Microorganism.pptx
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The document discusses different types of microorganisms that can thrive in extreme environments. It describes methanogens that live in swamp sediments and produce methane; halophiles that live in highly salty environments like the Dead Sea; thermoacidophiles that thrive in hot, acidic places; piezophiles that live in areas of extreme pressure and heat deep in the oceans; and bacteria, the most common microbes, that can reproduce rapidly through binary fission.
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Kingdom Monera and ultrastructure of bacteria
This document discusses the kingdom Monera and the ultrastructure of bacteria. It notes that bacteria are prokaryotic, cellular organisms that exhibit metabolic activities. Their cell walls contain peptidoglycan and they lack nuclear membranes. Bacteria come in different shapes including coccus, bacillus, vibrio and spirillum. They can reproduce through binary fission or endospore formation and some can fix atmospheric nitrogen. The document also describes the structures of the bacterial cell wall and membrane and how they differ between gram positive and gram negative bacteria. It notes several unique types of archaebacteria and their environments.
Earth part 3
1. The document discusses different types of extremophiles, which are organisms that thrive in extreme environments. It describes microbes that can survive high temperatures, high pressures, low nutrients, salty or acidic conditions.
2. Examples of extremophiles include hyperthermophiles that live in hot springs, psychrophiles in the Antarctic, and barophiles in deep sea hydrothermal vents under high pressure.
3. For life to exist, it needs liquid water, a source of energy, nutrients, and a stable environment. Extremophiles can help reveal what early life on Earth may have been like and where else it may exist.
Types of Bacteria
The document categorizes bacteria based on various parameters such as domain, temperature tolerance, oxygen requirements, pH tolerance, and salt tolerance. It discusses the three main domains of bacteria - Archaea, Eubacteria, which include most bacteria, and provides examples of extremophilic archaea that thrive in harsh environments. The document also describes different types of bacteria based on their nutritional requirements, including autotrophs that produce their own food and heterotrophs that consume organic matter.
Extremophiles
The document discusses different types of extremophiles, which are microorganisms that thrive in extreme environmental conditions. It describes thermophiles, which live at high temperatures; halophiles, which require high salt concentrations; methanogens, which live in anaerobic conditions; psychrophiles, which tolerate cold temperatures; barophiles, which thrive under high pressure; xerophiles, which withstand low water availability; and acidophiles, which survive in highly acidic environments. Each type is discussed in terms of its optimal living conditions and some examples of microorganisms that fall into each category.
Kingdom Monera or bacteria (biological classification) by Ratnodip Saha
A detailed discussion (with illustrations) of kingdom monera.
Topics:
# Characters of monera
# Different shapes of bacteria
# Different types of bacteria (archaebacteria & eubacteria)
# Importance of kingdom monera (bacteria)
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Thermophiles are microorganisms that thrive in relatively high temperatures between 45-80°C. They are classified based on their optimal growth temperatures into thermophiles, extreme thermophiles, and hyperthermophiles. Thermophiles have adapted enzymes and proteins that allow them to function at high temperatures. They are found in geothermally heated areas like hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents. Cyanobacteria are a common thermophile that can photosynthesize in hot spring waters up to 70°C. Thermophiles have applications in producing thermostable enzymes for uses like PCR and detergents.
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Extremophiles are microorganisms that survive in extreme environmental conditions such as high temperatures, acidity, salinity, pressure, and radiation. There are several types of extremophiles including thermophiles that thrive in high temperatures, psychrophiles that survive in cold temperatures, halophiles that live in high salt concentrations, and radiotolerant organisms that are resistant to radiation. Extremophiles have adapted strategies to survive such as heat-stable proteins, chaperonins, rigid membranes, and DNA repair mechanisms. They are found in places like hot springs, deep sea hydrothermal vents, deserts, Antarctica, and caves.
