MHC description
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
5 likes•156 views
This document provides an overview of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and T cell receptors. It describes the structure and function of MHC class I and II molecules, including their antigen binding grooves. The genetic basis for generating diversity in T cell receptors is also discussed. The key requirements for T cell activation, including TCR recognition of antigen presented in MHC context and co-stimulatory signals, are summarized.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Immunological tolerance and resistance
Immunological tolerance occurs when the immune system does not attack the body's own tissues. Central tolerance occurs during lymphocyte development and eliminates self-reactive cells. Peripheral tolerance maintains tolerance after lymphocytes leave the primary organs. Mechanisms of central tolerance include deletion of self-reactive T and B cells in the thymus and bone marrow. Peripheral tolerance prevents autoimmunity through deletion, anergy, and ignorance of self-reactive cells in secondary lymphoid tissues. Immunological tolerance is crucial for distinguishing self from non-self and preventing autoimmune disease.
Antigen
Antigens are substances that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against them. They enter the body through various sites and are then captured and presented by antigen presenting cells. There are several types of antigens including immunogens, which induce immune responses; tolerogens, which induce tolerance; allergens; and vaccines. An antigen's ability to induce an immune response is called its immunogenicity, while its ability to bind antibodies is its antigenicity. Properties that influence immunogenicity include the antigen's foreignness, size, complexity, degradability, and the recipient's genotype and age. Administration methods like dosage, route, and use of adjuvants can also impact immunogenicity. Antigens are classified as complete if they have
Complement system and innate immunity - classical & alternative pathways
The complement system is part of the innate immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear pathogens. It consists of around 20 proteins that are activated via three pathways: the classical pathway activated by antigen-antibody complexes, the lectin pathway activated by lectins binding to pathogens, and the alternative pathway which is continuously active at low levels. Complement activation leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex that forms pores in pathogen cell membranes to kill them directly or mark them for phagocytosis.
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. It is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
B-cell development.pptx
B-cell maturation begins with hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, where they develop through pro-B cell, pre-B cell, and immature B cell stages. During this process, immunoglobulin genes undergo rearrangement and expression of B cell receptors occurs. Immature B cells then migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues to complete maturation. Mature B cells circulate and are activated by antigen to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells or memory B cells through T cell dependent or independent pathways. T cell dependent activation induces affinity maturation, class switching, and generation of long-lived memory B cells.
Antigen
This document defines and describes antigens and what makes an effective antigen. It notes that an antigen is any substance that induces an immune response and antibodies specifically bind to antigens. The best antigens are large, complex proteins that are foreign to the host. Characteristics like size, stability, complexity and foreignness influence a substance's ability to act as an antigen. Bacterial proteins, viral capsids and parasitic molecules can all serve as antigens. The document also discusses epitopes, haptens, adjuvants and cross-reactivity in antigen-antibody binding.
Antibodies
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped glycoproteins produced by plasma cells that recognize and bind to specific antigens. They have two antigen binding fragments and a flexible stem region that allows them to bind antigens separated by varying distances. There are five main classes of antibodies - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE - that have different structures and functions such as activating the complement system, opsonization, mucosal immunity, hypersensitivity reactions, and B cell activation. Antibodies bind antigens with high specificity and affinity through variable regions in their light and heavy chains that recognize a diverse range of molecular shapes.
Lecture 15
T cells recognize antigens presented on MHC proteins by antigen presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. Activated T cells clone and differentiate into cytotoxic T cells that directly attack pathogens and infected cells, or helper T cells that coordinate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Cytotoxic T cells express CD8 and kill infected cells, while helper T cells express CD4 and stimulate B cell antibody production, macrophage activation, and proliferation of other immune cells through cytokine signaling. Suppressor T cells regulate the immune response to prevent excessive damage to self tissues.
Recommended
Immunological tolerance and resistance
Immunological tolerance occurs when the immune system does not attack the body's own tissues. Central tolerance occurs during lymphocyte development and eliminates self-reactive cells. Peripheral tolerance maintains tolerance after lymphocytes leave the primary organs. Mechanisms of central tolerance include deletion of self-reactive T and B cells in the thymus and bone marrow. Peripheral tolerance prevents autoimmunity through deletion, anergy, and ignorance of self-reactive cells in secondary lymphoid tissues. Immunological tolerance is crucial for distinguishing self from non-self and preventing autoimmune disease.
