicz, 2014
Analysing Biota samples PHASE 2 Record wet weight of tissue (0,01 g) Digestive system (i.e. oeasophagus, stomach, intestine) WEIGHING Galgani et al., 2013 Duis et Coors, 2016 Matusiewicz, 2014 COLLECTING THE CONTENT (if possible)
Analysing Biota samples PHASE 3 Highly reactive Digestive system or content (i.e. oeasophagus, stomach, intestine) WET DIGESTING Galgani et al., 2013 Duis et Coors, 2016 Matusiewicz, 2014 Cole et al., 2014 Which? Acid digestion • HNO3 • H2SO4 • HCl • H2PO4 • HF • H2O2 • HClO4 • KOH Alkaline digestion • NaOH Enzymatic digestion • Proteinase K Acid, alkaline or enzymatic solution DENSITY SEPARATING (if needed)
Analysing Biota samples PHASE 4 CLEANING + FILTERING Galgani et al., 2013 Duis et Coors, 2016 Matusiewicz, 2014 D(I)W (and 70% Ethanol) Vacuum Filtration System 1 or 5 mm mesh size Digested preparation
Analysing Biota samples PHASE 5 OBSERVING 32x-80x Drying FP How? Which temperature? How long? • Oven • Drying cabinet • Min. 12 hrs • 24 hrs • 100°C • 60°C • 40°C Cover when not in use! Gomes de Carvalho, 2016 Massos, 2015 Davison et al., 2015
Analysing Biota samples PHASE 6 ISOLATING 32x-80x Cover when not in use! Fibre(s) MPs D(I)W D(I)W (dried at air T°C) - Covered for protection Cleaning Storage D(I)W drop ABUNDANCE OF FIBERS ABUNDANCE OF MPs Cózar et Martí, 2016
Analysing Biota samples PHASE 6 CHARACTERIZING Cover when not in use! Image J SIZE MEASUREMENTS COLOUR SHAPE TYPE 32x-80x or/and     FTIR or RAMAN Spectroscopy or « hot needle » test POLYMER COMPOSITION 
Conclusions • Through decades, plastic has become a crucial component of global human society as it provides various advantages. However, it has also generated marine litter (lack of knowledge, inefficient management and insufficient legal framework). • Microplastics are ubiquitous worldwide and many studies have highlighted the (potential) negative impacts on marine life, thus human kind. • At this stage, most studies involve: (i) abundance (ii) spatio-temporal distribution (iii) characterization of microplastics. Beside, standard definitions and harmonized methodologies still need to be improved to: - enable comparisons between countries; - provide coherent recommendations to policy-makers and other stakeholders; - enhance a sustainable protection of the marine ecosystem.
Conclusions What I think I do STUDYING MICROPLASTICS IN THE SEA What I actually do 0 2 4 6
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WEBSITES • www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26752114 • www.robinsonlibrary.com/technology/technology/biography/graphics/parkes.jpg • https://achurchforstarvingartists.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/save_the_world.png • www.pngall.com/united-kingdom-flag-png • www.pngall.com/germany-flag-png • www.veryicon.com/icons/flag/not-patriot/usa-flag.html • www.mrchain.com/blog/plastic-how/ • www.freeflagicons.com/country/belgium/round_icon/ • www.kern.de/de/geschichte-der-kunststoffe • www.azquotes.com/author/29126-Wallace_Carothers • www.freeflagicons.com/country/switzerland/round_icon/ • http://artssciences.lamar.edu/_files/images/soc-sw-cj/sociology/social-team.png • www.myus.com/no/ • https://adventrlp.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/seminar_icon.png • www.freeiconspng.com/free-images/french-flag-png-29331 • www.pelkmanslab.org/?page_id=1964 • www.freeiconspng.com/free-images/window-png-23861 • http://pngimg.com/download/2931 • http://theglutenfreeassistant.blogspot.com.mt/2008/10/casein-free-milk-and-butter.html • http://www.polentaladelizia.com/en • https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Oil_Barrel_graphic.png • www.iconfinder.com/icons/559153/aqua_drop_droplet_oil_petroleum_rain_water_icon • www.plutoniummuffins.com/water-molecules-and-a-broken-tooth/ • www.fostercomp.com/services/dry-blending/dry-blending
