Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Circadian Rhythm
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The present slides discusses about one of the exciting process in life- the biological rhythm. The 2017 Nobel Prize in physiology/medicine was shared by Michael Rosbach, Jeffrey C Hall and Michael W Young for their discovery of mechanisms controlling circadian rhythm. A humble attempt has been done by myself to explain the whole concept. Hope you enjoy and feel free to make clarifications.
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Chronobiology
Chronobiology is the study of biological rhythms in living organisms and their adaptation to environmental cycles such as day-night cycles. The most important rhythm studied is the circadian rhythm, which fluctuates on a 24-hour cycle. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) acts as the master circadian pacemaker in the brain, generating circadian rhythms and entraining them to the day-night cycle via exposure to light. Disruptions to circadian rhythms can lead to circadian rhythm sleep disorders like delayed sleep phase syndrome, where one's internal clock is delayed compared to the 24-hour cycle.
Molecular mechanisms that control circadian rhythms - Mohammed Elreishi
Circadian rhythms are driven by an internal
biological clock that anticipates day/night cycles to
optimize the physiology and behavior of organisms.
The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is
awarded to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and
Michael W. Young for their Discoveries of Molecular Mechanisms Controlling the Circadian Rhythm.
CHRONO BIOLOGY
This document discusses chronobiology, the field of biology examining periodic phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to environmental rhythms like day-night cycles. It notes that biological rhythms occur for many essential processes in animals, plants, and microbes. The most important rhythm is the circadian rhythm, which fluctuates on a roughly 24-hour cycle. Biological clocks generate biological rhythms endogenously, while environmental cues like light can entrain rhythms to synchronize with external cycles. Core concepts and terms in chronobiology are defined, like circadian, ultradian, infradian, zeitgebers, and entrainment.
Principal circadian oscillators in mammals.
Almost all species exhibit daily changes in their biological activity with respect to a 24 hour light-dark cycle known as the circadian rhythm. The synchrony of an organism with both its external and internal environments is critical for the organism’s well-being and survival.
The presentation focuses on the fundamentals of circadian rhythm, components, development, molecular mechanism, functional and clinical implications of this astonishing system.
Circadian Rhythm & Its Molecular Mechanisms
This document summarizes research on circadian rhythms. It discusses how early scientists discovered that plants and organisms have internal biological clocks that regulate daily cycles independent of sunlight. Later research identified the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the brain as the main circadian clock. Molecular studies cloned the period gene in the 1980s as the first clock gene. Further research identified additional clock genes like timeless and doubletime that encode proteins regulating the circadian feedback loop. Now we understand that circadian clocks exist in almost every cell and affect over 15% of our genes. Disruptions to circadian rhythms are associated with various health issues.
Circadian Rhythm (BSc Zoology)
Circadian rhythms are biological processes that display endogenous, entrainable oscillations of approximately 24 hours. They are driven by a circadian clock and are found in plants, animals, fungi, and cyanobacteria. In animals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus acts as the master clock, containing genes that govern circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and adapt to daily environmental changes like light and temperature. They persist even in the absence of external cues, showing they are endogenously generated, though environmental cues can entrain or synchronize the rhythms.
Chronobiology
Circadian rhythm refers to biological cycles that occur over approximately 24 hours. These rhythms are regulated by molecular feedback loops in clock genes and proteins that influence cellular functions and synchronize organs. Disruption of circadian rhythms through irregular sleep/wake cycles, jet lag, or light exposure at night has been linked to increased risk of metabolic, cardiovascular, and mental health conditions. Maintaining circadian alignment through regular sleep/wake and meal times may help reduce disease risk.
CHRONOBIOLOGY
Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms and their adaptations to solar and lunar related rhythms.
Recommended
Chronobiology
Chronobiology is the study of biological rhythms in living organisms and their adaptation to environmental cycles such as day-night cycles. The most important rhythm studied is the circadian rhythm, which fluctuates on a 24-hour cycle. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) acts as the master circadian pacemaker in the brain, generating circadian rhythms and entraining them to the day-night cycle via exposure to light. Disruptions to circadian rhythms can lead to circadian rhythm sleep disorders like delayed sleep phase syndrome, where one's internal clock is delayed compared to the 24-hour cycle.
Molecular mechanisms that control circadian rhythms - Mohammed Elreishi
Circadian rhythms are driven by an internal
biological clock that anticipates day/night cycles to
optimize the physiology and behavior of organisms.
The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is
awarded to Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and
Michael W. Young for their Discoveries of Molecular Mechanisms Controlling the Circadian Rhythm.
CHRONO BIOLOGY
This document discusses chronobiology, the field of biology examining periodic phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to environmental rhythms like day-night cycles. It notes that biological rhythms occur for many essential processes in animals, plants, and microbes. The most important rhythm is the circadian rhythm, which fluctuates on a roughly 24-hour cycle. Biological clocks generate biological rhythms endogenously, while environmental cues like light can entrain rhythms to synchronize with external cycles. Core concepts and terms in chronobiology are defined, like circadian, ultradian, infradian, zeitgebers, and entrainment.