Antigen
Antigens are substances that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against them. They enter the body through various sites and are then captured and presented by antigen presenting cells. There are several types of antigens including immunogens, which induce immune responses; tolerogens, which induce tolerance; allergens; and vaccines. An antigen's ability to induce an immune response is called its immunogenicity, while its ability to bind antibodies is its antigenicity. Properties that influence immunogenicity include the antigen's foreignness, size, complexity, degradability, and the recipient's genotype and age. Administration methods like dosage, route, and use of adjuvants can also impact immunogenicity. Antigens are classified as complete if they have
Complement system and innate immunity - classical & alternative pathways
The complement system is part of the innate immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear pathogens. It consists of around 20 proteins that are activated via three pathways: the classical pathway activated by antigen-antibody complexes, the lectin pathway activated by lectins binding to pathogens, and the alternative pathway which is continuously active at low levels. Complement activation leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex that forms pores in pathogen cell membranes to kill them directly or mark them for phagocytosis.
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. It is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
B-cell development.pptx
B-cell maturation begins with hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, where they develop through pro-B cell, pre-B cell, and immature B cell stages. During this process, immunoglobulin genes undergo rearrangement and expression of B cell receptors occurs. Immature B cells then migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues to complete maturation. Mature B cells circulate and are activated by antigen to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells or memory B cells through T cell dependent or independent pathways. T cell dependent activation induces affinity maturation, class switching, and generation of long-lived memory B cells.
Antigen
This document defines and describes antigens and what makes an effective antigen. It notes that an antigen is any substance that induces an immune response and antibodies specifically bind to antigens. The best antigens are large, complex proteins that are foreign to the host. Characteristics like size, stability, complexity and foreignness influence a substance's ability to act as an antigen. Bacterial proteins, viral capsids and parasitic molecules can all serve as antigens. The document also discusses epitopes, haptens, adjuvants and cross-reactivity in antigen-antibody binding.
Antibodies
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped glycoproteins produced by plasma cells that recognize and bind to specific antigens. They have two antigen binding fragments and a flexible stem region that allows them to bind antigens separated by varying distances. There are five main classes of antibodies - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE - that have different structures and functions such as activating the complement system, opsonization, mucosal immunity, hypersensitivity reactions, and B cell activation. Antibodies bind antigens with high specificity and affinity through variable regions in their light and heavy chains that recognize a diverse range of molecular shapes.
Lecture 15
T cells recognize antigens presented on MHC proteins by antigen presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. Activated T cells clone and differentiate into cytotoxic T cells that directly attack pathogens and infected cells, or helper T cells that coordinate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Cytotoxic T cells express CD8 and kill infected cells, while helper T cells express CD4 and stimulate B cell antibody production, macrophage activation, and proliferation of other immune cells through cytokine signaling. Suppressor T cells regulate the immune response to prevent excessive damage to self tissues.
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
The adaptive immune system has four main characteristics: diversity, antigenic specificity, memory, and self/non-self recognition. There are two types of immunity: active immunity requires exposure to an antigen and develops over weeks, while passive immunity does not require exposure but provides immediate, short-term immunity without memory. The key cells involved are B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells, and effector T cells. B cells recognize antigens and become memory B cells or plasma cells, while T cells require antigen presentation to be activated and differentiate into helper T cells or cytotoxic T cells.
Major histocompatibility complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a cluster of genes found in all mammals that encodes proteins important for the immune system to distinguish self from non-self. MHC molecules are expressed on the cell surface and present peptide antigens to T cells. There are three main classes of MHC genes - class I presents endogenous peptides to cytotoxic T cells, class II presents exogenous peptides to helper T cells, and class III encodes non-antigen presenting proteins involved in immunity. MHC molecules have binding sites that allow them to bind a variety of peptide antigens through anchor residues, helping the immune system recognize a diverse array of pathogens. Polymorphism of MHC alleles within populations helps provide protection against rapidly mutating pathogens.
Antigens ms
This document defines key immunological concepts such as antigens, immunogens, epitopes, haptens, cross-reactivity, mitogens, and superantigens. It explains that antigens are substances that induce an immune response, while immunogens are antigens that specifically induce an effective immune response. It also discusses the differences between B cell and T cell antigen recognition and factors that influence antigen immunogenicity.
Innate immunity lecture
The document summarizes key aspects of innate immunity. It discusses physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as cells and proteins involved in innate immunity. Cells discussed include phagocytes like macrophages and neutrophils, which kill microbes via phagocytosis and release of enzymes, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide. Proteins of the complement system and acute phase proteins are also summarized. The roles of fever, interferons, and tumor necrosis factors in the innate immune response are briefly described.
Antibodies MBBS
Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are glycoproteins produced by plasma cells that bind specifically to antigens. They have a basic structure of two light chains and two heavy chains. Immunoglobulins can be classified into five main classes (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) based on their heavy chain constant regions, and have different structures, functions, and roles in immunity and disease.