WEBSITES • www.sunshineproducts.in/tubs.php • www.primaplastics.com/plastic-moulded-chairs-5.html • http://henkeladhesivesna.com/blog/evolution-from-metal-to-plastic-and-composites/ • www.syke.fi/en-US/Research__Development/Sustainable_management_of_the_Baltic_Sea_and_freshwater_resources/Baltic_Sea_ecosystem_wheel_presents_elev(35474) • http://f--f.info/?p=22142 • http://blog.rtve.es/estrenos/ciencia/ • www.oceanmediainstitute.org/explore-bermuda • www.ezilon.com/maps/europe/malta-road-maps.html • http://pngimg.com/img/nature/sun • http://pngimg.com/search • www.iconfinder.com/icons/642438/forecast_gust_gust_of_wind_summer_warm_wind_weather_windy_icon • www.gif-maniac.com/theme-gyrophare.php • www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/polar/arctic.htm • www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/an.htm • http://halofanon.wikia.com/wiki/File:Earth_Continents.png • www.equipcoservices.com/images/products/rentals/models/wildco_standard_grab_sampler_large.jpg • http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/openfile/of2005-1001/htmldocs/samplers/grab/smgrab.htm • www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/File:Hammon_grab.jpg • www.envcoglobal.com/files/MO-FS-GOFM-L.jpg • www.directindustry.com/prod/essa-australia/product-33731-213262.html • http://pngimg.com/download/6614 • http://cliparts.co/beaker-image • www.indiantradebird.com/laboratory-glassware?cn=MTM1OA== • http://sciencesphysiquescollegemozart.over-blog.com/article-la-filtration-d-une-eau-boueuse-88002019.html • www.researchgate.net/figure/261719490_fig1_Figure-1-The-commonly-used-samplers-for-deep-seawater-sampling-a-Niskin-sampler • www.marinebio.net/marinescience/01intro/tosamp.htm
PHOTO CREDITS • Mr. Owen Attard • Mr. Sergio Arenas • Mr. Nicolas Cimiterra • Mr. Peter Clarke • Mr Andy Murch • Wild Wonders of Europe • Mr. Chris Gomersall • Mr. Jean-Paul Ferrero • Mr. John Cancalosi • Ms. Lynn M. Stone • Mr. Richard Hermann • Mr & Ms. Sailer • Ms. Lisa Steiner • Mr. Peter Hodum • Mr. Michael P. O’Neill • Mr. Mark Conlin • Mr. Charlie Phillips
Kristina.edwards.15@um.edu.mt or Nash74@hotmail.fr

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Microplastics - my experience as a PhD student

  • 1.
    Training Programme onRegional Ocean Governance for the 30th November 2016 Mediterranean, Black, Baltic and Caspian Seas By Kristina Edwards
  • 2.
  • 3.
    Introduction Plastic material =“plastikos” (Greek), “plasticus” (Latin) – fit for molding. Mixture of (semi-)synthetic polymers obtained through industrial process of polycondensation (thermosetting plastics1) or polymerization (thermoplastics2) 1 it hardens when heated 2 it gets pasty when heated Aubry, 2004 Bellis, 2011 PlasticsEurope, 2016
  • 4.
  • 5.
    5 « CHANGE ISPOSSIBLE » « Plastic everywhere » « plastics […] are also in our food chain » « Only a fraction of the plastic that we produce is recycled» « 276 pieces of plastic inside a 190 day-old chick » Introduction www.plasticoceans.org/film/
  • 6.
    Introduction 6 « CHANGE ISPOSSIBLE » « Plastic everywhere » « plastics […] are also in our food chain » « Only a fraction of the plastic that we produce is recycled» « 276 pieces of plastic inside a 190 day-old chick »
  • 7.
