Viridans streptococci are a group of commensal bacteria that normally inhabit the mouth and gastrointestinal tract. They are a common cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis, in which the bacteria enter the bloodstream through small mucosal lesions and colonize on damaged heart valves, forming vegetations. While usually harmless commensals, certain species like S. gordonii and S. sanguis are pathogenic and known to cause subacute bacterial endocarditis. It is important to differentiate viridans streptococci from other streptococcal species like S. pneumoniae because they require different treatment approaches. Enterococci are another group of bacteria including E. faecalis and E. faecium
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It typically involves the valves and can be caused by many pathogens. The most common causes are streptococci, staphylococci, and enterococci. Untreated infective endocarditis has a high fatality rate. The pathogenesis involves endothelial damage, platelet-fibrin deposition forming nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE), and microbial colonization of the NBTE resulting in bacterial vegetations. Local effects include valvular damage, abscesses, fistulae, and conduction abnormalities. Distant effects occur via septic emboli that can lodge in organs like the brain, lungs,
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart (endocardium) that involves the heart valves and adjacent structures. It is caused by bacteria or fungi entering the bloodstream and can lead to heart valve damage or death. Common symptoms include fever, fatigue, heart murmur. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram, and the modified Duke criteria. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy, which depends on the identified organism. Prevention focuses on proper dental hygiene and antibiotic prophylaxis for certain at-risk patients before invasive procedures.
This document discusses infective endocarditis, including trends, classifications, microbiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
- IE is an infection of the heart valves or endocardium that is usually caused by bacteria. Common predisposing factors include rheumatic heart disease and intravenous drug use.
- It is classified based on several factors such as the site of infection, causative organism, and underlying risk factors. Acute IE has a rapid course while subacute IE progresses more slowly.
- Common symptoms include heart murmurs, heart failure, embolic phenomena affecting organs like the brain, lungs and kidneys. Specific findings include petechiae, splinter
Prophylactic antibiotic coverage in dentistrysplendidlight
The normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity includes hundreds of microorganism species that live in the mouth, with the most common being streptococci which can cause infections like dental caries and periodontitis if they enter the bloodstream through procedures like tooth extractions; one such infection is subacute bacterial endocarditis where oral bacteria colonize on heart valves, so antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for at-risk patients before certain dental work to prevent this.
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and heart valves. It has varying presentations from subacute to acute. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and clinical criteria. Common causes are bacteria like streptococci and staphylococci. Complications include heart failure, embolic events, and kidney or brain infections. Treatment involves prolonged antibiotics and sometimes surgery.
This document discusses infective endocarditis, which is a microbial infection of the heart valves or inner lining of the heart. It forms vegetations composed of thrombotic debris and organisms that can damage the heart valves. It is usually caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream, with common culprits being streptococci and staphylococci. Risk factors include pre-existing heart valve problems, intravenous drug use, and dental procedures. It can range from acute to subacute and cause complications like heart failure, neurological problems, and kidney damage if not properly treated with antibiotics and possibly surgery to repair or replace damaged valves. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for worsening symptoms and preventing further infection.
Bacterial pathogens and associated diseases- I.pdfHhGk
This document summarizes bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. It discusses their structure, pathogenicity, diseases caused, and treatment. For Staphylococcus, it describes species S. aureus and S. epidermidis, how they evade the immune system through proteins and capsules, and diseases like food poisoning, skin infections, pneumonia. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is a major problem. For Streptococcus, it focuses on Group A Streptococcus including S. pyogenes, how they adhere and evade phagocytosis through M protein and hyaluronic acid capsule. Diseases include strep throat, scarlet fever, and skin infections. Proper hygiene and vaccination
infective endocarditis c1.pptx Cardiovacsular system infectionAbdulkadirHasan
Infective endocarditis is a serious infection of the heart valves. It occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and attach to areas of abnormal heart tissue. Symptoms may include fever, heart murmur, petechiae, and heart failure. Diagnosis is made using the modified Duke criteria and involves blood cultures, echocardiogram, and clinical features. Common causes are viridans streptococci and staphylococci. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics for 4-6 weeks to prevent complications like emboli, heart failure, and death. Long term antibiotic therapy and surgery may be needed for complex cases or persistent infection. Preventive antibiotics are given before some medical procedures to reduce the risk of infective endocard
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It typically involves the valves and can be caused by many pathogens. The most common causes are streptococci, staphylococci, and enterococci. Untreated infective endocarditis has a high fatality rate. The pathogenesis involves endothelial damage, platelet-fibrin deposition forming nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE), and microbial colonization of the NBTE resulting in bacterial vegetations. Local effects include valvular damage, abscesses, fistulae, and conduction abnormalities. Distant effects occur via septic emboli that can lodge in organs like the brain, lungs,
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart (endocardium) that involves the heart valves and adjacent structures. It is caused by bacteria or fungi entering the bloodstream and can lead to heart valve damage or death. Common symptoms include fever, fatigue, heart murmur. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram, and the modified Duke criteria. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy, which depends on the identified organism. Prevention focuses on proper dental hygiene and antibiotic prophylaxis for certain at-risk patients before invasive procedures.