Antigen
The document discusses key points about antigens and antigenicity:
1) An antigen is defined as any substance that stimulates antibody production when introduced into the body in a parenteral manner. Antigens must be foreign, chemically complex and of a size that can be processed by the immune system.
2) Antigenic determinants, or epitopes, are the specific sites on an antigen that antibodies and immune cells recognize. Determinants of antigenicity include an antigen's size, chemical makeup, susceptibility to enzymes, and degree of foreignness.
3) Antigens are classified as either T cell-dependent or T cell-independent based on their ability to induce antibody formation and generate immunological memory
Autoimmunity and Tolerance
The document discusses immunological tolerance and its breakdown which can lead to autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases. It explains the mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance that normally prevent immune responses against self-antigens. Failure of these tolerance mechanisms can occur through various causes like a breakdown of T cell anergy or loss of regulatory T cells, resulting in an immune response against self-tissues and the development of autoimmune conditions.
Transplntation class
Transplant rejection occurs when the immune system attacks foreign tissue from a transplant. There are different types of transplants based on how genetically similar the donor and recipient are. Allogeneic transplants between unrelated individuals are most likely to be rejected, while autologous and syngeneic transplants between identical twins have the lowest risk. The likelihood of rejection depends on genetic differences in proteins like MHC that allow immune cells to recognize foreign tissue. Immunosuppression drugs are used lifelong to prevent rejection by suppressing immune responses.
T cellppt
T cells can be categorized into several subsets including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells. Helper T cells assist other immune cells, cytotoxic T cells destroy infected and tumor cells, memory T cells provide faster responses upon reexposure to pathogens, and regulatory T cells suppress immune activation and prevent autoimmunity. Understanding regulatory T cells in HIV-1 could lead to new immunotherapy or vaccine strategies, but their exact role in HIV-1 pathogenesis requires further study.
Antigen processing and presentation
Antigen processing and presentation involves antigen-presenting cells ingesting and partially digesting proteins into peptide fragments, then displaying those fragments on MHC class I or II molecules. There are two pathways: endogenous antigens from within cells bind to MHC I and are recognized by cytotoxic T cells, while exogenous antigens endocytosed by APCs bind to MHC II and are recognized by helper T cells. Professional APCs like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells specialize in efficient antigen presentation and activation of T cell responses.
Complement system
The complement system is a group of proteins in the blood that helps antibodies and phagocytic cells destroy pathogens. It is activated via three pathways - classical, lectin, and alternative. Activation leads to a cascade of reactions that results in the formation of the membrane attack complex, which punches holes in the pathogen's cell membrane, killing it. Complement also aids in inflammation, phagocytosis, and immune adherence. The system is tightly regulated to prevent damage to host cells. Deficiencies can cause diseases like hereditary angioedema.
MHC major histocompatibility complex
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which are surface proteins that play an important role in identifying antigens and presenting them to T cells. It covers the different classes of MHC molecules, their structures, functions in immunity, and examples in humans (HLA) and mice (H-2 complex). MHC molecules present peptide fragments on their surface and interact specifically with T cells through anchor residues on the peptides. They are essential for self/non-self discrimination, defense against infection, and transplantation compatibility.
Immunoglobulins- Explained
Immunoglobulin molecules have a variable region made up of light and heavy chains that provides specificity for antigens. The variable region, called the Fab segment, contains hypervariable complementarity determining regions (CDRs) that form antigen contact points and allow for recognition of a diverse range of antigens. The Fc region mediates effector functions like complement binding and interaction with immune cells. The structural basis for antibody diversity lies in the highly variable amino acid sequences of the CDR loops within the Fab segment.
Mhc
The document discusses major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs), which are glycoproteins found on cell surfaces that present antigen fragments to T cells. It describes MHC Class I and Class II molecules, which present antigens from intracellular and extracellular pathogens, respectively. MHC genes were first identified as important in tissue graft rejection and show high polymorphism between individuals.
T CELL ACTIVATION AND IT'S TERMINATION
T cell activation requires two signals: 1) recognition of antigens displayed on antigen-presenting cells by T cell receptors and 2) co-stimulatory signals through molecules like CD28. This leads T cells to proliferate, differentiate into effector and memory cells, and perform effector functions. Proper activation requires interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid tissues, where costimulatory molecules are highly expressed. Dysregulation of T cell activation can lead to autoimmunity or susceptibility to infection.