    7 Chronicle of Plastic 17361835 1860 1869 1898 1912 1922 1927 1935 1938 1944 1953 1965 1980 1833 1839 1862 1870 1909 1913 1924 1933 1937 1940 1946 1954 1973 2001
  • 8.
    8 Chronicle of Plastic 17361835 1860 1869 1898 1912 1922 1927 1935 1938 1944 1953 1965 1980 1833 1839 1862 1870 1909 1913 1924 1933 1937 1940 1946 1954 1973 2001 = Invention of parkesine, plastic based on cellulose A. Parkes
  • 9.
    9 Chronicle of Plastic 17361835 1860 1869 1898 1912 1922 1927 1935 1938 1944 1953 1965 1980 1833 1839 1862 1870 1909 1913 1924 1933 1937 1940 1946 1954 1973 2001 1 = Invention of celluloid to substitute ivory billiard balls J.W. Hyatt
  • 10.
    10 Chronicle of Plastic 17361835 1860 1869 1898 1912 1922 1927 1935 1938 1944 1953 1965 1980 1833 1839 1862 1870 1909 1913 1924 1933 1937 1940 1946 1954 1973 2001 1 = Invention of bakelite, first plastic totally man-made L.H. Baekeland
  • 11.
    11 Chronicle of Plastic 17361835 1860 1869 1898 1912 1922 1927 1935 1938 1944 1953 1965 1980 1833 1839 1862 1870 1909 1913 1924 1933 1937 1940 1946 1954 1973 2001 1 = Innovation for manufacturing process of PVC F. Klatte
  • 12.
    12 Chronicle of Plastic 17361835 1860 1869 1898 1912 1922 1927 1935 1938 1944 1953 1965 1980 1833 1839 1862 1870 1909 1913 1924 1933 1937 1940 1946 1954 1973 2001 1 = Invention of 6,6 Polyamid (nylon) W.H. Carothers
  • 13.
    13 Chronicle of Plastic 17361835 1860 1869 1898 1912 1922 1927 1935 1938 1944 1953 1965 1980 1833 1839 1862 1870 1909 1913 1924 1933 1937 1940 1946 1954 1973 2001 Creation of new plastic materials e.g. PS, nylon, LDPE, PU, Teflon, PET
  • 14.
    14 Chronicle of Plastic 17361835 1860 1869 1898 1912 1922 1927 1935 1938 1944 1953 1965 1980 1833 1839 1862 1870 1909 1913 1924 1933 1937 1940 1946 1954 1973 2001 Constant increase of plastic production & consumption i.e. Plastic present in most professional sectors as well as day-to-day basis
  • 15.
    15 Chronicle of Plastic 17361835 1860 1869 1898 1912 1922 1927 1935 1938 1944 1953 1965 1980 1833 1839 1862 1870 1909 1913 1924 1933 1937 1940 1946 1954 1973 2001 Plastic era i.e. Plastic products are almost everywhere all over the world
  • 16.
    16 Origins of Plastic GALALITH («milk stone ») POLYPROPYLENE POLYSTYRENE, POLYPROPYLENE, PVC… Casein
  • 17.
    Origins of Plastic 385°C 30°C 180°C C6-C10 FurnaceDistillation Tower Naphtha + (mixture of hydrocarbons) DISTILLATION STEAM CRACKING Monomers e.g. propylene, ethylene POLYCONDENSATION/ POLYMERISATION (e.g. polyaddition) TRANSFORMATION Crude oil (e.g. extrusion techniques) Polymers e.g. polypropylene, polyethylene 99%
  • 18.
     They presentnumerous advantages, though with major disadvantage which is very slow degradation and leaching.  Since 1960’s, constant growth in the global production has been observed, leading to “plastic-dependent societies”.  Mainly issued from petrochemical industry (99%)  Plastic materials can mainly get harder (thermosetting plastics) or pasty (thermoplastics) when heated.
  • 19.
    19 Marine pollution “Any persistentmanufactured or processed solid material (deliberately), directly or indirectly discarded, disposed of or abandoned in the marine and coastal environment […] (adapted from UNEP, 2009)
  • 20.
    NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICAOCEANIA Marine pollution This is one of the major environmental concern worldwide and various studies have been conducted since 1950’s. ANTARCTICA ARCTICA?
  • 21.
    NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICAOCEANIA Marine pollution This is one of the major environmental concern worldwide and various studies have been conducted since 1950’s. ANTARCTICA ARCTICA?
  • 22.
    NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICAOCEANIA Marine pollution This is one of the major environmental concern worldwide and various studies have been conducted since 1950’s. ANTARCTICA ARCTICA?
  • 23.
    NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICAOCEANIA Marine pollution This is one of the major environmental concern worldwide and various studies have been conducted since 1950’s. ANTARCTICA ARCTICA?
  • 24.
    NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICAOCEANIA Marine pollution This is one of the major environmental concern worldwide and various studies have been conducted since 1950’s. ANTARCTICA ARCTICA?
  • 25.
    NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICAOCEANIA Marine pollution This is one of the major environmental concern worldwide and various studies have been conducted since 1950’s. ANTARCTICA ARCTICA?
  • 26.
    NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICAOCEANIA Marine pollution This is one of the major environmental concern worldwide and various studies have been conducted since 1950’s. ANTARCTICA ARCTICA?
  • 27.
    NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ASIA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICAOCEANIA Marine pollution This is one of the major environmental concern worldwide and various studies have been conducted since 1950’s. ANTARCTICA ARCTICA?
  • 28.
    28 Marine pollution TheMediterranean Sea has been highlighted as one of the most polluted seas in the world, mainly due to significant loss of plastic materials. (Deudero et Alomar, 2015) Eriksen et al., 2014 Lebreton et al., 2012 Cózar et al., 2015 Suaria et al., 2016
  • 29.
    Marine Strategy FrameworkDirective (MSFD) Good Environmental Status (GES) « Properties and quantities of marine litter do not cause harm to the coastal and marine environment » (European Parliament, 2008) Microplastics (MPs)
  • 30.
    = Any plastic materialswhich measure less than 5 mm in diameter = Basic form to create any plastic products = Slowly degraded by the environment Microplastics (MPs) Arthur et al., 2009 Cole et al., 2011 Corcoran et al., 2009 Fendall et Sewell, 2009 Galgani et al., 2013 Hartl et al., 2015 Van Cauwenberghe et al., 2015 Wright et al., 2013 LMPs = 1-5 mm SMPs = 1μm (20μm)-1mm
  • 31.
  • 32.
    32 Microplastics (MPs) Generalprocesses PE PP PS PVC PET Cave? ~ 20% (e.g. faeces, currents) Sea surface Water column Seabed ~ 80% Biota Natural processes DEGRADATION OF PLASTIC TRANSPORTATION OF PLASTIC
  • 33.
  • 34.
     Most Microplasticscome from slow degradation processes and they are pervasive.  Marine pollution is a major environmental issue worldwide.  There is no clear definition for Microplastics but most studies refers to particles < 5 mm in diameter.
  • 35.
    - PhD. inMarine Science - « Assessing levels of Microplastics in Maltese waters (Central Mediterranean) and their impacts on selected marine species in compliance with the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) obligations »
  • 36.
  • 37.
    37 The Maltese Islands +Within the heart of the Mediterranean Sea + Valuing and unique landscapes, habitats, and wildlife - The 1st highest population density in Europe (2016) - Surrounded by the most polluted sea
  • 38.
    38 Study areas Bezzina, 2016 GoldenBay Għajn Tuffieħa Bay Għadira Bay St George’s Bay Pretty Bay
  • 39.
    39 Study areas Bezzina, 2016 GoldenBay* GPS Coordinates (WGS84): 35°56’01.93’’ N; 14°20’40.06’’ E *Marine Protected Area (MPA)
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45.