Types of Bacteria
This document summarizes different ways that bacteria can be categorized, including by domain, temperature and pH preferences, nutrient requirements, shape, oxygen needs, and more. It discusses the two main domains of bacteria - Archaea and Eubacteria. Archaea are found in extreme environments and have unique cell wall composition. Eubacteria are more complex and diverse. Bacteria can also be classified as autotrophs or heterotrophs based on their carbon source, and as oligotrophs, copiotrophs or others based on nutrient tolerance levels. Their optimal temperature ranges include psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic. Shape categories include cocci, bacilli, and spirals. Oxygen
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This document discusses the kingdom Monera and the ultrastructure of bacteria. It notes that bacteria are prokaryotic, cellular organisms that exhibit metabolic activities. Their cell walls contain peptidoglycan and they lack nuclear membranes. Bacteria come in different shapes including coccus, bacillus, vibrio and spirillum. They can reproduce through binary fission or endospore formation and some can fix atmospheric nitrogen. The document also describes the structures of the bacterial cell wall and membrane and how they differ between gram positive and gram negative bacteria. It notes several unique types of archaebacteria and their environments.
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1. The document discusses different types of extremophiles, which are organisms that thrive in extreme environments. It describes microbes that can survive high temperatures, high pressures, low nutrients, salty or acidic conditions.
2. Examples of extremophiles include hyperthermophiles that live in hot springs, psychrophiles in the Antarctic, and barophiles in deep sea hydrothermal vents under high pressure.
3. For life to exist, it needs liquid water, a source of energy, nutrients, and a stable environment. Extremophiles can help reveal what early life on Earth may have been like and where else it may exist.
Types of Bacteria
The document categorizes bacteria based on various parameters such as domain, temperature tolerance, oxygen requirements, pH tolerance, and salt tolerance. It discusses the three main domains of bacteria - Archaea, Eubacteria, which include most bacteria, and provides examples of extremophilic archaea that thrive in harsh environments. The document also describes different types of bacteria based on their nutritional requirements, including autotrophs that produce their own food and heterotrophs that consume organic matter.
Extremophiles
The document discusses different types of extremophiles, which are microorganisms that thrive in extreme environmental conditions. It describes thermophiles, which live at high temperatures; halophiles, which require high salt concentrations; methanogens, which live in anaerobic conditions; psychrophiles, which tolerate cold temperatures; barophiles, which thrive under high pressure; xerophiles, which withstand low water availability; and acidophiles, which survive in highly acidic environments. Each type is discussed in terms of its optimal living conditions and some examples of microorganisms that fall into each category.
Kingdom Monera or bacteria (biological classification) by Ratnodip Saha
A detailed discussion (with illustrations) of kingdom monera.
Topics:
# Characters of monera
# Different shapes of bacteria
# Different types of bacteria (archaebacteria & eubacteria)
# Importance of kingdom monera (bacteria)
Thermophile
Thermophiles are microorganisms that thrive in relatively high temperatures between 45-80°C. They are classified based on their optimal growth temperatures into thermophiles, extreme thermophiles, and hyperthermophiles. Thermophiles have adapted enzymes and proteins that allow them to function at high temperatures. They are found in geothermally heated areas like hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents. Cyanobacteria are a common thermophile that can photosynthesize in hot spring waters up to 70°C. Thermophiles have applications in producing thermostable enzymes for uses like PCR and detergents.
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Extremophiles are microorganisms that survive in extreme environmental conditions such as high temperatures, acidity, salinity, pressure, and radiation. There are several types of extremophiles including thermophiles that thrive in high temperatures, psychrophiles that survive in cold temperatures, halophiles that live in high salt concentrations, and radiotolerant organisms that are resistant to radiation. Extremophiles have adapted strategies to survive such as heat-stable proteins, chaperonins, rigid membranes, and DNA repair mechanisms. They are found in places like hot springs, deep sea hydrothermal vents, deserts, Antarctica, and caves.