This document discusses infective endocarditis, including trends, classifications, microbiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
- IE is an infection of the heart valves or endocardium that is usually caused by bacteria. Common predisposing factors include rheumatic heart disease and intravenous drug use.
- It is classified based on several factors such as the site of infection, causative organism, and underlying risk factors. Acute IE has a rapid course while subacute IE progresses more slowly.
- Common symptoms include heart murmurs, heart failure, embolic phenomena affecting organs like the brain, lungs and kidneys. Specific findings include petechiae, splinter
Prophylactic antibiotic coverage in dentistrysplendidlight
The normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity includes hundreds of microorganism species that live in the mouth, with the most common being streptococci which can cause infections like dental caries and periodontitis if they enter the bloodstream through procedures like tooth extractions; one such infection is subacute bacterial endocarditis where oral bacteria colonize on heart valves, so antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for at-risk patients before certain dental work to prevent this.
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and heart valves. It has varying presentations from subacute to acute. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and clinical criteria. Common causes are bacteria like streptococci and staphylococci. Complications include heart failure, embolic events, and kidney or brain infections. Treatment involves prolonged antibiotics and sometimes surgery.
This document discusses infective endocarditis, which is a microbial infection of the heart valves or inner lining of the heart. It forms vegetations composed of thrombotic debris and organisms that can damage the heart valves. It is usually caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream, with common culprits being streptococci and staphylococci. Risk factors include pre-existing heart valve problems, intravenous drug use, and dental procedures. It can range from acute to subacute and cause complications like heart failure, neurological problems, and kidney damage if not properly treated with antibiotics and possibly surgery to repair or replace damaged valves. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for worsening symptoms and preventing further infection.
Bacterial pathogens and associated diseases- I.pdfHhGk
This document summarizes bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. It discusses their structure, pathogenicity, diseases caused, and treatment. For Staphylococcus, it describes species S. aureus and S. epidermidis, how they evade the immune system through proteins and capsules, and diseases like food poisoning, skin infections, pneumonia. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is a major problem. For Streptococcus, it focuses on Group A Streptococcus including S. pyogenes, how they adhere and evade phagocytosis through M protein and hyaluronic acid capsule. Diseases include strep throat, scarlet fever, and skin infections. Proper hygiene and vaccination
infective endocarditis c1.pptx Cardiovacsular system infectionAbdulkadirHasan
Infective endocarditis is a serious infection of the heart valves. It occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and attach to areas of abnormal heart tissue. Symptoms may include fever, heart murmur, petechiae, and heart failure. Diagnosis is made using the modified Duke criteria and involves blood cultures, echocardiogram, and clinical features. Common causes are viridans streptococci and staphylococci. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics for 4-6 weeks to prevent complications like emboli, heart failure, and death. Long term antibiotic therapy and surgery may be needed for complex cases or persistent infection. Preventive antibiotics are given before some medical procedures to reduce the risk of infective endocard
Basic description of Infective Endocarditis from a Clinical and Microbiological point of view with description on Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Clinical and Laboratory diagnosis.
Infective endocarditis is a serious infection of the heart valves or endocardium that is usually caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream. It requires prolonged antibiotic treatment and sometimes surgery to address complications. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography to identify vegetations or abscesses, and application of the modified Duke criteria. Complications can include embolisms, metastatic infections, immune complex disease, and valve destruction. Prevention relies on antibiotic prophylaxis for certain dental and surgical procedures for at-risk patients.