Principal circadian oscillators in mammals.
Almost all species exhibit daily changes in their biological activity with respect to a 24 hour light-dark cycle known as the circadian rhythm. The synchrony of an organism with both its external and internal environments is critical for the organism’s well-being and survival.
The presentation focuses on the fundamentals of circadian rhythm, components, development, molecular mechanism, functional and clinical implications of this astonishing system.
Circadian Rhythm & Its Molecular Mechanisms
This document summarizes research on circadian rhythms. It discusses how early scientists discovered that plants and organisms have internal biological clocks that regulate daily cycles independent of sunlight. Later research identified the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the brain as the main circadian clock. Molecular studies cloned the period gene in the 1980s as the first clock gene. Further research identified additional clock genes like timeless and doubletime that encode proteins regulating the circadian feedback loop. Now we understand that circadian clocks exist in almost every cell and affect over 15% of our genes. Disruptions to circadian rhythms are associated with various health issues.
Circadian Rhythm (BSc Zoology)
Circadian rhythms are biological processes that display endogenous, entrainable oscillations of approximately 24 hours. They are driven by a circadian clock and are found in plants, animals, fungi, and cyanobacteria. In animals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus acts as the master clock, containing genes that govern circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and adapt to daily environmental changes like light and temperature. They persist even in the absence of external cues, showing they are endogenously generated, though environmental cues can entrain or synchronize the rhythms.
Chronobiology
Circadian rhythm refers to biological cycles that occur over approximately 24 hours. These rhythms are regulated by molecular feedback loops in clock genes and proteins that influence cellular functions and synchronize organs. Disruption of circadian rhythms through irregular sleep/wake cycles, jet lag, or light exposure at night has been linked to increased risk of metabolic, cardiovascular, and mental health conditions. Maintaining circadian alignment through regular sleep/wake and meal times may help reduce disease risk.
CHRONOBIOLOGY
Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms and their adaptations to solar and lunar related rhythms.
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This document defines various chronobiological terms and discusses the relevance of chronobiology in psychiatry. It provides an overview of the biological clock and circadian rhythms, including definitions of key terms. It describes the molecular mechanisms underlying biological clocks, as well as how circadian rhythms influence important human functions. It also discusses how disruptions to circadian rhythms can contribute to psychiatric conditions like sleep disorders, seasonal affective disorder, and depression.
Biological Rhythms
Biological Rhythms are the product of an internal biological timekeeping system which is controlled by a biological clock
Biological rhythms
1. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus acts as the brain's master circadian clock, controlling daily rhythms. It receives light input from the retina and synchronizes circadian rhythms throughout the body. Lesions to the SCN eliminate circadian rhythms.
2. Delayed sleep phase syndrome involves a later-than-normal circadian rhythm, making falling asleep very difficult before midnight or later. It is treated with light therapy and strict sleep schedules.
3. Sleep has two types - NREM and REM sleep. NREM sleep has four stages, with the deepest being stage 4. REM sleep involves rapid
Biological rhythms
All behavior patterns are co-ordinated sequences of neuromuscular activity. A rhythm is a periodically recurring event.
chronobiology is the study of science of life in relation with time.
The majority of organisms show daily and annual cycles of activity and development.
Biological rythm
This document discusses biological rhythms, including circadian, circatidal, circalunar, semilunar, and circannual rhythms. It defines biological rhythms as natural cycles in a body's chemicals or functions controlled by an internal clock. The three main properties of biological rhythms are that they have self-sustaining pacemaker mechanisms, maintain normal cyclicity without environmental cues, and are genetically inherited. Examples of biological rhythms discussed include circadian (24-hour), circatidal (twice daily), circalunar (monthly), and circannual (yearly) rhythms exhibited in various animal species' behaviors and life cycles.
Biological rhythms
Biological rhythms are normal fluctuations in organisms that occur in response to periodic changes in the internal environment. There are several types of rhythms including ultradian (less than 24 hours), circadian (24 hours), infradian (longer than 24 hours), and circannual (annual). Endogenous pacemakers like the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate rhythms, while exogenous zeitgebers like sunlight help keep rhythms in sync with the external environment. Examples of rhythms include the circadian sleep-wake cycle, menstrual cycle, and seasonal behaviors of migratory birds.
Animal Physiology ( Biological Clock)
The biological clock controls periodic functions in living organisms like sleep cycles and photosynthesis. The suprachiasmatic nucleus acts as the master clock in the brain, keeping other biological clocks in sync and resetting them daily in response to light, temperature, and other cues. Circadian rhythms occur over 24 hours, like sleep-wake cycles, while circannual rhythms repeat yearly like bird migration. Lunar and tidal rhythms are influenced by the moon's phases. Photoperiodism refers to behavioral responses to changes in daily light/dark cycles and influences plant flowering and animal reproduction. Disruptions to biological clocks can cause disorders like jet lag.
