This document provides an overview of cell biology and microbiology concepts. It begins with the characteristics of life and the cell theory. It then discusses single-celled and multi-celled organisms. The structures and functions of plant and animal cells are explained. Key cellular processes like metabolism, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis are summarized. Common human health issues like heart disease, obesity, and diabetes are also briefly covered in relation to cellular functions.

1. ppt. by Robin D. Seamon
Microbiology 1:
Cells & Processes
HOOK VIDEO: COSMOS Deeper, Deeper Still

2. C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S of L I F E
1. Made up of cells
2. Reproduce
3. Have DNA
4. Grow & Change
5. Metabolism: use materials & Energy to maintain
homeostasis
6. Respond to stimuli
VIDEO: Introduction to Cells (3min)
VIDEO: Discovery Video- Cells (3:30)

3. C E L L T H E O R Y
1. All organisms composed of one or more cells
2. Cell is the basic unit of structure and
organization in organisms
3. All cells come from preexisting cells
VIDEO: Wacky History of Cell Theory (6 min)
Robert Hooke: named the cell after observing
cork through his microscope (like monks’ cells)
In time, scientists put together the Cell Theory

4. SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS:
Prokaryotes- no nucleus or organelles
Bacteria

5. SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS:
Prokaryotes- no nucleus or organelles
Archaea
Halobacteria

6. SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS:
Eukaryotes- have a nucleus and
organelles; some are multi-cellular
Protist, Plant, Animal, Fungus

7. MULTI-CELLED EUKARYOTES
• Cells are specialized
• Cells work together inside the system of organism
• Mitosis: Cells must divide for the organism to
repair & grow

8. T O O L S
Compound Microscope: 1590
Zacharias Janssen- created this
system of two lenses
1. Ocular (eyepiece)
2. Objective lens (closest to the
specimen
VIEW SLIDES: LINK
How to USE A MICROSCOPE LINK
How to make a wet slide VIDEO
1. When focusing a specimen, you should always start with the coarse objective.
2. When using the high power objective, only the fine focus knob should be used.
3. The type of microscope used in most science classes is the light (compound)
microscope.
4. You should carry the microscope by the arm and the base.
5. The objectives are attached to the revolving nosepiece that can be rotated to click
lenses into place.
6. A microscope has an ocular objective of 10x and a high power objective of 50x, what is
the microscope's total magnification? ___500x___

9. Eyepiece Lens: the lens at the top that you look through. They are usually
10X or 15X power.
Tube: Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses
Arm: Supports the tube and connects it to the base
Base: The bottom of the microscope, used for support
Illuminator: A steady light source (110 volts) used in place of a mirror. If your
microscope has a mirror, it is used to reflect light from an external light source
up through the bottom of the stage.
Stage: The flat platform where you place your slides. Stage clips hold the
slides in place. If your microscope has a mechanical stage, you will be able to
move the slide around by turning two knobs. One moves it left and right, the
other moves it up and down.
Revolving Nosepiece or Turret: This is the part that holds two or more
objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power.
Objective Lenses: Usually you will find 3 or 4 objective lenses on a
microscope. They almost always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X
powers. When coupled with a 10X (most common) eyepiece lens, we get
total magnifications of 40X (4X times 10X), 100X , 400X and 1000X. To have
good resolution at 1000X, you will need a relatively sophisticated microscope
with an Abbe condenser. The shortest lens is the lowest power, the longest
one is the lens with the greatest power. Lenses are color coded and if built to
DIN standards are interchangeable between microscopes. The high power
objective lenses are retractable (i.e. 40XR). This means that if they hit a slide,
the end of the lens will push in (spring loaded) thereby protecting the lens and
the slide. All quality microscopes have achromatic, parcentered, parfocal
lenses.
Rack Stop: This is an adjustment that determines how close the objective
lens can get to the slide. It is set at the factory and keeps students from
cranking the high power objective lens down into the slide and breaking
things. You would only need to adjust this if you were using very thin slides
and you weren't able to focus on the specimen at high power. (Tip: If you are
using thin slides and can't focus, rather than adjust the rack stop, place a clear
glass slide under the original slide to raise it a bit higher)
Condenser Lens: The purpose of the condenser lens is to focus the light
onto the specimen. Condenser lenses are most useful at the highest
powers (400X and above). Microscopes with in stage condenser lenses
render a sharper image than those with no lens (at 400X). If your
microscope has a maximum power of 400X, you will get the maximum
benefit by using a condenser lenses rated at 0.65 NA or greater. 0.65 NA
condenser lenses may be mounted in the stage and work quite well. A big
advantage to a stage mounted lens is that there is one less focusing item
to deal with. If you go to 1000X then you should have a focusable
condenser lens with an N.A. of 1.25 or greater. Most 1000X microscopes
use 1.25 Abbe condenser lens systems. The Abbe condenser lens can be
moved up and down. It is set very close to the slide at 1000X and moved
further away at the lower powers.
Diaphragm or Iris: Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the
stage. This diaphragm has different sized holes and is used to vary the
intensity and size of the cone of light that is projected upward into the
slide. There is no set rule regarding which setting to use for a particular
power. Rather, the setting is a function of the transparency of the
specimen, the degree of contrast you desire and the particular objective
lens in use.
Microscope LAB
http://www.microscope-microscope.org/basic/microscope-parts.htm