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It can be acute or subacute depending on the virulence of the organism and host factors. Common symptoms include fever, heart murmur, and embolic phenomena. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram, and applying the Duke criteria. Treatment is with prolonged antibiotic therapy tailored to the identified organism. Surgery may be needed for complications or uncontrolled infection. Infective endocarditis has a high mortality rate around 25% depending on the organism and underlying heart condition.
This document provides information about infective endocarditis:
- Infective endocarditis involves infection of the heart valves and inner lining of the heart. Common causes are bacteria entering the bloodstream from dental, respiratory, or other procedures.
- The infection can cause growths (vegetations) on the heart valves that can break off and block blood vessels in the brain, lungs, kidneys or other organs.
- Risk factors include previous heart damage, dental and surgical procedures, and some reproductive or congenital conditions. Investigations include blood tests, cultures, ECG and echocardiography. Complications may require surgery to repair or replace damaged valves.
This document discusses various types of bloodstream infections including bacteraemia, septicaemia, and infective endocarditis. It provides details on the causative agents, pathogenesis, clinical features, complications, diagnosis and prevention. The key points are:
- Bacteraemia refers to the presence of bacteria in the blood without multiplication, while septicaemia involves bacterial multiplication in the bloodstream.
- Common causative agents of septicaemia are gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci such as Staphylococcus aureus.
- Infective endocarditis involves bacterial or fungal infection of the heart valves, with predisposing factors like rheumatic heart disease or intravenous drug
Infective Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria or fungi. It usually involves the heart valves. It is classified as either acute or subacute based on the virulence of the infecting organism and clinical course. Common predisposing factors are rheumatic heart disease and prosthetic heart valves. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause. Diagnosis is based on modified Dukes criteria using positive blood cultures, echocardiographic findings, and clinical features. Treatment involves long-term intravenous antibiotics and may require surgery for complications or poorly responsive infections. Endocarditis prophylaxis is recommended for certain high risk groups before invasive procedures.
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It occurs most often in older individuals, those with prosthetic heart valves or congenital heart defects. Common causes are streptococci and staphylococci bacteria entering the bloodstream during medical procedures or dental work. Symptoms can be non-specific but include fever, chills, heart murmur. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram and looking for signs of embolization. Treatment is long-term antibiotics or surgery if the infection damages heart valves severely. Prevention involves good oral hygiene and antibiotic prophylaxis before certain medical procedures to prevent bacteremia.
Infective Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria or fungi. It involves the heart valves, mural endocardium, or intracardiac devices. It is classified as acute or subacute based on the virulence of the organism and progression of symptoms. Predisposing factors include rheumatic heart disease and prosthetic valves. Diagnosis is based on modified Dukes criteria using blood cultures, echocardiography, and clinical signs. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy targeting the identified organism along with surgery in some cases. Endocarditis prophylaxis is recommended for high risk patients undergoing certain medical procedures.
Central-Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI) pause a major health problem in hospitalized patients. This disease is associated with people with a central line/tube inserted through the skin into the large vein, which can be used to give medicines, fluids, nutrients, or blood products to patients in critical conditions. The disease occurs when microbes enter through the central line invading the bloodstream.
This ppt of endocarditis consists of definition, classification, etiology, clinical presentation, risk factors, diagnosis, pathophysiology, pharmacotherapy, management of endocarditis
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It is caused by bacteria or fungi entering the bloodstream and colonizing the endocardial surface. Common causes are streptococci, staphylococci, and enterococci. It has an indolent subacute course or acute fulminant course. Diagnosis is based on modified Duke's criteria using positive blood cultures, echocardiogram findings, and clinical features. Treatment involves long-term antibiotic therapy guided by microbiology results with surgery for complications or antibiotic treatment failure. Prevention focuses on antibiotic prophylaxis for high-risk patients before certain medical procedures.
This document provides an overview of infective endocarditis, including its definition, epidemiology, anatomy, pathogenesis, classification, etiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and complications. Infective endocarditis is a bacterial or fungal infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It most commonly affects the mitral valve and is usually caused by streptococci, staphylococci, or enterococci. It can be acute or subacute and is diagnosed using the modified Duke criteria.
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves or inner lining of the heart that is usually caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream. It can cause inflammation of the heart valves and formation of vegetations, which can lead to heart failure, embolic episodes, or death if not treated properly with antibiotics and sometimes surgery. The document discusses the definition, causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis.