Scope of chronobiology
Chronobiology is the study of biological rhythms with respect to time. The most important rhythm studied in chronobiology is the circadian rhythm, which occurs over approximately 24 hours. Circadian rhythms regulate many physiological processes and can be broken down into daily cycles like diurnal (day active), nocturnal (night active), and crepuscular (dawn and dusk active). The history of chronobiology dates back to the 18th century when de Mairan described circadian rhythms in plants, and Franz Halberg coined the term "circadian" in the 20th century. Biological rhythms can also occur on longer (infradian) or shorter (ultradian) time scales than 24 hours.
Molecular Mechanism of Circadian rhythm
A DAILY RHYTHMIC ACTIVITY OF CYCLE, BASED ON 24 HOURS INTERVALS, THAT IS EXHIBITED BY MANY ORGANISMS WHICH HELPS TO REGULATE SLEEP PATTERNS, FEEDING BEHAVIOUR, HORMONE RELEASE, BLOOD PRESSURE AND BODY TEMPERATURE, A LARGE PORTION OF OUR GENES ARE REGULATED BY THE CLOCK.
Circadian rhythm
This study investigated the circadian regulation of solar tracking movements in sunflower plants. The researchers found that disrupting the normal solar tracking through daily stem rotations or tethering resulted in reduced biomass and leaf area. Rhythmic stem movements persisted under constant light and temperature conditions, anticipating dawn and dusk. Opposing growth rhythms on the east and west sides of stems were found to drive solar tracking, regulated by the circadian clock and gibberellin signaling. Disrupting the normal timing of these growth rhythms through light treatments impacted the orientation of stem movements.
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
The document summarizes circadian rhythms and the molecular mechanisms underlying the circadian clock. It discusses:
1) The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus acts as the brain's master clock, coordinating biological clocks throughout the body and responding primarily to light.
2) Circadian rhythms are regulated by transcription-translation feedback loops (TTFLs) involving clock genes like Period and Cryptochrome that oscillate over 24 hours. Similar TTFLs exist in mammals and Drosophila.
3) Disruptions to circadian rhythms can lead to sleep disorders like jet lag or shift work disorder. Melatonin supplements and medications targeting melatonin receptors or o
Torpor
Torpor is a state of decreased physiological activity in animals characterized by reduced body temperature and metabolic rate. It enables animals to survive periods of reduced food availability or cold temperatures by conserving energy. Torpor can be daily, lasting less than 24 hours, or longer during hibernation or aestivation. It evolved to provide a fitness advantage for maintaining a body temperature above ambient temperatures. Functions of torpor include conserving fat stores during migration or winter and surviving unpredictable food sources.
Fixed action pattern
1. A fixed action pattern is a series of instinctive behaviors that are automatically elicited by a sign stimulus in animals.
2. Examples include herring gull chicks pecking at the red spot on their parents' beaks and male sticklebacks displaying aggressive behaviors towards other males showing red belly coloration.
3. The innate releasing mechanism is the neural network in the brain that is activated by a sign stimulus to trigger a fixed action pattern response.
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Systematics has made immense contributions to biology and humankind. It was systematists who originally studied organic diversity and brought major evolutionary problems to light. Systematics reveals patterns in organic diversity and determines the reasons behind similarities through common descent or adaptation. It also contributes significantly to applied fields like medicine, agriculture, conservation, and resource management by identifying organisms and relationships. Systematics plays a key role in theoretical biology as well, such as developing population thinking and upholding natural selection.
Warm Blooded Animals (homeotherms) Dominate the Terrestrial Environment, but ...
Terrestrial environment cannot fluctuate the temperature which is suitable for homeotherm.
Most of the Homeotherm body is well insulated by feather or fur or lear of fat
This feather or fur a lear of stagnant air next to the body & reduce heat loss from underline skin or heat gain from environment.
In aquatic environment oxygen is sometimes a limiting factor an aquatic habitats but this is seldom the case in terrestrial habitats. Due to the temperature, the abundance of oxygen is variable in water. So Homeotherm try to find their suitable place in terrestrial environment.
Metabolic rate in homeotherm has no effect on body temperature, this is why most of the homeotherm find the terrestrial environment as their suitable place for living.
In most terrestrial environments there is hardly ever a a shortage of light which help homeotherm for seeking food, avoid predator & other functions.
Stress and strain
This document summarizes stress physiology and the physiological response to stressors in animals. It defines stress, strain, and stressors. It describes the general adaptation syndrome and its three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. It discusses different types of environmental stressors like temperature, oxygen availability, and salinity. It explains the nature of interaction with stressors through tolerance, resistance, acclimation, and acclimatization. It also summarizes the physiological responses to stress like increased heart rate and blood pressure, immune suppression, and catabolic actions.
Nobel prize 2017 (physiology or medicine) - Circadian rhythm
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Topic: Discoveries of Molecular Mechanisms Controlling the Circadian Rhythm
Content: What is Circadian Rhythm?