Types of Bacteria
This document summarizes different ways that bacteria can be categorized, including by domain, temperature and pH preferences, nutrient requirements, shape, oxygen needs, and more. It discusses the two main domains of bacteria - Archaea and Eubacteria. Archaea are found in extreme environments and have unique cell wall composition. Eubacteria are more complex and diverse. Bacteria can also be classified as autotrophs or heterotrophs based on their carbon source, and as oligotrophs, copiotrophs or others based on nutrient tolerance levels. Their optimal temperature ranges include psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic. Shape categories include cocci, bacilli, and spirals. Oxygen
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This document discusses life under extreme environmental conditions and focuses on extremophiles - organisms that thrive in extreme temperatures, acidity, salinity, or other stressful conditions. It provides examples of thermophiles that live in high temperatures, psychrophiles that thrive in cold temperatures, and halophiles that survive in highly saline environments. The key adaptations that allow extremophiles to survive their extreme habitats are also summarized, such as membrane modifications, stress proteins, and organic solutes that regulate osmotic balance.
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methanogens, halophiles
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria are the oldest organisms living on the Earth. They are
unicellular prokaryotes and belong to the kingdom, Archaea. They were first
discovered in 1977 and classified as bacteria. Most archaebacteria appear like
bacteria, when observed under the microscope. However, they are quite
different from bacteria and eukaryotic organisms.
Archaebacteria are found in very harsh conditions such as in the volcanic vents
or at the bottom of the sea. They can easily survive in such extreme
environment as sea vents releasing sulfide-rich gases, hot springs, or boiling
mud around volcanoes.
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Volcano fields provide unique ecosystems characterized by early successional stages due to frequent volcanic disturbances. Microorganisms that colonize recent volcanic deposits include extremophiles that can tolerate high heat and acidic conditions. These microbes play important roles in oxidizing gases and preparing the lava and ash for higher life forms through processes like methanogenesis and pedogenesis. Biological interactions in volcano fields involve microbes and fungi allowing plants to access nutrients and establish communities. Key microbes found include thermophiles, methanotrophs, sulfur metabolizers, and CO oxidizers.
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Volcano fields provide unique ecosystems characterized by early successional stages due to frequent volcanic disturbances. Microorganisms that colonize recent volcanic deposits include extremophiles that can tolerate high heat and acidic conditions. These microbes play important roles in oxidizing gases and preparing the lava and ash for higher life forms through processes like methanogenesis and pedogenesis. Important microbes found in these environments include thermophiles, methanotrophs, sulfur metabolizers, and CO oxidizers.
Archaebacteria
The word Archae came from the Greek word Arkhaion, which means “Ancient”.
Archae is also the Latin name for Prokaryotic Cells. Archaea that growing the hot water of the Hot Spring in Yellowstone National Park produce a bright yellow color.
Archaebacteria are known to be the oldest living organisms on earth. They belong to the kingdom Monera and are classified as bacteria because they resemble bacteria when observed under a microscope. Apart from this, they are completely distinct from prokaryotes. However, they share slightly common characteristics with the eukaryotes.
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria are single-celled prokaryotic organisms that belong to the domain of Archaea. They are considered some of the most primitive organisms on Earth and can survive in extreme environments with high salt, high temperatures, or high acidity. Archaebacteria have unique cell membranes and metabolisms that differ from bacteria and eukaryotes. There are five main types of archaebacteria - Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Korarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, and Nanoarchaeota - which can be further divided into groups that include thermophiles, halophiles, and methanogens depending on the extreme conditions they can tolerate. Archaebacteria play important
Different Types of Bacteria
Bacteria can be classified in several ways:
1. Based on their morphology, bacteria are grouped as cocci, bacilli, spirilla, etc. depending on whether they are spherical, rod-shaped, spiral-shaped.
2. Bacteria are also classified based on their metabolic activities - whether they require oxygen (aerobic), do not require oxygen (anaerobic), or can survive in extreme conditions.
3. DNA sequencing and cell structure such as cell wall contents, presence of flagella, and formation of endospores are other factors used to classify bacteria into different phyla and groups.