This document discusses infection control concepts, including the cycle of infection and how microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa can be transmitted. It explains that hospitals are sites for disease transmission due to gathering sick patients. Proper infection control practices like following established policies are important for healthcare worker and patient safety. Microorganisms can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact via fomites, vectors, vehicles, droplets or airborne routes. The body has natural and acquired defenses against infections that can be supported by vaccines and immunoglobulins.
Infective endocarditis is a condition where the inner lining of the heart (endocardium) becomes inflamed due to a bacterial or fungal infection. It often involves the heart valves and can cause growths called vegetations that can break off and travel to other organs. It is classified based on the causative organism (bacteria, fungus) and whether the person has a normal or abnormal heart/valves. Common symptoms include fever, heart murmur, skin lesions, and potential complications involving the brain, lungs, kidneys, and spleen. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and the modified Duke criteria.
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It is characterized by the formation of vegetations composed of platelets, fibrin, microorganisms, and inflammatory cells. It occurs more commonly in males and the elderly. Streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common causes. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and applying the Duke criteria. Complications include embolisms, heart failure, and metastatic infections. Treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy targeted to the infecting organism. Surgery may be needed for complications or uncontrolled infection. Antibiotic prophylaxis is now restricted to highest risk patients undergoing highest risk procedures.
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It is characterized by the formation of vegetations composed of platelets, fibrin, microorganisms, and inflammatory cells. It occurs more commonly in males and the elderly. Streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common causes. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and applying the Duke criteria. Complications include embolisms, heart failure, and metastatic infections. Treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy targeted to the infecting organism. Surgery may be needed for complications or uncontrolled infection. Antibiotic prophylaxis is now restricted to highest risk patients undergoing highest risk procedures.
This document discusses infective endocarditis (IE), a serious infection of the heart valves or inner lining of the heart. It provides details on the epidemiology, symptoms, physical exam findings, causative organisms, risk factors, diagnostic criteria (Modified Duke Criteria), investigations including echocardiography and blood cultures, and treatment approach for IE. Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause worldwide and viridans group streptococci are common causes after dental procedures. Diagnosis relies on modified Duke criteria incorporating positive blood cultures, echocardiogram findings, and clinical features.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Basic description of Infective Endocarditis from a Clinical and Microbiological point of view with description on Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Clinical and Laboratory diagnosis.
Infective endocarditis is a serious infection of the heart valves or endocardium that is usually caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream. It requires prolonged antibiotic treatment and sometimes surgery to address complications. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography to identify vegetations or abscesses, and application of the modified Duke criteria. Complications can include embolisms, metastatic infections, immune complex disease, and valve destruction. Prevention relies on antibiotic prophylaxis for certain dental and surgical procedures for at-risk patients.
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It can be acute or subacute depending on the virulence of the organism and host factors. Common symptoms include fever, heart murmur, and embolic phenomena. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram, and applying the Duke criteria. Treatment is with prolonged antibiotic therapy tailored to the identified organism. Surgery may be needed for complications or uncontrolled infection. Infective endocarditis has a high mortality rate around 25% depending on the organism and underlying heart condition.
This document provides information about infective endocarditis:
- Infective endocarditis involves infection of the heart valves and inner lining of the heart. Common causes are bacteria entering the bloodstream from dental, respiratory, or other procedures.
- The infection can cause growths (vegetations) on the heart valves that can break off and block blood vessels in the brain, lungs, kidneys or other organs.
- Risk factors include previous heart damage, dental and surgical procedures, and some reproductive or congenital conditions. Investigations include blood tests, cultures, ECG and echocardiography. Complications may require surgery to repair or replace damaged valves.
This document discusses various types of bloodstream infections including bacteraemia, septicaemia, and infective endocarditis. It provides details on the causative agents, pathogenesis, clinical features, complications, diagnosis and prevention. The key points are:
- Bacteraemia refers to the presence of bacteria in the blood without multiplication, while septicaemia involves bacterial multiplication in the bloodstream.
- Common causative agents of septicaemia are gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci such as Staphylococcus aureus.