Circadian Rhythm in Humans
Molecular Mechanism -Transcription-Translation Feedback Loop (TTFL)
Genes involved in Circadian Rhythm- PERIOD gene, TIM gene, CLK gene, CYCLE gene, CRY gene and DOUBLETIME protein
Animal behavior
The document discusses animal behavior and its use as a screening tool in biomedical research. It defines animal behavior and describes ethology, the scientific study of animal behavior. It discusses pioneers in the field like Niko Tinbergen and covers different types of behaviors like feeding, social, and communicative behaviors. The document also discusses the nature vs nurture debate and different learning processes in animals. It describes using animal models to study behaviors related to pain, anxiety, depression, and other conditions to gain insights into human behaviors and disorders.
Circadian rhythms
Circadian rhythm refers to the approximately 24-hour cycles in human and animal physiology and behavior, regulated by an internal biological clock. The master circadian clock is located in the hypothalamus, specifically the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which receives light input from the retina. These circadian rhythms evolved to protect DNA from UV radiation and help entrain organisms to the light-dark cycle. Core body temperature, melatonin secretion, and cortisol levels are classic markers used to measure circadian rhythms. Light exposure can advance or delay circadian rhythms depending on timing.
Circadian and Circannual Rhythms
Circadian rhythms exhibit a period of about 24 h whereas circannual (seasonal) rhythms cycle over the course of a year. Both types of rhythms are coordinated by the brain's suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
chronobio-161224071722.pdf
This document discusses chronobiology and biological rhythms. It defines chronobiology as the field of biology examining periodic phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar and lunar rhythms. Biological rhythms, which vary in timing and duration, occur across many essential biological processes in animals, plants, and microbes. The most important rhythm is the circadian rhythm, which fluctuates on a roughly 24-hour cycle. The circadian rhythm is driven by the body's biological clock and is responsible for generating rhythms in functions like sleep/wake cycles, hormone secretion, and metabolism. Light is the main environmental cue that entrains and resets the circadian rhythm to synchronize with the solar day/night cycle.
Mechanisms of circadian rhythm regulation in plants literature review by dr ...
This is a Literature Review on the topic "Mechanisms of circadian rhythm regulation in plants" by Dr Muzamil Ch.
Owner of this Content: Dr. Muzamil Ch
Email: muzamilch2018@gmail.com
Before using this content, you must contact the owner first.
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This document defines various chronobiological terms and discusses the relevance of chronobiology in psychiatry. It provides an overview of the biological clock and circadian rhythms, including definitions of key terms. It describes the molecular mechanisms underlying biological clocks, as well as how circadian rhythms influence important human functions. It also discusses how disruptions to circadian rhythms can contribute to psychiatric conditions like sleep disorders, seasonal affective disorder, and depression.
Biological Rhythms
Biological Rhythms are the product of an internal biological timekeeping system which is controlled by a biological clock
Biological rhythms
1. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus acts as the brain's master circadian clock, controlling daily rhythms. It receives light input from the retina and synchronizes circadian rhythms throughout the body. Lesions to the SCN eliminate circadian rhythms.
2. Delayed sleep phase syndrome involves a later-than-normal circadian rhythm, making falling asleep very difficult before midnight or later. It is treated with light therapy and strict sleep schedules.
3. Sleep has two types - NREM and REM sleep. NREM sleep has four stages, with the deepest being stage 4. REM sleep involves rapid
Biological rhythms
All behavior patterns are co-ordinated sequences of neuromuscular activity. A rhythm is a periodically recurring event.
chronobiology is the study of science of life in relation with time.
The majority of organisms show daily and annual cycles of activity and development.
Biological rythm
This document discusses biological rhythms, including circadian, circatidal, circalunar, semilunar, and circannual rhythms. It defines biological rhythms as natural cycles in a body's chemicals or functions controlled by an internal clock. The three main properties of biological rhythms are that they have self-sustaining pacemaker mechanisms, maintain normal cyclicity without environmental cues, and are genetically inherited. Examples of biological rhythms discussed include circadian (24-hour), circatidal (twice daily), circalunar (monthly), and circannual (yearly) rhythms exhibited in various animal species' behaviors and life cycles.
Biological rhythms
Biological rhythms are normal fluctuations in organisms that occur in response to periodic changes in the internal environment. There are several types of rhythms including ultradian (less than 24 hours), circadian (24 hours), infradian (longer than 24 hours), and circannual (annual). Endogenous pacemakers like the suprachiasmatic nucleus regulate rhythms, while exogenous zeitgebers like sunlight help keep rhythms in sync with the external environment. Examples of rhythms include the circadian sleep-wake cycle, menstrual cycle, and seasonal behaviors of migratory birds.
Animal Physiology ( Biological Clock)
The biological clock controls periodic functions in living organisms like sleep cycles and photosynthesis. The suprachiasmatic nucleus acts as the master clock in the brain, keeping other biological clocks in sync and resetting them daily in response to light, temperature, and other cues. Circadian rhythms occur over 24 hours, like sleep-wake cycles, while circannual rhythms repeat yearly like bird migration. Lunar and tidal rhythms are influenced by the moon's phases. Photoperiodism refers to behavioral responses to changes in daily light/dark cycles and influences plant flowering and animal reproduction. Disruptions to biological clocks can cause disorders like jet lag.
