Microbial growth
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A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. In the present slide a brief description about the different types of microbes, the factors required for their growth viz., physical and chemical, and the growth pattern. The slides also explain the microbial growth curve which consists of log, lag, exponential and stationary phases. Hope you all enjoy..
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Microbial growth
MICROBIAL GROWTH
SYNOPSIS
INTRODUCTION
REQUIREMENT FOR MICROBIAL GROWTH
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENT
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT
BACTERIAL GROWTH CURVE
FACTORS AFFECTING BACTERIAL GROWTH
COUNTING OF BACTERIAL CELL
General methods of studying microorganisms cultivation, isolation, purificati...
General Methods of Studying Microorganisms: Cultivation, Isolation, Purification and Characterization
Microbial growth
Microbial growth involves an increase in cell size or population numbers through cell division and reproduction. There are two levels of growth - increasing cell size through synthesis of new components, and increasing population size through cell division. Microbiologists study population growth curves, which typically have four phases: lag phase as cells adapt, exponential or log phase of rapid growth, stationary phase as resources are depleted, and death phase. Growth is measured by counting cell numbers directly under a microscope or using counting chambers, or indirectly by culturing cells on agar plates and counting colonies. Environmental factors like nutrients, oxygen, pH, and temperature affect microbial growth rates.
Growth of bacteria
Definition of bacterial growth
Modes of multiplication in bacteria
List the salient features of bacterial growth curve.
Concepts of generation time and growth curve
Calculations of generation time
Measurement of microbial growth
This document discusses various methods for measuring microbial growth, including direct cell counting, viable cell counting, and measurement of cell mass and constituents.
Direct cell counting can be done using a counting chamber under a microscope or with an electronic particle counter. Viable cell counts are determined using plate counting methods which allow colonies to form. Measurement of cell mass can be done by dry weight or turbidimetrically, while cell constituents like protein and ATP can also indicate growth. Overall, the document provides an overview of key techniques for quantifying and analyzing microbial cultures.
Factors Affecting Microbial Growth
Factors affecting microbial growth include pH, moisture, nutrient content, oxygen, and light. pH is important as most bacteria grow best near neutral pH. Moisture is essential and bacteria require more moisture than yeasts or molds. The nutrient content must provide substances like water, carbon, nitrogen, and minerals for growth. Oxygen levels also impact microbial growth, with some microbes only growing aerobically and others anaerobically. Light is only essential for microbes involved in photosynthesis.
Bacterial transport system
The document discusses various protein secretion pathways in bacteria. There are six general classes of protein secretion systems in Gram-negative bacteria to transport proteins across the inner and outer membranes. The three main systems to transport proteins across the inner membrane are the Sec, SRP, and Tat pathways. Gram-negative bacteria also use type I-VI secretion systems to export proteins across the outer membrane in either one-step or two-step processes. Gram-positive bacteria also use these systems, with the exception of having a specific type VII system due to their mycomembrane. While much has been discovered about these pathways, further investigation is still needed to fully understand their molecular mechanisms and structures.
Microbial Growth
This chapter discusses the requirements for microbial growth, including physical factors like temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure as well as chemical requirements like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. It also covers culture media that can be used to grow microbes in the lab, including nutrient broth, selective media, and differential media. The chapter describes how to obtain pure cultures using the streak plate method and calculates microbial generation time. It outlines the phases of a bacterial growth curve, including the lag, exponential, stationary, and death phases.
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Microbial growth
MICROBIAL GROWTH
SYNOPSIS
INTRODUCTION
REQUIREMENT FOR MICROBIAL GROWTH
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENT
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT
BACTERIAL GROWTH CURVE
FACTORS AFFECTING BACTERIAL GROWTH
COUNTING OF BACTERIAL CELL
General methods of studying microorganisms cultivation, isolation, purificati...
General Methods of Studying Microorganisms: Cultivation, Isolation, Purification and Characterization
Microbial growth
Microbial growth involves an increase in cell size or population numbers through cell division and reproduction. There are two levels of growth - increasing cell size through synthesis of new components, and increasing population size through cell division. Microbiologists study population growth curves, which typically have four phases: lag phase as cells adapt, exponential or log phase of rapid growth, stationary phase as resources are depleted, and death phase. Growth is measured by counting cell numbers directly under a microscope or using counting chambers, or indirectly by culturing cells on agar plates and counting colonies. Environmental factors like nutrients, oxygen, pH, and temperature affect microbial growth rates.