Extremophiles
This document discusses extremophiles, which are microorganisms that survive in extreme environmental conditions. It describes several types of extremophiles including thermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles, barophiles, and xerophiles. Specific adaptations that allow extremophiles to survive high temperatures, high salt concentrations, high pressures, and low water availability are discussed. Examples of extremophilic prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses are provided. The document suggests that extremophiles were likely the earliest forms of life on Earth and may have similarities to organisms that could survive on other planets.
Archeabacteria presentation
The archaebacteria
group members
Rameen nadeem
Syeda iqra hussain
Hina zamir
Mahnoor khan
Maleeha inayat
Background
Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Some recent findings…
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many ways scientists created a new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
Now we have 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Any of a large group of primitive bacteria having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the ability to produce methane and to live in anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic conditions
The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes.
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement.
There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups.
Cell Features
Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids.
Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall that helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance.
This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to function.
STRUCTURE
Phospholipids
The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell.
In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids.
Ether Bonding
The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or al
Kingdom monera
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that are the oldest and most abundant organisms on Earth. They are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells as they lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea, and can live in nearly every habitat on Earth including some of the most extreme environments. They play important roles in ecosystems as producers, consumers, and decomposers.
Kingdom monera
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that are the oldest and most abundant organisms on Earth. They are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells as they lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. Prokaryotes can be classified as either archaebacteria or eubacteria and they inhabit nearly every environment on Earth, including some extreme environments inhospitable to other lifeforms. They play important roles in ecosystems as producers, consumers, decomposers, and some are parasites.
8. Simple Organism Notes
The document outlines key details about four kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, and Plantae. It describes their defining characteristics such as being prokaryotic or eukaryotic, autotrophic or heterotrophic, and whether they are photosynthetic. Specific examples are provided for each kingdom, such as bacteria and cyanobacteria for Monera, unicellular algae and protozoans for Protista, decomposer fungi for Fungi, and seagrasses and salt tolerant plants for Plantae.
Endospore
Bacterial spores are dormant, resistant structures formed by certain bacteria under stressful conditions. They have a thick coat that allows them to survive extreme heat, lack of water, toxins, and radiation. There are two types of spore formation: endospores form inside the parent cell while exospores bud off externally. Endospores contain dipicolinic acid which makes them highly resistant. Germination occurs in three stages - activation by damage to the coat, initiation by effectors in a rich environment, and outgrowth involving degradation of spore layers and emergence of a new vegetative cell.
B.Sc. Biotech Biochem II BM Unit-3.1 Classification and morphology
1. The document discusses the morphology and classification of bacteria and other microorganisms. It describes the different shapes bacteria can take and how they are classified into kingdoms.
2. Key characteristics of bacteria are described, including their size, structures like the cell wall and flagella, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
3. Different types of medically important bacteria are mentioned, as well as some common diseases they can cause. The document also provides brief summaries of archaea, algae, slime molds, protozoa and helminths.
Marine Ecosystems
The document summarizes several marine ecosystems and the organisms found within them. It describes plankton as organisms that cannot swim against ocean currents, including photosynthetic phytoplankton like diatoms, dinoflagellates, and cyanobacteria, as well as zooplankton that eat other organisms. It also discusses nekton that can swim against currents. Several ecosystems are outlined, such as the rocky intertidal zone, estuaries, coral reefs, the open ocean, deep sea hydrothermal vents, and the challenges of life in each.
Bacteria
Bacteria are a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms that are typically a few micrometers in length. They have a variety of shapes ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria are divided into two domains, Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria were some of the earliest life forms on Earth and are found in most environments including soil, water, and symbiotically or parasitically with plants and animals. They were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using microscopy.
bacteria-200515105516.pdf
Bacteria are a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms that are typically a few micrometers in length. They have a variety of shapes ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria are divided into two domains, Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria were some of the earliest life forms on Earth and are found in most environments including soil, water, and symbiotically or parasitically with plants and animals. They were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using microscopy.