Scope of chronobiology
Chronobiology is the study of biological rhythms with respect to time. The most important rhythm studied in chronobiology is the circadian rhythm, which occurs over approximately 24 hours. Circadian rhythms regulate many physiological processes and can be broken down into daily cycles like diurnal (day active), nocturnal (night active), and crepuscular (dawn and dusk active). The history of chronobiology dates back to the 18th century when de Mairan described circadian rhythms in plants, and Franz Halberg coined the term "circadian" in the 20th century. Biological rhythms can also occur on longer (infradian) or shorter (ultradian) time scales than 24 hours.
Molecular Mechanism of Circadian rhythm
A DAILY RHYTHMIC ACTIVITY OF CYCLE, BASED ON 24 HOURS INTERVALS, THAT IS EXHIBITED BY MANY ORGANISMS WHICH HELPS TO REGULATE SLEEP PATTERNS, FEEDING BEHAVIOUR, HORMONE RELEASE, BLOOD PRESSURE AND BODY TEMPERATURE, A LARGE PORTION OF OUR GENES ARE REGULATED BY THE CLOCK.
Circadian rhythm
This study investigated the circadian regulation of solar tracking movements in sunflower plants. The researchers found that disrupting the normal solar tracking through daily stem rotations or tethering resulted in reduced biomass and leaf area. Rhythmic stem movements persisted under constant light and temperature conditions, anticipating dawn and dusk. Opposing growth rhythms on the east and west sides of stems were found to drive solar tracking, regulated by the circadian clock and gibberellin signaling. Disrupting the normal timing of these growth rhythms through light treatments impacted the orientation of stem movements.
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
The document summarizes circadian rhythms and the molecular mechanisms underlying the circadian clock. It discusses:
1) The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus acts as the brain's master clock, coordinating biological clocks throughout the body and responding primarily to light.
2) Circadian rhythms are regulated by transcription-translation feedback loops (TTFLs) involving clock genes like Period and Cryptochrome that oscillate over 24 hours. Similar TTFLs exist in mammals and Drosophila.
3) Disruptions to circadian rhythms can lead to sleep disorders like jet lag or shift work disorder. Melatonin supplements and medications targeting melatonin receptors or o
Torpor
Torpor is a state of decreased physiological activity in animals characterized by reduced body temperature and metabolic rate. It enables animals to survive periods of reduced food availability or cold temperatures by conserving energy. Torpor can be daily, lasting less than 24 hours, or longer during hibernation or aestivation. It evolved to provide a fitness advantage for maintaining a body temperature above ambient temperatures. Functions of torpor include conserving fat stores during migration or winter and surviving unpredictable food sources.
Fixed action pattern
1. A fixed action pattern is a series of instinctive behaviors that are automatically elicited by a sign stimulus in animals.
2. Examples include herring gull chicks pecking at the red spot on their parents' beaks and male sticklebacks displaying aggressive behaviors towards other males showing red belly coloration.
3. The innate releasing mechanism is the neural network in the brain that is activated by a sign stimulus to trigger a fixed action pattern response.
Contribution of systematics to biology by noor zada
Systematics has made immense contributions to biology and humankind. It was systematists who originally studied organic diversity and brought major evolutionary problems to light. Systematics reveals patterns in organic diversity and determines the reasons behind similarities through common descent or adaptation. It also contributes significantly to applied fields like medicine, agriculture, conservation, and resource management by identifying organisms and relationships. Systematics plays a key role in theoretical biology as well, such as developing population thinking and upholding natural selection.
Warm Blooded Animals (homeotherms) Dominate the Terrestrial Environment, but ...
Terrestrial environment cannot fluctuate the temperature which is suitable for homeotherm.
Most of the Homeotherm body is well insulated by feather or fur or lear of fat
This feather or fur a lear of stagnant air next to the body & reduce heat loss from underline skin or heat gain from environment.
In aquatic environment oxygen is sometimes a limiting factor an aquatic habitats but this is seldom the case in terrestrial habitats. Due to the temperature, the abundance of oxygen is variable in water. So Homeotherm try to find their suitable place in terrestrial environment.
Metabolic rate in homeotherm has no effect on body temperature, this is why most of the homeotherm find the terrestrial environment as their suitable place for living.
In most terrestrial environments there is hardly ever a a shortage of light which help homeotherm for seeking food, avoid predator & other functions.
Stress and strain
This document summarizes stress physiology and the physiological response to stressors in animals. It defines stress, strain, and stressors. It describes the general adaptation syndrome and its three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. It discusses different types of environmental stressors like temperature, oxygen availability, and salinity. It explains the nature of interaction with stressors through tolerance, resistance, acclimation, and acclimatization. It also summarizes the physiological responses to stress like increased heart rate and blood pressure, immune suppression, and catabolic actions.