Growth of bacteria
Definition of bacterial growth
Modes of multiplication in bacteria
List the salient features of bacterial growth curve.
Concepts of generation time and growth curve
Calculations of generation time
Measurement of microbial growth
This document discusses various methods for measuring microbial growth, including direct cell counting, viable cell counting, and measurement of cell mass and constituents.
Direct cell counting can be done using a counting chamber under a microscope or with an electronic particle counter. Viable cell counts are determined using plate counting methods which allow colonies to form. Measurement of cell mass can be done by dry weight or turbidimetrically, while cell constituents like protein and ATP can also indicate growth. Overall, the document provides an overview of key techniques for quantifying and analyzing microbial cultures.
Factors Affecting Microbial Growth
Factors affecting microbial growth include pH, moisture, nutrient content, oxygen, and light. pH is important as most bacteria grow best near neutral pH. Moisture is essential and bacteria require more moisture than yeasts or molds. The nutrient content must provide substances like water, carbon, nitrogen, and minerals for growth. Oxygen levels also impact microbial growth, with some microbes only growing aerobically and others anaerobically. Light is only essential for microbes involved in photosynthesis.
Bacterial transport system
The document discusses various protein secretion pathways in bacteria. There are six general classes of protein secretion systems in Gram-negative bacteria to transport proteins across the inner and outer membranes. The three main systems to transport proteins across the inner membrane are the Sec, SRP, and Tat pathways. Gram-negative bacteria also use type I-VI secretion systems to export proteins across the outer membrane in either one-step or two-step processes. Gram-positive bacteria also use these systems, with the exception of having a specific type VII system due to their mycomembrane. While much has been discovered about these pathways, further investigation is still needed to fully understand their molecular mechanisms and structures.
Microbial Growth
This chapter discusses the requirements for microbial growth, including physical factors like temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure as well as chemical requirements like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. It also covers culture media that can be used to grow microbes in the lab, including nutrient broth, selective media, and differential media. The chapter describes how to obtain pure cultures using the streak plate method and calculates microbial generation time. It outlines the phases of a bacterial growth curve, including the lag, exponential, stationary, and death phases.
Extremophiles
This document discusses various types of extremophiles and their adaptations to extreme environments. It describes acidophiles, alkaliphiles, thermophiles, psychrophiles and their ability to thrive in highly acidic, alkaline, hot, and cold conditions respectively. Acidophiles maintain a neutral pH inside their cells while alkaliphiles actively pump out hydroxide ions. Thermophiles have heat-stable membranes and proteins while psychrophiles can grow in temperatures as low as -15°C through various metabolic pathways. The document provides examples of extremophile organisms from all domains of life that have adapted to survive in these extreme conditions through specialized cellular mechanisms.
Factor affecting bacterial growth
The document discusses several factors that affect the growth of bacteria, including nutrition concentration, temperature, pH, ions and salt concentration, gaseous concentration, and available water. It notes that bacterial growth rate increases with increasing nutrient and temperature levels up to an optimal point, but then decreases at very high temperatures. Most bacteria grow best at a neutral pH between 6.5-7.5. Different bacteria have varying requirements for metal ions, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water availability. Temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and water availability all impact bacterial metabolic and physiological processes.
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Nutritional requirement by microorganisms
Nutrients are required for microbial growth and act as building blocks and energy sources. The main nutrient requirements for microorganisms include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and trace elements. Microorganisms can be classified based on their carbon, energy and electron sources as photolithotrophs, photoorganoheterotrophs, chemolithoautotrophs, chemolithoheterotrophs or chemoorganoheterotrophs. Culture media are used to grow microorganisms and include defined, complex, liquid, solid, supportive, enriched, selective and differential media depending on their composition and purpose.
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2. The fermentation process involves selecting microorganisms, culture media, growth conditions, and downstream processing to harvest and purify products.
3. Major fermentation products include antibiotics, vitamins, organic acids, alcohols and recombinant proteins. High value biopharmaceuticals produced in mammalian cell culture are a growing market.
