1. The document discusses microvalves used in fluid control systems to open and close pathways based on pilot commands. 2. Microvalves provide leak-free operation through a unique snap-action design with no sliding seals or tight-fitting parts. 3. Applications of microvalves include pressure switches, level controls, air switches for pneumatic tools, and diverting valves to introduce additives to fluid systems.

1. Baghdad University
Al-Khwarizmi College of Engineering
Automated Manufacturing Department
micro valve actuator
by haider k. mohammed
date 31-12-2014

2.  A microvalve was a part of the fluid control system found as form of enclosed
space. Responding to commands from the pilot or copilot, the valve would
open or close to allow pressurized fluid to follow a certain path along the flow-
track to prompt various systems. Since its introduction in 1956, the Micro
Valve has provided successful service through thousands of applications.
Choose Micro Valve, the best valve to solve liquid, air and gas service design
problems. It absolutely will not leak. With other miniature valves, leakage
occurs when flow is redirected from one port to another. But with the Micro
Valve, flow is instantly redirected so there is no leakage. .With a unique, over-
center snap-action, it will give a quick, sure response. There are no sliding
seals, packing, or tight-fitting moving parts to leak, wear out or stick.
Therefore, no lubricants are required.
 Micro valves will withstand abrasive-bearing fluids. With all ports having some
connection, external contaminants cannot enter the units. Dirt and grit will not
prevent tight seating and will not cause the valve to stick.These valve offers
sure response, with no neutral position, and no varying time lag between
positions. Micro Valves maintain either position without holding force, and
cannot be vibrated or jarred out of position.Valve action is full-speed
regardless of operator speed or force applied. Trip-point position repeats
accurately and is essentially independent of the speed of the external
actuating device. Light operating forces are required and not affected by
operating pressure or flow rate. Shut-off is bubble-tight up to rated pressures.

3.  1- Passive microvalves
 A- mechanical
 B- non mechanical
 2-Active microvalves
 A-mechanical
 B- non mechanical
 C- external μ valve;
 1- the passive microvalves :- In this section, selected examples of passive
microvalves with mechanical moving parts will be briefly reviewed. Most
passive microvalves, or check valves, are incorporated in inlets and outlets of
reciprocal displacement micropumps as mechanical moving parts, such as
 1- flaps ,2- membranes ,3- spherical balls or 4- mobile structures (table 1).
Passive valves only open to forward pressure, showing diode-like
characteristics. The oneway behavior of these check valves significantly
affects the pumping performance of a reciprocal displacement micropump.
Leakage in the check valves reduces backpressure and pumping rate in the
micropump.

4. EM, electromagnetic; ES, electrostatic; PE, piezoelectric; TP, thermopneumatic; SMA, shape
memory alloy; C, capillary driven; G, gas; L, liquid; DI, deionized water; M, methanol; O, opening; C,
closing; PI, polyimide;P-Si, poly-silicon; SOI, silicon-on-insulator; Diodicity, the ratio of forward flow
to backward flow.

5.  Cantilever-type flaps were made of thin layers of silicon, metals or polymers
. Zengerle et al ,developed a bidirectional electrostatic silicon micropump by
actuating higher frequencies (2–6 kHz) than the resonance frequency (1–2
kHz) of a 5 μm thick silicon flap. Xu, reported 12 μm thick silicon flaps for an
SMA micropump. fabricated a pair of bivalvular silicon microvalves by using
the p+ etch-stop method. Each valve had two 2 μm thick flexible p+ silicon
wings with a slit width of 25 μm. Water flow rates of 1600 μl min−1 at 4 kPa
of forward pressure and 50 μl min−1 at 4 kPa of backward pressure were
obtained. Various static and dynamic simulations have been performed for
cantilever-type silicon flaps. Oosterbroek reported a new method to
fabricate duckbill-like flap microvalves with thin crystallographic planes on a
silicon wafer by an anisotropic wet etching techniques. The duckbill check
valves with dimensions of 1 mm long, 5 μm thick and 300 μm high showed
a forward-to-backward flow ratio of about 4.6at 30 kPa.

7.  Membrane check valves can be formed with bridges, holes or bumps . For large
movable distances, bridge-type membranes are generally used. A fabricated
bridge-type membrane valve integrated with a piezoelectric micropump. The check
valve with a nickel membrane held by four bridges (50μm×400μm each) supported
high pressures up to 10MPa.