Nobel prize 2017 (physiology or medicine) - Circadian rhythm
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Topic: Discoveries of Molecular Mechanisms Controlling the Circadian Rhythm
Content: What is Circadian Rhythm?
Circadian Rhythm in Humans
Molecular Mechanism -Transcription-Translation Feedback Loop (TTFL)
Genes involved in Circadian Rhythm- PERIOD gene, TIM gene, CLK gene, CYCLE gene, CRY gene and DOUBLETIME protein
Animal behavior
The document discusses animal behavior and its use as a screening tool in biomedical research. It defines animal behavior and describes ethology, the scientific study of animal behavior. It discusses pioneers in the field like Niko Tinbergen and covers different types of behaviors like feeding, social, and communicative behaviors. The document also discusses the nature vs nurture debate and different learning processes in animals. It describes using animal models to study behaviors related to pain, anxiety, depression, and other conditions to gain insights into human behaviors and disorders.
Circadian rhythms
Circadian rhythm refers to the approximately 24-hour cycles in human and animal physiology and behavior, regulated by an internal biological clock. The master circadian clock is located in the hypothalamus, specifically the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which receives light input from the retina. These circadian rhythms evolved to protect DNA from UV radiation and help entrain organisms to the light-dark cycle. Core body temperature, melatonin secretion, and cortisol levels are classic markers used to measure circadian rhythms. Light exposure can advance or delay circadian rhythms depending on timing.
Circadian and Circannual Rhythms
Circadian rhythms exhibit a period of about 24 h whereas circannual (seasonal) rhythms cycle over the course of a year. Both types of rhythms are coordinated by the brain's suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
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WLIM1 is a candidate transcription factor downstream of the core circadian clock that may help extend circadian output in Arabidopsis thaliana. WLIM1 shows strong cycling under constant conditions and is anti-phasic to core clock proteins LHY and CCA1. However, ChIP-seq revealed only weak evening element binding, suggesting WLIM1 interacts with other proteins. Future experiments will characterize WLIM1's role and interactions with the core clock.
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100 slides because there's a lot to know! Condensed it as much as possible.
Includes:
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Sleep states -
lifespan changes, restorative theory, evolutionary evaluations
Disorders of sleep - Insomnia & other sleep disorders.
There's minimal evaluation for Infradian - so do it yourself :D
Chronopharmacology
Chronopharmacology is the study of variations in drug effects over biological times and circadian rhythms. It considers how drugs interact with living systems depending on the time of day they are administered. Biological rhythms like circadian (24-hour), ultradian (<20 hours), and infradian (>28 hours) rhythms influence physiological functions and drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Chronotherapy aims to increase drug efficacy and safety by timing drug administration according to biological rhythms. It has applications in treating cancers, asthma, hypertension, strokes, and other conditions. Recent advances include circadian-aligned drug delivery systems and future approaches may integrate chronopharmacology with systems biology and nanomedicine.
7. endocrinology and reproduction
This document summarizes key concepts about the endocrine system and hormone function. It describes the major endocrine glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas and reproductive organs. It explains the different classes of hormones, the mechanisms of hormone action, and feedback loops involved in hormonal regulation. Key hormone types and their functions are defined, including examples like insulin, glucagon, estrogen and mechanisms of hormonal disorders.
Endocrine System and hormonal feedback mechanisms
The endocrine system regulates physiological activities through the secretion of chemical messengers called hormones from endocrine glands. Hormones are transported via the bloodstream to target organs and tissues to affect cellular activities. There are different types of hormones classified based on their chemical structure as steroids, peptides, or amines. Hormones bind to receptors on target cells and elicit responses through various mechanisms such as second messenger systems or direct gene expression depending on their chemical properties. This coordinated action of hormones is vital for homeostasis and various metabolic processes in the body.
Westrich & Sprouse, 2010 - COID - Circadian rhythm dysregulation in bipolar d...
This document discusses circadian rhythm dysregulation in bipolar disorder. It summarizes that circadian rhythms control physiological and behavioral cycles over 24 hours, and disturbances in these rhythms can contribute to psychiatric disorders like bipolar disorder. Evidence from animal and clinical studies supports a link between circadian abnormalities and bipolar disorder. Specifically, patients with bipolar disorder may experience a shortening of the circadian period length which can lead to a desynchronization of internal rhythms with the external light-dark cycle. This misalignment has been correlated with the switching between manic and depressive mood states in bipolar disorder.
Regulatory mechanisms have 4 essential features. Name them and gi.pdf
Regulatory mechanisms have 4 essential features. Name them and give one example of each
from 2 of the following: drinking, feeding, sleep, circadian rhythms and temperature regulation
Regulatory mechanisms have 4 essential features. Name them and give one example of each
from 2 of the following: drinking, feeding, sleep, circadian rhythms and temperature regulation
Solution
Regulatory mechanisms have 4 essential features:
1. The internal system variable to be regulated (characteristic to be regulated)
2. An optimal value of set point
3. A detector to monitor the variable
4. homoeostatic correctional mechanism
Positive feedback mechanism is defined as the output response produced by the activity of input
signal trough a specific amount of stimulus on the organ during the process of homeostasis.