Major histocompatibility complex
IT CONTAINS THE LATEST INFORMATION ABOUT MHC MOLECULE WHICH WILL BE HELPFUL FOR B.SC /M.SC/CSIR-NET/DBT-JRF/GATE STUDENTS. THIS IS IN VERY SIMPLE AND LUCID MANNER TO UNDERSTAND AND ONE CAN EASILY OPT FOR THIS TO PREPARE NOTES.
02.13.09(b): T-Cell Development
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Immunology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Immunology
B Cell Development
- B cell development begins with stem cells in the bone marrow, where they undergo a series of differentiation stages defined by immunoglobulin gene rearrangement under the influence of cytokines and contact with stromal cells.
- Successful rearrangement of the heavy and light chain genes leads to expression of a B cell receptor (BCR) and selection of clones that do not recognize self-antigens through deletion, anergy or receptor editing.
- Mature B cells that pass self-tolerance checkpoints are exported from the bone marrow to the peripheral immune system.
Cell Tolerance
This document summarizes a presentation about tolerance pathways in B and T cells. It discusses central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms that prevent immune responses against self-antigens. Central tolerance involves deletion of self-reactive lymphocytes in the thymus and bone marrow. Peripheral tolerance involves anergy, deletion, suppression, or ignorance of self-reactive lymphocytes in tissues. The document also reviews central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms specifically for B cells, such as deletion or receptor editing of self-reactive immature B cells in the bone marrow.
Antigen
Antigen is a substance that induces an immune response through the formation of antibodies or activation of T cells. Antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, or lipids. Immunogens are antigens that are capable of inducing an immune response on their own due to their large size, while haptens require a carrier molecule. Antigenicity refers to the ability to bind antibodies, while immunogenicity is the ability to induce an immune response. Factors like molecular size, chemical composition, dose, and route of administration can influence a substance's immunogenicity. Adjuvants are substances that enhance the immune response to an immunogen when used together.
Mhc lecture notes
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which plays a key role in immune response and organ transplantation. It describes the structure of MHC class I and II molecules, which present peptide fragments to T cells. MHC molecules are highly polymorphic and this variability allows recognition of diverse pathogens. The T cell receptor engages peptide-MHC complexes and accessory molecules provide costimulatory signals for T cell activation. Certain MHC alleles are associated with increased risk of various autoimmune diseases.
MHC and TCR
The document summarizes key aspects of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and T cell receptor (TCR) recognition. It discusses how MHC genes were found to be important in transplant rejection and immune responses. There are three classes of MHC molecules - Class I found on nucleated cells, Class II on antigen presenting cells, and Class III molecules like complement components. The TCR recognizes antigen peptides bound to MHC molecules. Both MHC and TCR are highly polymorphic and recognize antigens in a MHC-restricted manner.
More Related Content
What's hot
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
The adaptive immune system has four main characteristics: diversity, antigenic specificity, memory, and self/non-self recognition. There are two types of immunity: active immunity requires exposure to an antigen and develops over weeks, while passive immunity does not require exposure but provides immediate, short-term immunity without memory. The key cells involved are B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells, and effector T cells. B cells recognize antigens and become memory B cells or plasma cells, while T cells require antigen presentation to be activated and differentiate into helper T cells or cytotoxic T cells.
Major histocompatibility complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a cluster of genes found in all mammals that encodes proteins important for the immune system to distinguish self from non-self. MHC molecules are expressed on the cell surface and present peptide antigens to T cells. There are three main classes of MHC genes - class I presents endogenous peptides to cytotoxic T cells, class II presents exogenous peptides to helper T cells, and class III encodes non-antigen presenting proteins involved in immunity. MHC molecules have binding sites that allow them to bind a variety of peptide antigens through anchor residues, helping the immune system recognize a diverse array of pathogens. Polymorphism of MHC alleles within populations helps provide protection against rapidly mutating pathogens.
Antigens ms
This document defines key immunological concepts such as antigens, immunogens, epitopes, haptens, cross-reactivity, mitogens, and superantigens. It explains that antigens are substances that induce an immune response, while immunogens are antigens that specifically induce an effective immune response. It also discusses the differences between B cell and T cell antigen recognition and factors that influence antigen immunogenicity.
Innate immunity lecture
The document summarizes key aspects of innate immunity. It discusses physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as cells and proteins involved in innate immunity. Cells discussed include phagocytes like macrophages and neutrophils, which kill microbes via phagocytosis and release of enzymes, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide. Proteins of the complement system and acute phase proteins are also summarized. The roles of fever, interferons, and tumor necrosis factors in the innate immune response are briefly described.