    45 z Beach profile TOPOGRAPHY Name GB-Mt ShapeType Polygon Number of Points 33 Area (m²) 8 813 Perimeter (m) 522 Max. length (m) 189 Max. width (m) 91,70 Degree of slope On site Aperture angle On map
  • 46.
    46 z Beach profile TOPOGRAPHY Name GB-Mt ShapeType Polygon Number of Points 33 Area (m²) 8 813 Perimeter (m) 522 Max. length (m) 189 Max. width (m) 91,70 Degree of slope On site Aperture angle On map GIS (e.g. Google Earth, MapInfo, ArcGIS))
  • 47.
    47 z Beach profile TOPOGRAPHY Name GB-Mt ShapeType Polygon Number of Points 33 Area (m²) 8 813 Perimeter (m) 522 Max. length (m) 189 Max. width (m) 91,70 Degree of slope On site Aperture angle On map Measurements (e.g. Clinometer, Iphone)
  • 48.
    48 z Beach profile TOPOGRAPHY Name GB-Mt ShapeType Polygon Number of Points 33 Area (m²) 8 813 Perimeter (m) 522 Max. length (m) 189 Max. width (m) 91,70 Degree of slope On site Aperture angle On map (e.g. Google Earth, Protractor)
  • 49.
    49 Beach profile SEA CONDITIONS WaveExposure Index (EI) pH Wave Heights (m) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) (°C) Tides & Currents (e.g. sea-level variability, coastal seiches) Physical degradation of plastic materials + Transport
  • 50.
    50 Beach profile Ocean acidification– oils & polymers are leaching from plastic materials SEA CONDITIONS Wave Exposure Index (EI) pH Wave Heights (m) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) (°C) Tides & Currents (e.g. sea-level variability, coastal seiches)
  • 51.
    51 Beach profile Physical degradationof plastic materials SEA CONDITIONS Wave Exposure Index (EI) pH Wave Heights (m) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) (°C) Tides & Currents (e.g. sea-level variability, coastal seiches)
  • 52.
    52 Beach profile Physical degradationof plastic materials + Transport SEA CONDITIONS Wave Exposure Index (EI) pH Wave Heights (m) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) (°C) Tides & Currents (e.g. sea-level variability, coastal seiches)
  • 53.
    53 z Beach profile Wind speed(m/s) & direction Prevailing Weather - Humidity (%) - UV Index Physical degradation of plastic Precipitations (mm/3hrs) Run-off(s) Sunrise/Sunset time Sun exposure METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
  • 54.
    54 z Beach profile SEDIMENTOLOGY Grain-size Sievingconventional Technique Permeability (cm/s) Ability of fluid to pass through sediment Porosity Soil having interstices through which liquid/air may pass Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Infauna, Chemical degradation pH Infauna, Acidification
  • 55.
    55 z Beach profile SEDIMENTOLOGY Grain-size Sievingconventional Technique Permeability (cm/s) Ability of fluid to pass through sediment Porosity Soil having interstices through which liquid/air may pass Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Infauna, Chemical degradation pH Infauna, Acidification
  • 56.
    56 z Beach profile SEDIMENTOLOGY Grain-size Sievingconventional Technique Permeability (cm/s) Ability of fluid to pass through sediment Porosity Soil having interstices through which liquid/air may pass Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Infauna, Chemical degradation pH Infauna, Acidification 500 ml dry sediment 500 ml water
  • 57.
    57 Beach profile Identification ofspecies Identification key Abundance Number of individuals within species Specific richness Number of species Shannon diversity index Number of species & abundance Pielou Equitability Distribution of individuals within species BIOLOGY / ECOLOGY
  • 58.
    58 z Beach profile Permanent residents- Inbound tourism Per month, Per year Avg. number of bathers Per day, Per month Marine Protected Area (MPA) Yes/No (date) Blue Flag Yes/No (date) Presence of macro-litter Yes/No (when sampling) Number of bins - Number of activities Among 21 Clean-ups Frequency, technique(s) DEMOGRAPHY / SOCIO-ECONOMY
  • 59.