Positive feedback in isolation is not sufficient to maintain homeostasis because of set point
alterations triggered by the stimulus. Sometimes, if the effect is not going to produce in time
when the stimulus arrived to the organ, homeostasis cannot be reached as it may trigger harmful
effects. This is due to incapability of the organ to maintain the adequate direction of a given
stimulus result in severe acceleration of its effect sometimes finally disequilibrium in
homeostasis. Therefore, homeostasis can be better achieved by negative feedback loop.
1. Temperature regulation- hypothalamus:
Fever mechanism: Initially pyrogens produced by the microbial species either bacteria or viruses
or internal arachidonic acid metabolites such as prostaglandins and prostacyclins promote a
raised \"set point\" on hypothalamus ((detector to monitor the temperature variable) in the brain
followed by peripheral vasoconstriction associated with active generation of heat finally raise in
ambient temperature (detector to monitor the variable). This vasoconstriction (before increasing
temperature of the body) is going to enable reduction of heat loss via skin and makes person to
feel cold.
2. Circadian rhythms:
Circadian rhythms and SCN: Suprachaismatic nuclei (SCN) that is receives inputs from retinas
of the eyes and maintains equilibrium with the daily circadian rhythms. These SCN often
produce neuronal impulses of circadian rhythms. It has clearly observed in hamster due to
increase in circadian periods before surgery procedure and also increased in after surgery
procedure but decreased in t hamster. Thereby it is concluded that SCN controls these rhythms
via feedback loops and via hormones. Even sometimes after removal from brain, SCN produces
impulses. There are “a few other components” outside the SCN that profoundly exhibit circadian
patterns are pituitary body and pineal body in the brain.
Feedback mechanism involves the following events: Cells regulate their metabolic activity
through positive & negative feedback mechanisms in which \"mainly enzymatic protein
synthesis\" mediates regulation of cell metabolic activity. Negative feedback mechanism induce
\"constant\".
Chronopharmacology.pptx
Chronopharmacology is the study of how drug effects vary with biological timing and circadian rhythms. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) acts as the master clock that controls circadian rhythms in the brain by containing about 20,000 nerve cells located in the hypothalamus. The SCN regulates circadian rhythms through neurotransmitters like glutamate, calcium signaling pathways, and a molecular feedback loop involving clock genes like Period and Cryptochrome that oscillate on a daily cycle. The SCN coordinates circadian rhythms and sends signals to control functions like sleep, hormone release, and preventing dehydration through vasopressin release during sleep.
Circadian Rhythms: Sleep-waking cycle
Circadian rhythms refer to biological cycles that occur over approximately 24 hours. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus acts as the master pacemaker regulating circadian rhythms. Lesions to the SCN abolish circadian rhythms, while transplanted SCN tissue can impart rhythms to recipient animals. The SCN receives light input from retinal ganglion cells that contain melanopsin photoreceptors sensitive to blue light wavelengths.
BiologicalRhythmsLectureS1.ppt
Biological rhythms are cyclical patterns of physiological and behavioral activities that repeat over time intervals ranging from hours to years. Examples include circadian (daily), circalunar (monthly), and circannual (yearly) rhythms that coordinate processes like sleep/wake cycles, hormone secretion, and hibernation with environmental cycles like day/night, lunar phases, and seasons. These rhythms are controlled by an internal biological clock and can persist even without external cues, running on a natural but not always 24-hour cycle. Chronobiology is the study of biological timekeeping and rhythms.
Chronopharmacology
Chronopharmacology is the science dealing with the optimization of drug effect and the minimization of adverse effects by timing medication in relation to biological rhythm.
The molecular mechanisms that underlie the function of the biological clocks are universally present in all cells and consists of gene-protein-gene feedback loops in which proteins can downregulate their own transcription and stimulate the transcription of other clock proteins.
Chronobiology –
It is the branch of sciences dealing with the “Biological rhythm” and their mechanism in the living organism.
Biological Rhythm –
It is the determined rhythmic biological process or function within a defined time period.
Chronotherapeutics –
i.e. increase in efficacy and safety of medications by proportioning their concentrations during the 24 hrs in synchrony with biological rhythm determinants of disease.
Chronokinetics –
Time dependent and predictable changes in PK parameter.
Eg; Cmax, tmax, AUC, T1/2
Chronesthesy –
Circadian or other systemic changes in the susceptibility and sensitivity of the target system of the target system to a drug.
Chronergy –
Rhythmic differences in effects of drugs on the organisms as a whole includes both desired and undesired effects.
Chronotoxicity –
The toxic effect of drug on the organism, which is undesirable and affects the rhythmic system. Specifically with anti-tumor agents.
The basic unit of circadian timekeeping is the cell. Even in very complex organisms, most cells contain autonomous circulatory for circadian oscillations.
Generally speaking, this mechanism is comprised of negative feedback loops of transcription and translation: activation of a repressor gene results in its later repression by its own protein products, and the instability of this repressor ensures this repression is short lived, so that a new cycle can begin.