Antibodies MBBS
Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are glycoproteins produced by plasma cells that bind specifically to antigens. They have a basic structure of two light chains and two heavy chains. Immunoglobulins can be classified into five main classes (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) based on their heavy chain constant regions, and have different structures, functions, and roles in immunity and disease.
Antigen
The document discusses key points about antigens and antigenicity:
1) An antigen is defined as any substance that stimulates antibody production when introduced into the body in a parenteral manner. Antigens must be foreign, chemically complex and of a size that can be processed by the immune system.
2) Antigenic determinants, or epitopes, are the specific sites on an antigen that antibodies and immune cells recognize. Determinants of antigenicity include an antigen's size, chemical makeup, susceptibility to enzymes, and degree of foreignness.
3) Antigens are classified as either T cell-dependent or T cell-independent based on their ability to induce antibody formation and generate immunological memory
Autoimmunity and Tolerance
The document discusses immunological tolerance and its breakdown which can lead to autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases. It explains the mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance that normally prevent immune responses against self-antigens. Failure of these tolerance mechanisms can occur through various causes like a breakdown of T cell anergy or loss of regulatory T cells, resulting in an immune response against self-tissues and the development of autoimmune conditions.
Transplntation class
Transplant rejection occurs when the immune system attacks foreign tissue from a transplant. There are different types of transplants based on how genetically similar the donor and recipient are. Allogeneic transplants between unrelated individuals are most likely to be rejected, while autologous and syngeneic transplants between identical twins have the lowest risk. The likelihood of rejection depends on genetic differences in proteins like MHC that allow immune cells to recognize foreign tissue. Immunosuppression drugs are used lifelong to prevent rejection by suppressing immune responses.
T cellppt
T cells can be categorized into several subsets including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells. Helper T cells assist other immune cells, cytotoxic T cells destroy infected and tumor cells, memory T cells provide faster responses upon reexposure to pathogens, and regulatory T cells suppress immune activation and prevent autoimmunity. Understanding regulatory T cells in HIV-1 could lead to new immunotherapy or vaccine strategies, but their exact role in HIV-1 pathogenesis requires further study.
Antigen processing and presentation
Antigen processing and presentation involves antigen-presenting cells ingesting and partially digesting proteins into peptide fragments, then displaying those fragments on MHC class I or II molecules. There are two pathways: endogenous antigens from within cells bind to MHC I and are recognized by cytotoxic T cells, while exogenous antigens endocytosed by APCs bind to MHC II and are recognized by helper T cells. Professional APCs like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells specialize in efficient antigen presentation and activation of T cell responses.
Complement system
The complement system is a group of proteins in the blood that helps antibodies and phagocytic cells destroy pathogens. It is activated via three pathways - classical, lectin, and alternative. Activation leads to a cascade of reactions that results in the formation of the membrane attack complex, which punches holes in the pathogen's cell membrane, killing it. Complement also aids in inflammation, phagocytosis, and immune adherence. The system is tightly regulated to prevent damage to host cells. Deficiencies can cause diseases like hereditary angioedema.
MHC major histocompatibility complex
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which are surface proteins that play an important role in identifying antigens and presenting them to T cells. It covers the different classes of MHC molecules, their structures, functions in immunity, and examples in humans (HLA) and mice (H-2 complex). MHC molecules present peptide fragments on their surface and interact specifically with T cells through anchor residues on the peptides. They are essential for self/non-self discrimination, defense against infection, and transplantation compatibility.
Immunoglobulins- Explained
Immunoglobulin molecules have a variable region made up of light and heavy chains that provides specificity for antigens. The variable region, called the Fab segment, contains hypervariable complementarity determining regions (CDRs) that form antigen contact points and allow for recognition of a diverse range of antigens. The Fc region mediates effector functions like complement binding and interaction with immune cells. The structural basis for antibody diversity lies in the highly variable amino acid sequences of the CDR loops within the Fab segment.
Mhc
The document discusses major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs), which are glycoproteins found on cell surfaces that present antigen fragments to T cells. It describes MHC Class I and Class II molecules, which present antigens from intracellular and extracellular pathogens, respectively. MHC genes were first identified as important in tissue graft rejection and show high polymorphism between individuals.
T CELL ACTIVATION AND IT'S TERMINATION
T cell activation requires two signals: 1) recognition of antigens displayed on antigen-presenting cells by T cell receptors and 2) co-stimulatory signals through molecules like CD28. This leads T cells to proliferate, differentiate into effector and memory cells, and perform effector functions. Proper activation requires interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells in lymphoid tissues, where costimulatory molecules are highly expressed. Dysregulation of T cell activation can lead to autoimmunity or susceptibility to infection.