10. Historians credit the invention of the compound microscope to the
Dutch spectacle maker, Zacharias Janssen, around the year
1590. The compound microscope uses lenses and light to enlarge
the image and is also called an optical or light microscope (vs./ an
electron microscope). The simplest optical microscope is the
magnifying glass and is good to about ten times (10X)
magnification. The compound microscope has two systems of lenses
for greater magnification, 1) the ocular, or eyepiece lens that one
looks into and 2) the objective lens, or the lens closest to the
object. Before purchasing or using a microscope, it is important to
know the functions of each part.
How to Focus Your Microscope: The proper way to focus a
microscope is to start with the lowest power objective lens first and
while looking from the side, crank the lens down as close to the
specimen as possible without touching it. Now, look through the
eyepiece lens and focus upward only until the image is sharp. If you
can't get it in focus, repeat the process again. Once the image is
sharp with the low power lens, you should be able to simply click in
the next power lens and do minor adjustments with the focus
knob. If your microscope has a fine focus adjustment, turning it a bit
should be all that's necessary. Continue with subsequent objective
lenses and fine focus each time.

11. Plant cell: interactive Link

13. VIDEO: The operating system of life (4:00)
VIDEO: Cells Cells-Parts of the Cell Rap
(3min)
VIDEO: Crash Course Plant Cell (10 min)
VIDEO: Crash Course Animal Cell (10 min)

14. Cell wall- gives structure PLANTS
Cell membrane- barrier that allows needed molecules in
and keeps unneeded ones out.
Vacuole-holds water for the cell, large in PLANTS
Mitochondria- MIGHTY MITOCHONDRIA: releases
energy from the sugar molecules
Nucleus- is the ‘brain’ of the cell
Nucleolus- has all of the DNA in nucleus
Chloroplast- GREEN, makes sugar for PLANTS
CELL MODELS VIDEO: Insights into cell membranes via dish detergent (4 min)
Lysosome- organelles that produce enzymes that help
to digest inside the cell;
Ribosome- makes proteins to build more cells
Cytoplasm- jelly-like liquid that fills the cell

15. Plant cell: interactive LinkREVIEW

16. REVIEW

17. Vacuole
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
PLANT CELL
ANIMAL
CELL
D
Chloroplast
Ribosome
Lysosome
Cell Membrane

18. LAB
CELL REVIEW Game LINK

19. 19
Microbiology UNIT CHECK 1 Cell Parts
a. vacuole b. nucleus c. lysosome d. nucleolus
e. chloroplast f. mitochondria g. cytoplasm h. cell wall
i. ribosome j. cell membrane
A
1. ____ organelle that makes Energy for the cell
2. ____ organelle that holds water
3. ____ organelle that aides in digestion
4. ____ outside covering of a plant cell
5. ____the ‘brain’ of the cell
6. ____ organelle that turns sunlight into food for a plant
7. ____ the part of the cell that holds the DNA
8. ____ the jelly-like liquid that the organelles float in
9. ____ the then barrier surrounding a cell that holds
stuff in
10.____ the organelle that makes protein for the cell
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J

20. DNA inside nucleus:
instructions for making
proteins
Contain 4 chemicals/
nucleotides:
A (adenine) T (thymine)
C (cytosine) G (guanine)
VIDEO: The Book of You (4:30)
VIDEO: Journey inside the Cell (3:30) DNA replicates
VIDEO: From DNA to Protein (4:30) DNA working
VIDEO: CC # 10 DNA (Structure & Replication) (10 min)

21. M E T A B O L I S M
• All organisms need chemical energy to carry
out life processes- FOOD
• Eat
• Breathe
• Move
• Grow
• reproduce

22. LIFE CHEMISTRY: CHON
Carbon C
Hydrogen H
Oxygen O
Nitrogen N
Cells put these atoms together to make useful
molecules for food and energy.

23. 4 Macromolecules for LIFE:
1. Carbohydrates: (sugars)
2. Lipids: (fats & oils)
3. Proteins: (amino acids)
4. Nucleic acids: (DNA & RNA)

24. C A R B O H Y D R A T E S
• Sugars, starches,
cellulose
• Have ‘ose’ on the end of
the word
• Made by plants through
photosynthesis.
OTHER WORDS FOR SUGAR:
Glucose (grape sugar, corn
sugar, dextrose)
Fructose (honey)
Galactose (part of milk…
lactose)
Monomer:
(small organic blocks)
CH2
Polymer:
(large organic blocks)
C H O
6 12 6