    Sampling Beach sediment– in Malta 10 m 0 m 50 cm Strandline T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Q2 Q4 Q6 Q8 Q10 Q1 Q3 Q5 Q7 Q9
  • 60.
    Sampling Beach sediment– in Malta 10 m 0 m 50 cm Strandline Strandline Landmark Bin
  • 61.
  • 62.
     The riskof contamination is considered but still ubiquitous.  The main variations in the sampling phase depend on: * Number of line transects (e.g. 3, 5) and direction (along or perpendicular to the strandline); * Dimensions of quadrats (e.g. 1x1 m; 50x50 cm; 25x25 cm; 5x5 cm); * Superficial layer of sediment (e.g. 0-5 cm; 0-15 cm; 5-10 cm). Galgani et al., 2013 Hidalgo-Ruz et al., 2012 Kunz et al., 2016 Laglbauer et al., 2014 Lippiatt et al., 2013 McKinley, 2014 Wessel et al., 2016 Yu et al., 2016
  • 63.
    Sampling Marine sediment– in Malta Strandline T1 // // 0 m x « Biological zero » 3 m depth x 7 m depth x
  • 64.
    Sampling Marine sediment– in general  Shallow waters (0-60 m)  Van Veen Grab  Ekman Grab  Smith-McIntyre Grab  Hammon Grab  Multisampler  Beeker sampler  Metal cores Hidalgo-Ruz et al., 2012 Claessens et al., 2011 Löder et Gerdts, 2015
  • 65.
    Sampling Marine sediment– in general  Deep waters (> 60 m)  Van Veen Grab  Ekman Grab  Smith-McIntyre Grab Hidalgo-Ruz et al., 2012 Claessens et al., 2011 Löder et Gerdts, 2015  Hammon grab
  • 66.
     The riskof contamination is considered but still ubiquitous.  The main variations/limitations in the sampling phase depend on: * Volume and height sampled (grab or equipment capacity); * Diving generates more disturbance of the sediment but it is much cheaper; * Substrate (soft or coarse sediment).
  • 67.
    67 Sampling Water column(sea surface) – in general
  • 68.
    Sampling Water column(sea surface) – in general Net tow - Speed and Time
  • 69.
    Sampling Water column(sea surface) – in general Net type Mesh size (μm) Dimensions (cm) Tow speed (knots) Tow time (minutes) Depth (cm) References Bongo - - - - - - Ring 120 Ø 50 1-2 5-7 0-25 Castillo et al., 2016 Manta 333 300 333 330 333 333 505 500 333 333 505 60 x 20 50 x 15 61 x 16 60 x 15 90 x 15 61 x 16 - - 60 x 25 60 x 20 86 x 15.5 ~ 2.5 4 ~ 1-3 ~ 2.7 ~ 1-3 ~ 1-3 ~ 1-1.5 ~ 2 ~ 3.13 ~ 2.5 1.5-2 60 30 - 45-90 - 60 15 20 15-30 20 15 0-10 - 0-25 - - - - 0-50 - 0-10 - Pedrotti et al., 2016 Sadri et Thompson, 2014 Setälä et al., 2016 Faure et al., 2015 Moore et al., 2001 Eriksen et al., 2013 Gilfillan et al., 2009 De Lucia et al., 2014 Ruiz-Orejόn et al., 2016 Collignon et al., 2012 Doyle et al., 2011 Neuston 200 330 200 1000 - 330 505 50 50 x 50 - 200 - - 50 x 30 2-3 2 1.5 100 - ~ 1-4 1.5-2 ~ 15 10 20 1-2 - 15-60 10 - - - - - - 0-10 (15) Cόzar et al., 2015 Yamashita et Tanimura, 2007 Fossi et al., 2016 Van Cauwenberghe et al., 2013 Goldstein et al., 2012 Eriksen et al., 2014 Doyle et al., 2011 WP2 200 200 200 60 x 25 Ø 57 Ø 57 ~ 1.35 1 ~ 1.5 20 15 20 0-20 - - Collignon et al., 2014 Fossi et al., 2012 Panti et al., 2015
  • 70.