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The document discusses axenic and synchronous cultures. It defines axenic culture as a pure culture containing only a single type of microorganism, free from contamination. Methods to achieve axenic cultures include isolation, antibiotic treatments, and checking for contamination over time. Synchronous cultures are composed of populations of microorganisms that are at the same stage of their life cycle, allowing study of cellular processes during division. Techniques like temperature shocks, starvation, and filtration are used to generate synchronous cultures from asynchronous populations where cell cycles are random.
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This document discusses various environmental factors that affect microbial growth, including temperature, pH, oxygen levels, osmotic pressure, and nutritional requirements. It classifies microorganisms based on their optimal and maximum temperature ranges, pH preferences, oxygen utilization, and responses to osmotic pressure and available nutrients. Various culture techniques are also described that allow isolation and study of microbes in different environmental conditions.
Chapter 3 Microbial growth
Microbial growth involves an increase in cell numbers through cell division and reproduction. There are four phases of microbial growth: lag phase as cells adapt to their environment; log or exponential phase of rapid cell division; stationary phase as resources are depleted and growth balances mortality; and death phase as cells die off. Microbial growth is influenced by environmental factors like pH, temperature, gas availability, and pressure.
Bacterial growth
Bacterial growth follows distinct phases:
1. A lag phase where cells acclimate to new conditions before beginning to divide.
2. An exponential or log phase where cells divide at their maximum rate and growth is balanced.
3. A stationary phase where growth and death rates balance and the population remains constant.
4. Eventually, a death phase occurs as nutrients are depleted and waste accumulates, leading to cell death.
Microbial growth
The document summarizes key aspects of microbial growth including:
1. Microbial growth occurs through cell division and reproduction methods like binary fission.
2. A bacterial growth curve consists of four phases - lag, log (exponential), stationary, and death. The generation time is the time required for a population to double.
3. Bacterial growth can be measured by cell mass, cell number, or viable cell counts using techniques like plate counts and membrane filtration.
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Bacterial Toxins
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A-B toxin
Super-antigen
Membrain disrupting
How Our Body Eliminates Toxins
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The document discusses various factors that affect bacterial growth, including:
- Binary fission, where bacteria divide into two equal cells through asexual reproduction.
- Bacterial growth follows logarithmic or exponential growth, doubling with each cell division.
- Stages of bacterial growth are lag phase, log/exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
- Classification of bacteria is based on nutrient requirements, temperature preferences, pH tolerance, and oxygen requirements, which all impact their growth rates.
Bacterial pathogenesis
The document discusses bacterial pathogenesis and virulence. It describes three main ways bacteria cause disease: 1) invasiveness through mechanisms like adhesion and toxin production, 2) toxigenesis through exotoxins and endotoxins, and 3) evading host immune responses. Specific virulence factors and pathogenesis mechanisms are discussed for different bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The host barriers bacteria must overcome include phagocytosis, complement activation, and adaptive immune responses; bacteria have evolved strategies to inhibit or subvert these defenses.
sporulation
This document summarizes the process of sporulation in microorganisms. It describes that spores form as a protective structure during unfavorable conditions and can survive without nutrients. There are two main types of spores - endospores, which form inside the cell, and exospores, which form on the surface. Spores have protective coats, cortex, germ cell wall, and a central core containing DNA. Sporulation is the process where a single cell forms an endospore or exospore, which can later germinate into a new cell under favorable conditions. Key factors like sigma factors regulate genes involved in sporulation and returning to the vegetative state.
Microbial Growth
This document provides an overview of microbial growth and the growth cycle of bacteria. It discusses binary fission as the process by which bacteria divide, as well as doubling time and exponential growth. The four phases of bacterial growth are described as lag phase, exponential/log phase, stationary phase, and death phase. The key requirements for bacterial growth are also outlined, including temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, and organic growth factors. Various microorganisms are classified based on their temperature, pH, salt, and oxygen requirements. The roles of these different factors and requirements in microbial growth are explained.
Physiology of bacteria
The document discusses the growth and nutrition requirements of bacteria. It states that bacteria require carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and various minerals to grow. It describes the different environmental factors that affect bacterial growth such as temperature, pH, oxygen levels, osmotic pressure and light exposure. It also explains the bacterial growth curve and the different phases of bacterial growth: lag phase, log or exponential phase, stationary phase and death phase.