4 bacteria
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that are found virtually everywhere. They come in a variety of shapes and have diverse metabolic functions. Some bacteria are beneficial and even essential to life, while others can cause disease. Bacteria reproduce through binary fission and genetic exchange allows for rapid evolution and antibiotic resistance. The Gram stain test divides bacteria into groups based on cell wall structure and guides treatment of bacterial infections. Bacteria play important economic roles through food production, biotechnology, and more.
Intro to kingdoms
The document summarizes the five kingdoms of life used in classifying living things: Monera (bacteria), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It provides examples of organisms from each kingdom and their key characteristics, such as bacteria being microscopic and single-celled, protists having eukaryotic cells, fungi being heterotrophic, plants being autotrophic, and animals being heterotrophic and multicellular. It notes that while the five kingdom system is commonly used, newer DNA evidence supports alternative classification systems.
Reproductive.ppt
The document summarizes the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the key organs involved in sperm and egg production such as the testes, ovaries, and accessory sex glands. It explains the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis that produce sperm and eggs. It also outlines the hormonal control of the ovarian and uterine cycles and the menstrual cycle stages of the endometrium.
animal_systems.ppt
1. Cells are organized into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into organ systems, and organ systems form an organism.
2. There are four main tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue lines body surfaces and cavities, while connective tissue connects and supports other tissues.
3. Homeostasis uses negative feedback loops to maintain stable internal conditions like temperature and blood glucose levels. Positive feedback increases a condition until an endpoint is reached, like childbirth.
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This document discusses life under extreme environmental conditions and focuses on extremophiles - organisms that thrive in extreme temperatures, acidity, salinity, or other stressful conditions. It provides examples of thermophiles that live in high temperatures, psychrophiles that thrive in cold temperatures, and halophiles that survive in highly saline environments. The key adaptations that allow extremophiles to survive their extreme habitats are also summarized, such as membrane modifications, stress proteins, and organic solutes that regulate osmotic balance.
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Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria are the oldest organisms living on the Earth. They are
unicellular prokaryotes and belong to the kingdom, Archaea. They were first
discovered in 1977 and classified as bacteria. Most archaebacteria appear like
bacteria, when observed under the microscope. However, they are quite
different from bacteria and eukaryotic organisms.
Archaebacteria are found in very harsh conditions such as in the volcanic vents
or at the bottom of the sea. They can easily survive in such extreme
environment as sea vents releasing sulfide-rich gases, hot springs, or boiling
mud around volcanoes.
Microbes from valcanos
Volcano fields provide unique ecosystems characterized by early successional stages due to frequent volcanic disturbances. Microorganisms that colonize recent volcanic deposits include extremophiles that can tolerate high heat and acidic conditions. These microbes play important roles in oxidizing gases and preparing the lava and ash for higher life forms through processes like methanogenesis and pedogenesis. Biological interactions in volcano fields involve microbes and fungi allowing plants to access nutrients and establish communities. Key microbes found include thermophiles, methanotrophs, sulfur metabolizers, and CO oxidizers.
Microbes from valcanos
Volcano fields provide unique ecosystems characterized by early successional stages due to frequent volcanic disturbances. Microorganisms that colonize recent volcanic deposits include extremophiles that can tolerate high heat and acidic conditions. These microbes play important roles in oxidizing gases and preparing the lava and ash for higher life forms through processes like methanogenesis and pedogenesis. Important microbes found in these environments include thermophiles, methanotrophs, sulfur metabolizers, and CO oxidizers.
Archaebacteria
The word Archae came from the Greek word Arkhaion, which means “Ancient”.
Archae is also the Latin name for Prokaryotic Cells. Archaea that growing the hot water of the Hot Spring in Yellowstone National Park produce a bright yellow color.
Archaebacteria are known to be the oldest living organisms on earth. They belong to the kingdom Monera and are classified as bacteria because they resemble bacteria when observed under a microscope. Apart from this, they are completely distinct from prokaryotes. However, they share slightly common characteristics with the eukaryotes.