 Bien et al developed a 2.5 μm thick polycrystalline silicon membrane valve held by
three bridges. The ratio of reverse to forward flow rates of methanol was found to
be less than 3% at a pressure of 11 kPa. A built 90 μm thick silicon membrane
valve using a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. A maximum flowrate of 35.6 ml
min−1was obtained at a forward pressure of 65.5 kPa, and a negligible leakage
flow rate of 0.01 μl min−1 was observed at a reverse pressure of up to 600 kPa.
The resonance frequency of the valve in air was 17.7 kHz.
 Membrane check valves were made of various polymer materials, such as
Parylene , SU-8, Kapton, Mylar or silicone , due to large deflections which in turn
lead to linear forward resistance. Feng and Kim [181] fabricated 4 μm thick
bridgetype Parylene membrane valves with a fundamental resonant frequency
around 1 kHz for a piezoelectric micropump. The dynamic behavior of the check
valves was studied along driving frequencies in detail. It is developed cerebrospinal
fluid shunt microvalves with a 6 μm thick Parylene membrane connected to an
anchor by bridges.

8.  The popular application of ball valves is for heart valve prostheses . The valve,
known as the Starr–Edwards heart valve, is designed for implantation in a human
body that has valvular disorders. It has a silicone rubber ball inside a Lucite cage
with thick struts and a machined ring orifice. The valve is inserted between two
chambers of the heart. If blood flow is regurgitated, the ball moves toward the
ring orifice and stops blood flow. In a similar manner, these ball-type valves were
miniaturized as passive check valves in micropump structures.
 It is used ball-type check valves for a piezoelectric micropump fabricated by
stereolithography. Each ball valve consisted of a cylindrical chamber connected to
a hemispherical chamber which contained a mobile ball with a diameter of 1.2
mm. When the valve was closed, the ball stayed in an inlet orifice. When negative
pressures acted on the valve, the ball moved upward and the fluid flowed through
the valve chamber.
 passive ball valves for an electromagnetic micropump with a PDMS membrane
embedded with a permanent magnet. A ball with a diameter of 0.7 mm was
encapsulated inside each conical hole shaped by a power blasting erosion process.
The characteristic curve of flow rates versus static pressures in the ball valve
showed similarity to the I–V curve of an electronic diode.

9.  Hasselbrink developed an in-line microvalve using a mobile polymer structure,
photo polymerization method inside microchannels. The mobile structures were
created by completely filling the microchannels of a glass microfluidic chip with
the monomer/solvent/initiator components of a non-stick photopolymer and then
selectively exposing the chip to UV light in order to define mobile pistons inside
the micro channels.
 Sealing pressures up to 30 MPa and actuation time less than 33 ms were
measured. Similar mobile structures in an on chip high pressure picoliter injector
were photo polymerized for HPLC applications by Reichmuth .The valve
element in the injector performed injection approximately two orders of
magnitude smaller than that in (from 10 to 0.18 nl) and demonstrated leakage
flows reduced by three orders of magnitude at similar pressure differentials
(from 9.6 to below 0.012 nl min−1).
 In addition, Seidemann fabricated an in-line check valve using a mobile SU-8
structure in a 360μm thick and 200μm wide microchannel. With higher inlet
pressures, the triangular shaped in-line valve suspended by an anchored S-
shaped spring resulted in the closure of the microchannel. The compliant spring
produced the restoring force for opening when the inlet pressures were
reduced.

10.  Flow is instantly redirected, so there is no leakage.
 Unique over-center snap action provides quick,
sure response.
 No sliding seals, packing or tight-fitting moving
parts to leak or wear out.
 Requires no lubrication; no need to introduce a
system lubricator.
 Suitable for vacuum service.

11.  Pressure switches.
 Level controls.
 Air switch to operate pneumatic tools and
pumps.
 Pilot operation of main valves.
 Limit switches on cylinder actuated devices.
 Diverting valve used to introduce additive to two
independent flow systems.
 Container filling or sampling with instant and
dripless shut off.
 Machine shop and assembly area for parts blow
off.

12.  1-
http://www.fmctechnologies.com/en/FluidCo
ntrol/Technologies/Invalco/LevelControls.asp
x
 2-
http://diyhpl.us/~bryan/papers2/microfluidic
s/Review%20-%20Microvalves.pdf
 3-
http://solidswiki.com/index.php?title=Micro_
Valves