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The document discusses several factors that affect the growth of bacteria, including nutrition concentration, temperature, pH, ions and salt concentration, gaseous concentration, and available water. It notes that bacterial growth rate increases with increasing nutrient and temperature levels up to an optimal point, but then decreases at very high temperatures. Most bacteria grow best at a neutral pH between 6.5-7.5. Different bacteria have varying requirements for metal ions, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water availability. Temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and water availability all impact bacterial metabolic and physiological processes.
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This document discusses the growth curves of microorganisms like bacteria and how their numbers are represented using a logarithmic scale. It then describes the four phases of bacterial growth - lag, log (exponential), stationary, and death phase. The log phase is when bacteria grow and divide most rapidly. The document also differentiates between batch and continuous culture methods for food processing using bioreactors, noting that continuous culture maintains bacteria in the log phase for ongoing production.
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Nutrients are required for microbial growth and act as building blocks and energy sources. The main nutrient requirements for microorganisms include carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and trace elements. Microorganisms can be classified based on their carbon, energy and electron sources as photolithotrophs, photoorganoheterotrophs, chemolithoautotrophs, chemolithoheterotrophs or chemoorganoheterotrophs. Culture media are used to grow microorganisms and include defined, complex, liquid, solid, supportive, enriched, selective and differential media depending on their composition and purpose.
Lecture 1 introduction
Industrial microbiology involves using microorganisms to produce valuable products through fermentation. The lecture discusses fermentation processes and products. Key points:
1. Fermentation is used to produce foods, beverages, chemicals, fuels and more through microbial growth and product formation.
2. The fermentation process involves selecting microorganisms, culture media, growth conditions, and downstream processing to harvest and purify products.
3. Major fermentation products include antibiotics, vitamins, organic acids, alcohols and recombinant proteins. High value biopharmaceuticals produced in mammalian cell culture are a growing market.
Types of microbial culture cultures)
The document discusses axenic and synchronous cultures. It defines axenic culture as a pure culture containing only a single type of microorganism, free from contamination. Methods to achieve axenic cultures include isolation, antibiotic treatments, and checking for contamination over time. Synchronous cultures are composed of populations of microorganisms that are at the same stage of their life cycle, allowing study of cellular processes during division. Techniques like temperature shocks, starvation, and filtration are used to generate synchronous cultures from asynchronous populations where cell cycles are random.
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Methanogens are a diverse group of archaea that can be found in various anoxic habitats. They are mostly anaerobic organisms that cannot function under aerobic conditions. Methanogens produce methane from substrates such as H2/CO2, acetate, formate, methanol and methylamines by a process called methanogenesis. They are found in habitats associated with decomposition of organic matter like bogs, anaerobic digestors, aquatic sediments, hydrothermal submarine vents and geothermal springs.
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Bacterial growth involves an increase in the number of cells through cell division rather than an increase in cell size. A single bacterial cell can multiply into millions of cells within a short generation time, such as 20 minutes for E. coli. The standard growth curve of bacteria consists of four phases: lag phase, log or exponential phase, stationary phase, and death or decline phase. Bacterial growth is influenced by various environmental factors like pH, temperature, salt concentration, and oxygen requirements.
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This document discusses various environmental factors that affect microbial growth, including temperature, pH, oxygen levels, osmotic pressure, and nutritional requirements. It classifies microorganisms based on their optimal and maximum temperature ranges, pH preferences, oxygen utilization, and responses to osmotic pressure and available nutrients. Various culture techniques are also described that allow isolation and study of microbes in different environmental conditions.
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Microbial growth involves an increase in cell numbers through cell division and reproduction. There are four phases of microbial growth: lag phase as cells adapt to their environment; log or exponential phase of rapid cell division; stationary phase as resources are depleted and growth balances mortality; and death phase as cells die off. Microbial growth is influenced by environmental factors like pH, temperature, gas availability, and pressure.
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Bacterial growth follows distinct phases:
1. A lag phase where cells acclimate to new conditions before beginning to divide.
2. An exponential or log phase where cells divide at their maximum rate and growth is balanced.
3. A stationary phase where growth and death rates balance and the population remains constant.
4. Eventually, a death phase occurs as nutrients are depleted and waste accumulates, leading to cell death.
Microbial growth
The document summarizes key aspects of microbial growth including:
1. Microbial growth occurs through cell division and reproduction methods like binary fission.
2. A bacterial growth curve consists of four phases - lag, log (exponential), stationary, and death. The generation time is the time required for a population to double.