Major histocompatibility complex
IT CONTAINS THE LATEST INFORMATION ABOUT MHC MOLECULE WHICH WILL BE HELPFUL FOR B.SC /M.SC/CSIR-NET/DBT-JRF/GATE STUDENTS. THIS IS IN VERY SIMPLE AND LUCID MANNER TO UNDERSTAND AND ONE CAN EASILY OPT FOR THIS TO PREPARE NOTES.
02.13.09(b): T-Cell Development
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Immunology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Immunology
B Cell Development
- B cell development begins with stem cells in the bone marrow, where they undergo a series of differentiation stages defined by immunoglobulin gene rearrangement under the influence of cytokines and contact with stromal cells.
- Successful rearrangement of the heavy and light chain genes leads to expression of a B cell receptor (BCR) and selection of clones that do not recognize self-antigens through deletion, anergy or receptor editing.
- Mature B cells that pass self-tolerance checkpoints are exported from the bone marrow to the peripheral immune system.
Cell Tolerance
This document summarizes a presentation about tolerance pathways in B and T cells. It discusses central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms that prevent immune responses against self-antigens. Central tolerance involves deletion of self-reactive lymphocytes in the thymus and bone marrow. Peripheral tolerance involves anergy, deletion, suppression, or ignorance of self-reactive lymphocytes in tissues. The document also reviews central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms specifically for B cells, such as deletion or receptor editing of self-reactive immature B cells in the bone marrow.
Antigen
Antigen is a substance that induces an immune response through the formation of antibodies or activation of T cells. Antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, or lipids. Immunogens are antigens that are capable of inducing an immune response on their own due to their large size, while haptens require a carrier molecule. Antigenicity refers to the ability to bind antibodies, while immunogenicity is the ability to induce an immune response. Factors like molecular size, chemical composition, dose, and route of administration can influence a substance's immunogenicity. Adjuvants are substances that enhance the immune response to an immunogen when used together.
What's hot (20)
Similar to MHC description
Mhc lecture notes
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which plays a key role in immune response and organ transplantation. It describes the structure of MHC class I and II molecules, which present peptide fragments to T cells. MHC molecules are highly polymorphic and this variability allows recognition of diverse pathogens. The T cell receptor engages peptide-MHC complexes and accessory molecules provide costimulatory signals for T cell activation. Certain MHC alleles are associated with increased risk of various autoimmune diseases.
MHC and TCR
The document summarizes key aspects of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and T cell receptor (TCR) recognition. It discusses how MHC genes were found to be important in transplant rejection and immune responses. There are three classes of MHC molecules - Class I found on nucleated cells, Class II on antigen presenting cells, and Class III molecules like complement components. The TCR recognizes antigen peptides bound to MHC molecules. Both MHC and TCR are highly polymorphic and recognize antigens in a MHC-restricted manner.
B Cell & T Cell Receptors.pptx
B and T cell antigen receptors are membrane-bound proteins that recognize antigens. B cell receptors (BCRs) are composed of immunoglobulin molecules that recognize intact antigens, while T cell receptors (TCRs) recognize processed antigens presented in the context of MHC class I or II molecules. BCRs are formed through somatic recombination, creating a diverse repertoire. TCRs also undergo genetic recombination of gene segments to generate diversity. Both BCRs and TCRs contain variable regions that determine antigen specificity and transduce activation signals upon antigen binding.
Major Histocompatibility complex & Antigen Presentation and Processing
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and antigen processing and presentation. It describes MHC molecules as polymorphic glycoproteins that play a role in discriminating self from non-self and participate in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. MHC class I molecules present endogenous antigens on most nucleated cells and interact with CD8+ T cells. MHC class II molecules present exogenous antigens on antigen-presenting cells and interact with CD4+ T cells. Antigens are processed into peptides of appropriate size and bound motifs to be presented in the binding groove of MHC molecules.
Mhc
The document summarizes key aspects of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC):
1) The MHC was discovered through studies of transplant rejection in inbred mouse strains, which showed that rejection depended on the genetics of the donor and recipient strains.
2) MHC molecules present peptide antigens to T cells and play a crucial role in immune responses, including transplant rejection.
3) MHC molecules are highly polymorphic and polygenic, with multiple variants of each type, which allows populations to recognize a wide variety of pathogens.
L3 MHC.pdf
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and T cell-mediated immunity. It describes how MHC molecules present antigen peptides on the surface of antigen-presenting cells to activate T cells. MHC class I molecules present peptides to CD8 T cells, while MHC class II molecules present peptides to CD4 T cells. Polymorphism in MHC genes allows for a diverse repertoire of MHC molecules between individuals, helping populations resist rapidly mutating pathogens.