- Infective endocarditis involves bacterial or fungal infection of the heart valves, with predisposing factors like rheumatic heart disease or intravenous drug
Infective Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria or fungi. It usually involves the heart valves. It is classified as either acute or subacute based on the virulence of the infecting organism and clinical course. Common predisposing factors are rheumatic heart disease and prosthetic heart valves. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause. Diagnosis is based on modified Dukes criteria using positive blood cultures, echocardiographic findings, and clinical features. Treatment involves long-term intravenous antibiotics and may require surgery for complications or poorly responsive infections. Endocarditis prophylaxis is recommended for certain high risk groups before invasive procedures.
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It occurs most often in older individuals, those with prosthetic heart valves or congenital heart defects. Common causes are streptococci and staphylococci bacteria entering the bloodstream during medical procedures or dental work. Symptoms can be non-specific but include fever, chills, heart murmur. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiogram and looking for signs of embolization. Treatment is long-term antibiotics or surgery if the infection damages heart valves severely. Prevention involves good oral hygiene and antibiotic prophylaxis before certain medical procedures to prevent bacteremia.
Infective Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria or fungi. It involves the heart valves, mural endocardium, or intracardiac devices. It is classified as acute or subacute based on the virulence of the organism and progression of symptoms. Predisposing factors include rheumatic heart disease and prosthetic valves. Diagnosis is based on modified Dukes criteria using blood cultures, echocardiography, and clinical signs. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy targeting the identified organism along with surgery in some cases. Endocarditis prophylaxis is recommended for high risk patients undergoing certain medical procedures.
Central-Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI) pause a major health problem in hospitalized patients. This disease is associated with people with a central line/tube inserted through the skin into the large vein, which can be used to give medicines, fluids, nutrients, or blood products to patients in critical conditions. The disease occurs when microbes enter through the central line invading the bloodstream.
This ppt of endocarditis consists of definition, classification, etiology, clinical presentation, risk factors, diagnosis, pathophysiology, pharmacotherapy, management of endocarditis
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It is caused by bacteria or fungi entering the bloodstream and colonizing the endocardial surface. Common causes are streptococci, staphylococci, and enterococci. It has an indolent subacute course or acute fulminant course. Diagnosis is based on modified Duke's criteria using positive blood cultures, echocardiogram findings, and clinical features. Treatment involves long-term antibiotic therapy guided by microbiology results with surgery for complications or antibiotic treatment failure. Prevention focuses on antibiotic prophylaxis for high-risk patients before certain medical procedures.
This document provides an overview of infective endocarditis, including its definition, epidemiology, anatomy, pathogenesis, classification, etiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and complications. Infective endocarditis is a bacterial or fungal infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It most commonly affects the mitral valve and is usually caused by streptococci, staphylococci, or enterococci. It can be acute or subacute and is diagnosed using the modified Duke criteria.
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves or inner lining of the heart that is usually caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream. It can cause inflammation of the heart valves and formation of vegetations, which can lead to heart failure, embolic episodes, or death if not treated properly with antibiotics and sometimes surgery. The document discusses the definition, causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis.
This document discusses infection control concepts, including the cycle of infection and how microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa can be transmitted. It explains that hospitals are sites for disease transmission due to gathering sick patients. Proper infection control practices like following established policies are important for healthcare worker and patient safety. Microorganisms can be transmitted through direct or indirect contact via fomites, vectors, vehicles, droplets or airborne routes. The body has natural and acquired defenses against infections that can be supported by vaccines and immunoglobulins.
Infective endocarditis is a condition where the inner lining of the heart (endocardium) becomes inflamed due to a bacterial or fungal infection. It often involves the heart valves and can cause growths called vegetations that can break off and travel to other organs. It is classified based on the causative organism (bacteria, fungus) and whether the person has a normal or abnormal heart/valves. Common symptoms include fever, heart murmur, skin lesions, and potential complications involving the brain, lungs, kidneys, and spleen. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and the modified Duke criteria.
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It is characterized by the formation of vegetations composed of platelets, fibrin, microorganisms, and inflammatory cells. It occurs more commonly in males and the elderly. Streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common causes. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and applying the Duke criteria. Complications include embolisms, heart failure, and metastatic infections. Treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy targeted to the infecting organism. Surgery may be needed for complications or uncontrolled infection. Antibiotic prophylaxis is now restricted to highest risk patients undergoing highest risk procedures.