3. Bacterial growth can be measured by cell mass, cell number, or viable cell counts using techniques like plate counts and membrane filtration.
BACTERIAL TOXINS
Bacterial Toxins
endotoxin
exotoxinO- antigen , core polysaccharide and lipid A.
Properties of bacterial endotoxin Properties of bacterial exotoxin Toxoid Types of exotoxins
A-B toxin
Super-antigen
Membrain disrupting
How Our Body Eliminates Toxins
Bacterial Growth
The document discusses various factors that affect bacterial growth, including:
- Binary fission, where bacteria divide into two equal cells through asexual reproduction.
- Bacterial growth follows logarithmic or exponential growth, doubling with each cell division.
- Stages of bacterial growth are lag phase, log/exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
- Classification of bacteria is based on nutrient requirements, temperature preferences, pH tolerance, and oxygen requirements, which all impact their growth rates.
Bacterial pathogenesis
The document discusses bacterial pathogenesis and virulence. It describes three main ways bacteria cause disease: 1) invasiveness through mechanisms like adhesion and toxin production, 2) toxigenesis through exotoxins and endotoxins, and 3) evading host immune responses. Specific virulence factors and pathogenesis mechanisms are discussed for different bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The host barriers bacteria must overcome include phagocytosis, complement activation, and adaptive immune responses; bacteria have evolved strategies to inhibit or subvert these defenses.
sporulation
This document summarizes the process of sporulation in microorganisms. It describes that spores form as a protective structure during unfavorable conditions and can survive without nutrients. There are two main types of spores - endospores, which form inside the cell, and exospores, which form on the surface. Spores have protective coats, cortex, germ cell wall, and a central core containing DNA. Sporulation is the process where a single cell forms an endospore or exospore, which can later germinate into a new cell under favorable conditions. Key factors like sigma factors regulate genes involved in sporulation and returning to the vegetative state.
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- Physical requirements for growth including temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure. Most bacteria grow best between 25-40°C at neutral pH.
- Chemical requirements including carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and trace elements. Aerobic bacteria produce more energy than anaerobes.
- Culture media used to grow microbes in the lab, including solid and liquid media, selective/differential media, and enrichment cultures.
- Methods to measure microbial growth including plate counts, which measure viable
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Growth, nutrition, and metabolism of bacteria by Dr. Himanshu Khatri
Growth, nutrition, and metabolism of bacteria by Dr. Himanshu Khatri
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C4 (dicarboxylic acid) pathway
The Hatch-Slack pathway is an alternative photosynthetic pathway to the Calvin cycle. It was discovered in C4 plants like sugarcane whose leaves produce 4-carbon dicarboxylic acids like malate and aspartate. The pathway involves two carboxylation reactions, the first in the mesophyll cell chloroplasts and the second in the bundle sheath cell chloroplasts. Malic acid is shuttled between the cell types, being decarboxylated in the bundle sheath cells to produce CO2 for the Calvin cycle. This concentrates CO2 around RuBisCO to increase photosynthetic efficiency.
Hardy weinberg equilibrium
This is a very interesting topic in Population Genetics. A mathematics and biology combo of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is explained. The history, derivation, condition, merits and demerits of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is explained. Hope you all enjoy!!!!
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Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Circadian Rhythm
The present slides discusses about one of the exciting process in life- the biological rhythm. The 2017 Nobel Prize in physiology/medicine was shared by Michael Rosbach, Jeffrey C Hall and Michael W Young for their discovery of mechanisms controlling circadian rhythm. A humble attempt has been done by myself to explain the whole concept. Hope you enjoy and feel free to make clarifications.
Structural Chromosomal Aberrations
Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Passed from parents to offspring, DNA contains the specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique. The term chromosome comes from the Greek words for color (chroma) and body (soma). In the present slide, the structural chromosomal aberration is discussed. The diseases caused due to such aberrations are also explained. Hope you all enjoy. Feel free to comment if have any further clarifications.