25. L I P I D S
• Made of fatty acids
• Fats, oils, steroids
• Hydro-phobic
(repel water)
• Energy storage
• Cushions & insulates
OTHER WORDS RELATED TO LIPIDS:
‘Bad’ fats
Saturated fats: (animal fats- bacon,
lard, butter)
*increase cholesterol level
Increase risk of heart disease
Polyunsaturated Oils: ‘trans fats’
*factory-made by adding H to liquid
veg. oil to make shortening &
margarine
Increases risk of heart disease BAD
‘Good’ fats
MonoUnsaturated Oils: (vegetable
oils- olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil)
*Decreases bad fats, increases good
fats

26. P R O T E I N S
• Made of amino acids
• Most Complex
• Meat, hair, blood, insulin
• CLASSES
• Structure
• Enzymes
• Hormones
• Antibodies
• …more
• food

27. N U C L E I C A C I D S
• Made of nucleotides
• Make up macromolecules of DNA
1. DNA Replication (makes copies of itself)
2. Encodes information (for proteins to be made)
3. Controls & instructs cells
4. Mutations (molecule of heredity)

28. It’s about
glucose/sugar:
METABOLISM: how cells convert Energy for
these processes
38
ATP

29. Autotrophs (producers) can convert certain
molecules into Energy-containing molecules of
sugar (ATP & NADH); producers
• Photosynthesis- plants use sunlight, H 0, CO2 2
VIDEO: ** simple
story of
photosynthesis &
food TED Ed (4 min)

30. 1. Chlorophyll absorbs light
from the sun
2. Sun’s energy splits water
molecule into hydrogen &
oxygen
3. Hydrogen joins
carbon dioxide to
make food
(sugar/glucose)
4. Sugar carried through the
plant; oxygen is released into
the air
6 6 6
H2O O2CO2 =+ + C6 H12 O6
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
MOVE
(Very over-simplified)
CC VIDEO: #8
Photosynthesis
(10 min)

31. • Chemosynthesis- some bacteria use heat &
H S , CH , O2 4 2
Hydrogen
sulfide

32. VIDEO Photosynthesis & Respiration 4 min
Autotroph or Heterotroph?
How do they metabolize?
LAB: Photosynthesis Molecules

33. Heterotrophs (consumers) must take in food for
energy
• Organisms eat plants or other organisms
• Digestion: breaking down of the food into
usable pieces
1. In animals- stomach acids & enzymes break
down food into smaller compounds to be
picked up by the blood
2. Blood (circulatory system) carries the
compounds to the cell membranes which
accept compounds

34. 3. Lysosomes & mitochondria help to release Energy
(oxidation) for the cells to keep homeostasis:
• Growing
• Releasing E
• Reproducing
• Repairing
• Keeping warm
• Changing shape
• Regulate
chemicals
• Respiration
Homeostasis: body’s tendency to try to maintain
equilibrium inside the body system

35. 4. Blood carry away any extra materials as waste
5. Organism excretes waste

36. IN CELLS:
C E L L U L A R R E S P I R A T I O N
Aerobic
1. Digestion: break down of starches into sugars
2. Circulatory System
3. Cellular Respiration: break down of sugars
into Energy; aka oxidation
C H O + O CO H O 38 ATP6 12 6 2 2 2
6 66

37. Oxidation: Cells use oxygen inside the cells to
break down sugars (chemical reaction)
this releases the Energy in the sugar C H O
referred to as ATP
• Releases waste gases: CO and H O
• Animals release the waste through the
respiratory system & excretory systems
2 2
6 12 6

38. • Plants BREATHE the waste gases out through
transpiration & respiration in leaf stomata
**VIDEO: Photosynthesis & Respiration The Fuse (4min)
VIDEO: CC #7- ATP & Respiration (12 min)
VIDEO: CC #5 In Da Club: Membranes & Transport (12 min)
CC video #12 :You are what you eat

39. HUMAN HEALTH
3 BIG USA DISEASES YOU MIGHT BE ABLE TO PREVENT:
Heart disease: (cardiovascular disease) high cholesterol,
high blood pressure, lack of exercise, smoking, genetics

40. Obesity: extra Calories that are not burned in the day
convert to lipids/fats; lack of exercise, genetics
-the US suffers from an obesity epidemic today

41. Diabetes: metabolism disorder
Insulin (made by the pancreas) is used to break down
sugars in the blood- when a person is not producing insulin
or their cells don’t respond, too many sugars build up,
unbalancing the system; diet, smoking, obesity, genetics
are contributing factors.
Type 1 diabetes (10%): body doesn’t produce
insulin; patients take insulin injections for whole life
Type 2 diabetes (90%): metabolism problem-body
doesn’t produce enough insulin: sometimes happens later
in life due to poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking

42. Genetics: some diseases are hereditary
Diet: eating healthy, balanced meals each day
decreases risk of these diseases
Exercise: very important to burn our Calorie-rich
diets
-lowers risk of heart disease
-lowers risk of obesity
-lowers risk of diabetes
Lifestyle choices: smoking, alcohol, drugs increase
health risks ADVANCE

44. BACK

45. CELLS:
Mitosis animation
Smart Activity: Cells
BIOLOGY: http://www.biology4kids.com
VIRTUAL Microscope LINK
VIRTUAL Microscope NASA LINK
VIRTUAL Microscope BrainPop LINK