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria are single-celled prokaryotic organisms that belong to the domain of Archaea. They are considered some of the most primitive organisms on Earth and can survive in extreme environments with high salt, high temperatures, or high acidity. Archaebacteria have unique cell membranes and metabolisms that differ from bacteria and eukaryotes. There are five main types of archaebacteria - Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Korarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, and Nanoarchaeota - which can be further divided into groups that include thermophiles, halophiles, and methanogens depending on the extreme conditions they can tolerate. Archaebacteria play important
Different Types of Bacteria
Bacteria can be classified in several ways:
1. Based on their morphology, bacteria are grouped as cocci, bacilli, spirilla, etc. depending on whether they are spherical, rod-shaped, spiral-shaped.
2. Bacteria are also classified based on their metabolic activities - whether they require oxygen (aerobic), do not require oxygen (anaerobic), or can survive in extreme conditions.
3. DNA sequencing and cell structure such as cell wall contents, presence of flagella, and formation of endospores are other factors used to classify bacteria into different phyla and groups.
Extremophiles
This document discusses extremophiles, which are microorganisms that survive in extreme environmental conditions. It describes several types of extremophiles including thermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles, barophiles, and xerophiles. Specific adaptations that allow extremophiles to survive high temperatures, high salt concentrations, high pressures, and low water availability are discussed. Examples of extremophilic prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses are provided. The document suggests that extremophiles were likely the earliest forms of life on Earth and may have similarities to organisms that could survive on other planets.
Archeabacteria presentation
The archaebacteria
group members
Rameen nadeem
Syeda iqra hussain
Hina zamir
Mahnoor khan
Maleeha inayat
Background
Biologists have long organized living things into large groups called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Some recent findings…
In 1996, scientists decided to split Monera into two groups of bacteria:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Because these two groups of bacteria were different in many ways scientists created a new level of classification called a DOMAIN.
Now we have 3 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Any of a large group of primitive bacteria having unusual cell walls, membrane lipids, ribosomes, and RNA sequences, and having the ability to produce methane and to live in anaerobic, extremely hot, salty, or acidic conditions
The Domain Archaea
“ancient” bacteria
Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs
Prokaryotes are structurally simple, but biochemically complex
Basic Facts
They live in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water).
All are unicellular (each individual is only one cell).
No peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
Some have a flagella that aids in their locomotion.
Most don’t need oxygen to survive
They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
They can survive enormous temperature extremes
They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
They can tolerate huge pressure differences
STRUCTURE
Size
Archaea are slightly less than 1 micron long.
A micron is 1/1,000 of a millimeter.
In order to see their cellular features, scientists use powerful electron microscopes.
Shape
Shapes can be spherical or ball shaped and are called coccus.
Others are rod shaped, long and thin, and labeled bacillus.
Variations of cells have been discovered in square and triangular shapes.
STRUCTURE
Locomotion
Some archaea have flagella, hair-like structures that assist in movement.
There can be one or many attached to the cell's outer membrane. Protein networks can also be found on the cell membrane, which allow cells to attach themselves in groups.
Cell Features
Within the cell membrane, the archaea cell contains cytoplasm and DNA, which are in single-looped forms called plasmids.
Most archaeal cells also have a semi-rigid cell wall that helps it to maintain its shape and chemical balance.
This protects the cytoplasm, which is the semi-liquid gel that fills the cell and enables the various parts to function.
STRUCTURE
Phospholipids
The molecules that make up cell membranes are called phospholipids, which act as building blocks for the cell.
In archaea, these molecules are made of glycerol-ether lipids.
Ether Bonding
The ether bonding makes it possible for archaea to survive in environments that are extremely acidic or al
Kingdom monera
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that are the oldest and most abundant organisms on Earth. They are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells as they lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea, and can live in nearly every habitat on Earth including some of the most extreme environments. They play important roles in ecosystems as producers, consumers, and decomposers.
Kingdom monera
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that are the oldest and most abundant organisms on Earth. They are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells as they lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. Prokaryotes can be classified as either archaebacteria or eubacteria and they inhabit nearly every environment on Earth, including some extreme environments inhospitable to other lifeforms. They play important roles in ecosystems as producers, consumers, decomposers, and some are parasites.