Mhc
The document summarizes key concepts about the major histocompatibility complex (MHC):
1) The MHC was discovered through studies of transplant rejection in mice, which showed that rejection was dependent on the genetics of the donor and recipient strains.
2) MHC molecules present peptide antigens to T cells and play a key role in immune responses, including transplant rejection.
3) MHC molecules are highly polymorphic, with many variants within populations, in order to allow populations to recognize a wide variety of pathogens.
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Some potential causes of the immune system attacking the self in autoimmune diseases include:
- Genetic predisposition - Genes coding for the variety of MHC molecules can influence susceptibility. A T cell's ability to respond is determined by MHC genotype. Differences in MHC alleles' ability to present autoantigens can play a role.
- Environmental triggers - Factors like infections, drugs, trauma, etc. may trigger autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals by molecular mimicry or other mechanisms.
- Loss of tolerance - Failure to eliminate self-reactive lymphocytes during development or maintain peripheral tolerance can allow self-reactivity.
- Hormonal factors - Many autoimmune diseases are more common in women and fluctuate with horm
Major Histo compatibility Complex of Genes /certified fixed orthodontic cours...
Major Histo compatibility Complex of Genes /certified fixed orthodontic cours...Indian dental academy
The document provides information about the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a set of genes that encodes antigen-presenting molecules that play a key role in the immune system's response to foreign substances. It discusses how MHC genes were discovered through studies of transplant rejection between inbred mouse strains, and how MHC molecules present peptide antigens to T cells, triggering an immune response. The document also summarizes the structure and function of MHC class I and class II molecules, how they bind peptides, and their extensive polymorphism in human populations, which helps protect against rapidly mutating pathogens.Immunochemistry cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity operates through T lymphocytes that recognize antigens presented on self-cells. There are four main types of T cells: cytotoxic T cells that destroy infected cells, helper T cells that activate other immune cells, suppressor T cells that shut down immune responses after infection is cleared, and memory T cells that help mount rapid responses upon re-exposure to pathogens. T cells express T cell receptors that recognize antigens bound to MHC proteins on surfaces of infected cells. Recognition of foreign peptides activates immune responses that eliminate pathogens.
Mhc.anu
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which consists of glycoproteins found on cell surfaces that present antigens to T cells. MHC molecules are divided into class I and class II. Class I molecules are found on all nucleated cells and present antigens to CD8+ T cells, while class II molecules are found on antigen-presenting cells and present antigens to CD4+ T cells. The MHC was first identified as important for tissue graft compatibility.
Mhc
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which encodes MHC molecules that present antigens to T cells and play a key role in the immune system. It describes the three classes of MHC - Class I presents endogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells on all nucleated cells, Class II presents exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells on antigen presenting cells, and Class III molecules are involved in complement activation and inflammation. MHC molecules are composed of alpha and beta chains that form antigen binding clefts to present peptide antigens to T cells and initiate immune responses.
Receptors and signaling immunology
The T-cell receptor (TCR) is a heterodimer found on T cells that is responsible for recognizing antigen fragments. The TCR complex consists of an alpha and beta chain in most T cells or a gamma and delta chain in some T cells. The TCR is attached to the cell membrane and interacts with three signaling molecules - CD3δ/ε, CD3γ/ε, and ζζ - which propagate the signal received by the TCR into the cell. The TCR signal is enhanced by simultaneous binding of MHC molecules by the T cell's co-receptor, either CD4 on helper and regulatory T cells which binds MHC class II, or CD8 on cytotoxic T cells which binds
Major Histocompatibility Complex.ppt
The document summarizes the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which encodes proteins that play a role in self/non-self discrimination. It describes the structure and function of MHC class I and class II molecules. MHC class I presents endogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells, consisting of an alpha chain, beta-2 microglobulin chain, and a short peptide. MHC class II presents exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells, consisting of alpha and beta chains that bind longer peptides. Both are membrane-bound glycoproteins that present antigen to T cells via peptide-binding clefts.
Immunology 1
The document discusses T and B cell receptors. B cell receptors (BCRs) are membrane immunoglobulins expressed on B cells that recognize and bind antigen specifically. The BCR complex includes the immunoglobulin molecule and Ig-αβ heterodimer, which contains immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs that transmit activating signals. B cells also require coreceptor and accessory molecules like CD19, CD21, and CD40 to provide additional activation signals. T cell receptors (TCRs) recognize antigenic peptides bound to MHC molecules. The TCR complex includes the TCR heterodimer and CD3 and ζ chains that transduce signals. Accessory molecules like CD4, CD8, CD28
Immunology MHC.pptx
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are membrane-bound glycoproteins that function as specialized antigen-presenting molecules. There are two main classes of MHC molecules - class I and class II. Class I molecules present intracellularly derived antigens to CD8+ T cells, while class II molecules present extracellular antigens engulfed by antigen-presenting cells to CD4+ T cells. Both classes of MHC molecules form stable complexes with peptide ligands within a binding groove and display them on the cell surface for recognition by T-cell receptors.