    Sampling Water column– in general Specific depths or Tows at selected depths (e.g. 15 m or 212 m) Vertical distribution(s) Doyle et al., 2011 Fossi et al., 2012 Hansen, 2016 Santos, 2015 William et Zimmermann, 2014
  • 71.
     The riskof contamination is considered but still ubiquitous.  There are no standard methodologies yet.  The main variations in the sampling phase depend on: * Characteristics of the net (e.g. type, mesh size); * Time and speed of the net tow; * Conservation of samples on boat.
  • 72.
    - PhD. inMarine Science - « Assessing levels of Microplastics in Maltese waters (Central Mediterranean) and their impacts on selected marine species in compliance with the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) obligations »
  • 74.
    Sampling Marine biota– in general More than 700 species have been recorded ingesting plastic materials!  COLLECTION IN THE WILD (e.g. trawl surveys, [skin] biopsies or faeces, dives, part of nests)  FINDING OF DEAD OR DYING INDIVIDUALS AT SEA OR ON LAND  FISH MARKET OR OTHER PURCHASE Caron et al., 2016 Bellas et al., 2016 Browne et al., 2013 Cole et al., 2013 De Witte et al., 2014 Fossi et al., 2016 Devriese et al., 2015 Galgani et al., 2013 Rebolledo et Van Franeker, 2015  WATER OR SEDIMENT SAMPLES (i.e. micro-organisms, infauna) Preservation treatment:  Formalin solution  Ethanol  Isopropyl alcohol
  • 75.
     Numerous marineorganisms are under threat of ingesting microplastics.  There are no standard methodologies yet even though some protocols purpose guidelines.  The main variations in the sampling phase depend on: * The number of individuals collected; * Conservation of the samples.
  • 76.
  • 77.
    Analysing Beach sedimentor Water samples PHASE 1 Record wet weight of sediment DRYING SAMPLE Record dry weight of sediment How? Which temperature? How long? • Oven • Drying cabinet • 1-2 days • Min. 24 hrs • 250°C • 75°C • 65,5°C Mc. Kinley, 2014 Mathalon et Hill, 2014 Masura et al., 2015
  • 78.
    Analysing Beach sedimentor Water samples PHASE 2 DENSITY SEPARATING At 25°C: • NaCl = 1,20 g/ml • CaCl2 = 1,47 g/ml • ZnCl2 = 2,14 g/ml • NaI = 1,84 g/ml • Na2WO4 = 0,74 g/ml Which? Claessens et al., 2013 Cole et al., 2014 Hidalgo-Ruz et al., 2012 Masura et al., 2015 Stolte, 2014 Stirring 2’ 500 ml CaCl2 solution (1,47 g/ml) Settlement min. 30’ Supernatant
  • 79.
    Analysing Beach sedimentor Water samples PHASE 3 COLLECTING Filter Paper 300 μm (FP)Vacuum Filtration System Supernatant + large visible MPs + large visible MPs
  • 80.
    Analysing Beach sedimentor Water samples PHASE 4 OBSERVING or 32x-80x Drying FP How? Which temperature? How long? • Oven • Drying cabinet • Min. 12 hrs • 24 hrs • 100°C • 60°C • 40°C Cover when not in use! Gomes de Carvalho, 2016 Massos, 2015 Davison et al., 2015
  • 81.
    Analysing Beach sedimentor Water samples PHASE 5 ISOLATING 32x-80x Cover when not in use! Fibre(s) MPs D(I)W D(I)W (dried at air T°C) - Covered for protection Cleaning Storage D(I)W drop ABUNDANCE OF FIBERS ABUNDANCE OF MPs Cózar et Martí, 2016
  • 82.
    Analysing Beach sedimentor Water samples PHASE 6 CHARACTERIZING Cover when not in use! Image J SIZE MEASUREMENTS COLOUR SHAPE TYPE 32x-80x or/and     FTIR or RAMAN Spectroscopy or « hot needle » test POLYMER COMPOSITION 
  • 83.