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It is characterized by the formation of vegetations composed of platelets, fibrin, microorganisms, and inflammatory cells. It occurs more commonly in males and the elderly. Streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common causes. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and applying the Duke criteria. Complications include embolisms, heart failure, and metastatic infections. Treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy targeted to the infecting organism. Surgery may be needed for complications or uncontrolled infection. Antibiotic prophylaxis is now restricted to highest risk patients undergoing highest risk procedures.
This document discusses infective endocarditis (IE), a serious infection of the heart valves or inner lining of the heart. It provides details on the epidemiology, symptoms, physical exam findings, causative organisms, risk factors, diagnostic criteria (Modified Duke Criteria), investigations including echocardiography and blood cultures, and treatment approach for IE. Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause worldwide and viridans group streptococci are common causes after dental procedures. Diagnosis relies on modified Duke criteria incorporating positive blood cultures, echocardiogram findings, and clinical features.
Similar to Microbes affecting the Cardiovas Syst.pptx (20)
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
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Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
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2. Endocarditis
•Infection and inflammation of the endocardium (thin
lining inside the heart chambers, covering the valves,
and continuous with the linings of the blood vessels
leaving and entering
•Vegetations: are bulky masses of platelets and clotting
proteins that surround and bury the bacteria
Signs and symptoms
•Subacute
•Acute
3. Signs and Symptoms
• Fever, extreme fatigue, malaise, and breathing difficulty
• Tachycardia and murmurs
• Complications such as blood clots, stroke, and the complete
destruction of the heart valves, leading to heart failure, may
manifest
• Endocarditis most commonly affects the left atrioventricular
(mitral) valve, followed by the aortic semilunar valve
4. I. Infective endocarditis
microbial infection involving the endocardial surface of a natural
(native) heart valve or an artificial (prosthetic) heart valve.
Acute endocarditis: Usually fatal
Subacute endocarditis (SBE): Chronic
Risk factors: Congenital/Acquired disorders in the heart
• Valvular insufficiency/stenosis
• Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
• Prosthetic heart valves
• Patent ductus arteriosis (PDA)
• Coarctation of aorta
• Intracardiac catheters
5. Physical findings often include
Fever
a new or changing heart murmur
Splenomegaly
various skin lesions
Petechiae
splinter hemorrhages (on fingernails and toenails)
Osler nodes (tender subcutaneous nodules on the fingertips or
palms)
Janeway lesions (are nontender hemorrhagic lesions on the
palms or soles)
Rose spot (retinal hemorrhages)
10. Increases turbulence blood flow
Intracardiac abnormalities
Damage endothelial surface of the heart valves
Colonization by M.O’s + Fibrin + Inflammatory cells=Vegetation formation
Emboli formation
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. Bacterial Causative Agents
•About half are caused by viridans streptococci are not
highly invasive
•but can enter the blood through
•surgical wounds
•small lesions in the lungs during pneumonia
•lacerations of the gums
•including undetectable cuts produced by dental
procedures
•chewing hard candy
•brushing the teeth
16. Viridans streptococci
Although often alpha-haemolytic on blood agar, the
viridans group of streptococci can also be
nonhaemolytic and occasionally beta-haemolytic
A few species are pathogenic (e.g. S. mutans, S.
sanguis, S. mitis) causing endocarditis, bacteraemia,
and dental caries
Normal human GI tract flora
Nasophrynx
Diseases
Dental Infection
Endocarditis
Abscesses
17. Viridans streptococci
General characteristics
Large group of commensal streptococcal
bacteria species that are either α- hemolytic
or non haemolytic streptococci( from latin viridis
mean green)
Many of the bacteria produce green pigment on
blood agar media
Occurs in chains or pairs
these species are non-group able streptococci
In general their pathogenecity is low
Nutritionally they are fastidious
19. • Viridans strept. Have the unique ability to
synthesize dextrans from glucose, which
allows them to adhere to fibrin –platelete
aggregates at damaged heart valves.
• This ability helps them to cause sub acute
endocarditis following introduction to blood
stream(following dental extraction)
• No enzymatic and toxigenic effect has ever
been documented
20. The viridans streptococci colonize the
oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract and
genito urinary tract.