8. Simple Organism Notes
The document outlines key details about four kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, and Plantae. It describes their defining characteristics such as being prokaryotic or eukaryotic, autotrophic or heterotrophic, and whether they are photosynthetic. Specific examples are provided for each kingdom, such as bacteria and cyanobacteria for Monera, unicellular algae and protozoans for Protista, decomposer fungi for Fungi, and seagrasses and salt tolerant plants for Plantae.
Endospore
Bacterial spores are dormant, resistant structures formed by certain bacteria under stressful conditions. They have a thick coat that allows them to survive extreme heat, lack of water, toxins, and radiation. There are two types of spore formation: endospores form inside the parent cell while exospores bud off externally. Endospores contain dipicolinic acid which makes them highly resistant. Germination occurs in three stages - activation by damage to the coat, initiation by effectors in a rich environment, and outgrowth involving degradation of spore layers and emergence of a new vegetative cell.
B.Sc. Biotech Biochem II BM Unit-3.1 Classification and morphology
1. The document discusses the morphology and classification of bacteria and other microorganisms. It describes the different shapes bacteria can take and how they are classified into kingdoms.
2. Key characteristics of bacteria are described, including their size, structures like the cell wall and flagella, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
3. Different types of medically important bacteria are mentioned, as well as some common diseases they can cause. The document also provides brief summaries of archaea, algae, slime molds, protozoa and helminths.
Marine Ecosystems
The document summarizes several marine ecosystems and the organisms found within them. It describes plankton as organisms that cannot swim against ocean currents, including photosynthetic phytoplankton like diatoms, dinoflagellates, and cyanobacteria, as well as zooplankton that eat other organisms. It also discusses nekton that can swim against currents. Several ecosystems are outlined, such as the rocky intertidal zone, estuaries, coral reefs, the open ocean, deep sea hydrothermal vents, and the challenges of life in each.
Bacteria
Bacteria are a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms that are typically a few micrometers in length. They have a variety of shapes ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria are divided into two domains, Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria were some of the earliest life forms on Earth and are found in most environments including soil, water, and symbiotically or parasitically with plants and animals. They were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using microscopy.
bacteria-200515105516.pdf
Bacteria are a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms that are typically a few micrometers in length. They have a variety of shapes ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria are divided into two domains, Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria were some of the earliest life forms on Earth and are found in most environments including soil, water, and symbiotically or parasitically with plants and animals. They were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using microscopy.
4 bacteria
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that are found virtually everywhere. They come in a variety of shapes and have diverse metabolic functions. Some bacteria are beneficial and even essential to life, while others can cause disease. Bacteria reproduce through binary fission and genetic exchange allows for rapid evolution and antibiotic resistance. The Gram stain test divides bacteria into groups based on cell wall structure and guides treatment of bacterial infections. Bacteria play important economic roles through food production, biotechnology, and more.
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- 3. Diverse microorganism that can adapt to harsh environment They can be classified based on their habitats and metabolism.
- 4. Strictly anaerobic organism whose metabolic activities produce methane They can be found in swamp sediments, where they decomposed dead vegetation Thrive under the sea or volcanic vents.
- 5. Salt concentration is high Can be found in the dead sea
- 6. Lack cell wall and nucleus, which resemble Mycoplasm They usually live in hot and highly acidic condition, such as in coal refuse piles, which spontaneously produce heat.
- 7. organism that thrives in extreme pressure and heat They live in deep parts of the ocean, rich in sulfide deposits and hot spring.
- 8. Bacteria are microbes with a cell structure simpler than that of many other organisms. Some bacteria have an extra circle of genetic material called a plasmid rather than a nucleus. contain a gene that makes the bacterium resistant to a certain antibiotic.
- 9. Most bacteria reproduce by binary fission. In this process the bacterium, which is a single cell, divides into two identical daughter cells.