    Analysing Biota samples PHASE1 DEFROST DISSECTING Digestive system (i.e. oeasophagus, stomach, and/or intestine) Characterisation of individual • Species • Sex • Age/ Maturity stage • IUCN Conservation status • Cause of death • Location • Origin • Morphometric measurements (e.g. lengths, widths) • Health state etc… Galgani et al., 2013 Duis et Coors, 2016 Matusiewicz, 2014
  • 84.
    Analysing Biota samples PHASE2 Record wet weight of tissue (0,01 g) Digestive system (i.e. oeasophagus, stomach, intestine) WEIGHING Galgani et al., 2013 Duis et Coors, 2016 Matusiewicz, 2014 COLLECTING THE CONTENT (if possible)
  • 85.
    Analysing Biota samples PHASE3 Highly reactive Digestive system or content (i.e. oeasophagus, stomach, intestine) WET DIGESTING Galgani et al., 2013 Duis et Coors, 2016 Matusiewicz, 2014 Cole et al., 2014 Which? Acid digestion • HNO3 • H2SO4 • HCl • H2PO4 • HF • H2O2 • HClO4 • KOH Alkaline digestion • NaOH Enzymatic digestion • Proteinase K Acid, alkaline or enzymatic solution DENSITY SEPARATING (if needed)
  • 86.
    Analysing Biota samples PHASE4 CLEANING + FILTERING Galgani et al., 2013 Duis et Coors, 2016 Matusiewicz, 2014 D(I)W (and 70% Ethanol) Vacuum Filtration System 1 or 5 mm mesh size Digested preparation
  • 87.
    Analysing Biota samples PHASE5 OBSERVING 32x-80x Drying FP How? Which temperature? How long? • Oven • Drying cabinet • Min. 12 hrs • 24 hrs • 100°C • 60°C • 40°C Cover when not in use! Gomes de Carvalho, 2016 Massos, 2015 Davison et al., 2015
  • 88.
    Analysing Biota samples PHASE6 ISOLATING 32x-80x Cover when not in use! Fibre(s) MPs D(I)W D(I)W (dried at air T°C) - Covered for protection Cleaning Storage D(I)W drop ABUNDANCE OF FIBERS ABUNDANCE OF MPs Cózar et Martí, 2016
  • 89.
    Analysing Biota samples PHASE6 CHARACTERIZING Cover when not in use! Image J SIZE MEASUREMENTS COLOUR SHAPE TYPE 32x-80x or/and     FTIR or RAMAN Spectroscopy or « hot needle » test POLYMER COMPOSITION 
  • 90.
    Conclusions • Through decades,plastic has become a crucial component of global human society as it provides various advantages. However, it has also generated marine litter (lack of knowledge, inefficient management and insufficient legal framework). • Microplastics are ubiquitous worldwide and many studies have highlighted the (potential) negative impacts on marine life, thus human kind. • At this stage, most studies involve: (i) abundance (ii) spatio-temporal distribution (iii) characterization of microplastics. Beside, standard definitions and harmonized methodologies still need to be improved to: - enable comparisons between countries; - provide coherent recommendations to policy-makers and other stakeholders; - enhance a sustainable protection of the marine ecosystem.
  • 91.
    Conclusions What I thinkI do STUDYING MICROPLASTICS IN THE SEA What I actually do 0 2 4 6
  • 92.
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    PHOTO CREDITS • Mr.Owen Attard • Mr. Sergio Arenas • Mr. Nicolas Cimiterra • Mr. Peter Clarke • Mr Andy Murch • Wild Wonders of Europe • Mr. Chris Gomersall • Mr. Jean-Paul Ferrero • Mr. John Cancalosi • Ms. Lynn M. Stone • Mr. Richard Hermann • Mr & Ms. Sailer • Ms. Lisa Steiner • Mr. Peter Hodum • Mr. Michael P. O’Neill • Mr. Mark Conlin • Mr. Charlie Phillips
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Editor's Notes

  • #18 99% of plastic materials from petrochemical industry. Only 4% of global oil production issued for plastics.