They are rarely found on the skin
surfaces , because the surface fatty
acids are toxic to them
The most commonly associated infection
are dental carries, sub acute
endocarditis, and suppurative intra
abdominal infection
21. Specific disease is caused by specific bacteria
Sub acute bacterial endocarditis is caused by
- S.gordonii - S.mitis
- S.mutans - S.oralis
- S.sanguis
Dental carries
- S. mutans and S. sobrinus
Abscess formation- S. anginosus , S. constellatus
and S.intermedius
Malignancy of GIT- S. bovis
22. Identification
Optochin sensitivity-sensitive-used to
differentiate from S.pneumonia
Lacks polysaccharide capsule and Lancefield
antigens
They are bile insoluble
S.pneumonia-bile soluble
Quellung test negative
Catalase negative
S.pneumonia almost have >99 % gen
sequence homology with S.mitis and S. oralis
23. Treatment
In the past , most strains of viridans
streptococci were highly susceptible to
penicillin but now penicillin resistance
virdans become common
Combination of penicillin with
aminoglycosides are effective for resistance
strains.
Cephalosporins and vancomycin to treat
serious infections caused by penicillin
resistant strains
24. Why is it important to differentiate S. pneumoniae from viridans
streptococci?
25. Other pathogens causing endocarditis
Opportunistic bacteria
• Staphylococcus epidermidis
• S. aureus from the skin
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Escherichia
Both opportunistic and pathogenic
• Neisseria, Pseudomonas, Bartonella , Mycobacterium
• “Culture negative” endocarditis is a condition in which the
causative agent either has not or cannot be cultured and
often remains unknown.
26. Pathogenesis
• Most patients with endocarditis have obvious sources of infection
such as an infected tooth, skin lesion, or intravascular catheter
• Intravenous drug users: at high risk of
• Patients with abnormal hearts
• birth defects
• scarring from previous bacterial infections
• heart valve replacements
Embolus: fragments of vegetation and blood clots, can break off and
travel via the blood to lodge in small blood vessels of the brain,
kidneys, lungs, or abdominal organs, interrupting the flow of blood
and causing severe damage.
• A stroke is such an interruption of blood flow through the brain
27. Genus Enterococci
Previously they were classified as group D
streptococci(group D glycerol teichoic acid )
Later it was recognized separately from non
enterococcal group D streptococci known as
S.bovis
The enterococci and non enterococcal groups
were differentiated on the basis of their
physiologic properties and with nucleic acid
analysis.
In 1984 , they reclassified in to new genera,
Enterococcus, currently 29 species are present
28. The most commonly isolated ,clinically important
species are Enterococcus faecalis and
Enterococcus faecium
Are gram positive cocci in short chains/pairs
It resembles S.pneumonia in microscopic
morphology
Facultative anaerobes
Grow at optimum temperature of 35 oC
Requires complex nutritional needs(B-vit, nucleic
acid bases, and glucose
Enriched sheep blood agar- large white colonies
Colonies can appear non-hemolytic, α-hemolytic,
or rarely β-hemolytic.
29. Grow in the presence of 6.5% NaCl and 40 % bile
salts , helps to distinguish from other catalase
negative gram-positive cocci
Enterococci are commensal organisms that don
not have a potent toxin or other well –defined
virulence factors
These bacteria have surface adhesin proteins that
allow them to bind to the cells lining the human
intestine and vagina host tissues,
secrete extracellular proteins with hemolytic
activity(cytolysin) and proteolytic activities
Enterococci can also produce can also produce
bacteriocins that inhibit competitive bacteria
30. • Enterococci are commonly recovered from
in feces collected from humans and fro a
variety of animals.
• E.faecalis are found in large intestine in
large numbers per gram of stool and in the
genitourinary tract
• Most infections are from patient’s bacteria
flora flora, some person to person spread.
• Hospitalization and broad spectrum
antibiotics increases the risk
32. Laboratory diagnosis
• Enterococci grow on non selective media,
blood agar and chocolate agar
• In gram stain it resembles with S.pneumonia
• Differentiated by biochemical
reaction(resistant to optochin, not soluble
by bile)
33. Treatment and prevention
• Enterococci developed inherent resistance to
many commonly used antibiotics (e.g. Oxacilline
and cephalosporins) or have acquired
resistance genes (e.g. To aminoglycosides and
vancomycin)
• Series infections requires combination of
aminoglycosides with cell wall active
antibiotics(P, AM and vancomycin)
• Avoiding broad spectrum drugs and infectious
control measures reduce the prevalence