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
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4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
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Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
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在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
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留信网认证的作用:
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6:个人职称评审加20分
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
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The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
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Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
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11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
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Microbial growth
- 2. What are microbes?? • A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. • There are 5 basic groups of microorganisms: a. Bacteria b. Fungi c. Viruses d. Protozoa e. Algae
- 3. • Each type has a characteristic cellular composition, morphology, mean of locomotion, and reproduction. • Microbes are tiny living things that are found all around us and are too small to be seen by the naked eye. • They live in water, soil, and in the air. • The human body is home to millions of these microbes, some of which makes us sick, whereas some others are helpful too.
- 4. Growth?? • Growth in plants and animals is generally an increase in size. • But, in microorganisms, particularly bacteria, growth, refers to change in total population, rather than individual cells. • This chiefly includes binary fission. • A cell undergoing binary fission is immortal unless, it is deprived of nutrients or subjected to various stress. • Microbial growth occurs in a geometric progression.
- 6. Requirements for microbial growth 2. Chemical • Carbon • Nitrogen, Sulphur and Phosphorous • Trace elements • Oxygen • Organic growth factors 1. Physical • Temperature • pH • Osmotic Pressure
- 7. Physical Factors 1. Physical • Temperature • pH • Osmotic Pressure
- 8. 1. Temperature • Optimum temperature required • Higher temperature: microbial membrane is disrupted • Lower temperature: membrane solidifies • 3 types; 1. Psychrophile: -20 to +10 °C eg; Oscillatoria, Chlamydomonas 2. Mesophile: 20 to 45 °C eg; E. coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae 3. Thermophile: 50 to 80 °C eg; Thermus aquaticus, Geogemma barosii
- 9. 2. pH • Drastic variation in pH can disrupt the plasma membrane or inhibit the activity of enzymes and transport proteins • 3 types; 1. Acidophiles: 0 to 5.5 eg; Thiobacillus, Ferroplasma 2. Neutrophiles: 5.5 to 8 eg; E. coli, Lactobacillus 3. Alkalophiles: 7.5 to 14 eg; Thermococcus alcaliphilus
- 10. 3. Osmotic Pressure • It is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane. • Bacteria classified into 2 based on osmotic pressure; 1. Osmophiles: Grow at high sugar concentration eg; Saccharomyces 2. Halophiles: Grow at high salt concentration eg; Halobacterium
- 11. Chemical Factors 2. Chemical • Carbon • Nitrogen, Sulphur and Phosphorous • Trace elements • Oxygen • Organic growth factors
- 12. • Bacteria are normally grown in culture media, where nutrients are supplied in the form of a solution. • The essential elements required for growth are usually supplied in the form of water, macro/micro molecules, inorganic ions etc. 1. Carbon 2. Nitrogen, Sulphur and Phosphorous 3. Trace elements 4. Oxygen 5. Organic growth factors
- 13. 1. Carbon • Classified as 1. Autotrophs: eg; Cyanobacteria 2. Heterotrophs: eg; Salmonella 2. Nitrogen, Sulphur and Phosphorous • Required for synthesis of cellular material • Nitrogen + Sulphur Protein Synthesis
- 14. • Nitrogen + Phosphorus Synthesis of DNA, RNA • Nitrogen: 14% dry weight • Sulphur and Phosphorous: 4% dry weight 3. Trace Elements • Fe, Cu, Mo and Zn • Required for the functioning of enzymes
- 15. 4. Oxygen • Classified into 4 types; 1. Obligate aerobes: grows only in the presence of oxygen 2. Obligate anaerobes: grows only in the absence of oxygen 3. Facultative anaerobes: require oxygen but can survive in absence of oxygen 4. Microaerophile: growth occurs only when oxygen is diffused into the medium 5. Aerotolerant anaerobes: exclusively anaerobic (fermentative) type of metabolism but they are insensitive to the presence of O2 High Low Level of O2
- 16. 5. Organic Growth Factors • Mainly of 3 types; 1. Purines and Pyrimidines: needed for synthesis of DNA and RNA 2. Amino acids: required for protein synthesis 3. Vitamins: needed as co-enzymes and functional group of certain enzymes
- 17. Bacterial Growth Curve • Consists of 4 phases; 1. Lag phase 2. Log/Exponential Phase 3. Stationary Phase 4. Death Phase
- 18. Summary • Microbes • Growth • Geometric Growth • Requirements needed for microbial growth • Bacterial Growth Curve
- 19. Thank You