In mammals, the principle activators within this system are the CLOCK and BMAL-1 proteins and their homolog, which dimerize and bind to certain elements to activate transcription of a large number of circadian genes.
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Regulatory mechanisms have 4 essential features. Name them and gi.pdf
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The Hatch-Slack pathway is an alternative photosynthetic pathway to the Calvin cycle. It was discovered in C4 plants like sugarcane whose leaves produce 4-carbon dicarboxylic acids like malate and aspartate. The pathway involves two carboxylation reactions, the first in the mesophyll cell chloroplasts and the second in the bundle sheath cell chloroplasts. Malic acid is shuttled between the cell types, being decarboxylated in the bundle sheath cells to produce CO2 for the Calvin cycle. This concentrates CO2 around RuBisCO to increase photosynthetic efficiency.
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Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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s
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Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Circadian Rhythm
- 2. How do organisms maintain their sleep pattern constantly?
- 3. How do different organisms become active at different times of the 24 hour cycle?
- 4. Why do we experience jet lag?
- 5. Natural cycle of change in our body’s chemicals or functions. Internal master “clock” that coordinates the other clocks in your body. Located in the brain, right above the nerves where the eyes cross. It’s made up of thousands of nerve cells that help sync your body’s functions and activities.
- 6. Circadian rhythms: the 24-hour cycle that includes physiological and behavioural rhythms like sleeping. Diurnal rhythms: the circadian rhythm synced with day and night. Ultradian rhythms: biological rhythms with a shorter period and higher frequency than circadian rhythms like alertness. Infradian rhythms: biological rhythms that last more than 24 hours, such as a menstrual cycle.
- 7. A key feature of life on Earth is its capacity to adapt to the environment. Rotation of the Earth on its axis has lead to profound changes in environmental light and temperature , at any given location. Hence, the need of an internal biological clock. This internally generated daily rhythm is known as “circadian”, from the Latin words circa meaning “around” and dies meaning “day”.
- 9. Ancient and conserved throughout evolution. Exists in life forms from unicellular to all multicellular organisms. The building blocks of a circadian system consists of : Oscillator Zeitgebers Output mechanisms
- 10. Documented for a long time. Began with the observation of leaf and flower movements in plants. Leaves of mimosa plants close at night and open during the day. Jean Jacques d’Ortous de Mairan (1729) - suggested an endogenous origin of the daily rhythm.
- 11. Circadian Behaviour Endogenous clock v/s reaction to external stimuli of a circadian nature Eventually, the existence of an endogenous circadian clock would finally become well established.
- 12. Cell autonomous clock that can maintain the biological rhythm under constant conditions.
- 14. Experimented by: Seymour Benzer and his student Ronald Konopka At the California Institute of Technology On studies to identify mutant fruit flies with altered circadian phenotypes. Performed classical chemical based mutagenesis. Isolated three different strains of mutant flies showing alterations in the normal 24h cycle of pupal eclosion and locomotor activity.
- 18. Arrhythmic: Non sense mutation Shorter period of 19h: Missense mutation Longer period of 28h: Missense mutation Location: X chromosome Complementation test three mutations @ same gene Finally, named the gene as period: the first clock gene.
- 20. PER Proteoglycan Facilitated formation of inter-cellular connections through gap junctions
- 21. Period gene mRNA showed circadian cycles of abundance which occurred at night PER Protein
- 23. Period mRNA Wild type PER protein rescue cyclic mRNA expression Nonsense mutation Oscillating levels of period mRNA accumulation of PER protein resulted in the attenuation of period mRNA expression
- 27. Involved regulated protein phosphorylation Degradation of TTFL components Nuclear translocation Other post-translational modifications
- 28. Michael Young doubletime DOUBLETIME (DBT) PER PER degradation P
- 29. Light CRY Promote its binding to TIM Proteasome Degradation Degradation Low PER
- 31. Drosophila- PER & TIM Arabidopsis- PSEUDO‐RESPONSE REGULATOR (PRR)- MYB domain transcription factors TTFL
- 33. Not one but many…Circadian system of an animal resembles a clock shop rather than a single clock
- 35. Synchronized both by SCN and environmental cues. OB: olfactory bulb PVN: paraventricular nucleus PVT: paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus MBH: mediobasal hypothalamus Arc: arcuate nucleus
- 39. Sleep disorders Depression Bipolar disorder Cognitive function Memory formation Neurological diseases. Advanced or delayed sleep-wake cycles (rare-due to mutations in clock genes) Cancer Neurodegenerative diseases Metabolic disorders Inflammation
- 40. The discovery of self-sustained transcription/ translation feedback loops as the central component of the molecular mechanism by which clock genes control circadian oscillations in cells and tissues has led to a new paradigm in our understanding of how organisms anticipate and adapt to the regular daily environmental cues such as light.
- 41. Physiological relevance of TTFL independent oscillation??? Relation between central and peripheral clock and the multiple ways by which local and external cues affect them???