17.histocompatability complex
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a cluster of genes found in all mammals that plays a key role in the immune system by helping distinguish self from non-self. MHC genes are organized into three classes: Class I presents antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II presents antigens to helper T cells, and Class III encodes proteins involved in immune functions. MHC molecules are highly polymorphic and vary considerably between individuals, helping the immune system recognize a wide variety of pathogens.
MHC.pptx
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a set of genes located on chromosome 6 that encode MHC molecules displayed on cell surfaces. MHC molecules control the immune response through recognition of self and non-self antigens. There are two main classes of MHC molecules - Class I molecules present intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells, while Class II molecules present extracellular peptides internalized by antigen presenting cells to CD4+ T cells. MHC molecules play a crucial role in the immune system through antigen presentation and recognition.
Epitopes and structure of antibodies.pptx
The document discusses the structure and function of antibodies and epitopes. It covers:
1) B cell and T cell epitopes and how they are recognized. B cell epitopes bind antibodies while T cell epitopes are peptides recognized by T cell receptors.
2) The structure of antibodies including heavy and light chains that form the antigen binding Fab regions and constant Fc region. Antibodies have a conserved domain structure that allows for infinite antigen specificity.
3) The different classes of antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD) and their structures, functions, and properties including complement activation, half-life, and interactions with cells.
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX by Pranzly.ppt
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which encodes MHC molecules that act as antigen presenting structures. MHC molecules are classified into three classes - MHC class I molecules present endogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells, MHC class II molecules present exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells and are expressed on antigen presenting cells, and MHC class III molecules encode complement proteins. The document describes the structure, mechanism of antigen presentation, and functions of MHC class I and class II molecules.
Similar to MHC description (20)
Major Histocompatibility complex & Antigen Presentation and Processing
Major Histocompatibility complex & Antigen Presentation and Processing
Major Histo compatibility Complex of Genes /certified fixed orthodontic cours...
Major Histo compatibility Complex of Genes /certified fixed orthodontic cours...
More from Subham Preetam
Alcohol and its effects on the body
Alcohol can have wide-ranging effects on the body's systems:
- It impairs brain function by altering neurotransmitters, which can negatively impact judgment, motor skills, and senses. Long-term use may lead to dementia or brain shrinkage.
- Excessive drinking increases heart workload and can cause arrhythmias, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease over time.
- All organs of the digestive system are at risk from alcohol abuse, including risks of certain cancers and bleeding. This may also impact nutrient absorption.
- Both the male and female reproductive systems are damaged by heavy drinking through effects like impotence, irregular periods, and increased disease transmission risk.
- Bones can become weaker due to impacts on
Cryptocurrency A brief History
Crypto-currency is a digital currency that works as a medium of exchange like normal currencies such as USD. It uses cryptography to secure transactions and control the creation of new coins. Some key points about crypto-currency are that it has no central authority, uses decentralized control, and works using public/private keys to verify transfers of value. Popular crypto-currencies include Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Litecoin. To use crypto-currency, users need a digital wallet to send and receive digital coins.
Basics of Artificial Neural Network
This document provides an overview of artificial neural networks. It discusses the biological neuron model that inspired artificial neural networks. The key components of an artificial neuron are inputs, weights, summation, and an activation function. Neural networks have an interconnected architecture with layers of nodes. Learning involves modifying the weights through algorithms like backpropagation to minimize error. Neural networks can perform supervised or unsupervised learning. Their advantages include handling complex nonlinear problems, learning from data, and adapting to new situations.
Fundamentals of Block chain Technology
This document provides an overview of block-chain technology and how it works. It explains that block-chain was originally created for Bitcoin as a digital ledger that distributes transaction data across a network of computers. Each computer holds a copy of the ledger and transactions are verified through consensus protocols. This makes the records more secure and transparent than a centralized system by preventing fraudulent transactions. The document also discusses how block-chain could improve online transactions by lowering security risks and errors through its distributed structure.
Beneficial use of Microorganism
This document discusses the beneficial uses of microorganisms in industry. It provides criteria for selecting industrial microorganisms, such as being able to produce large amounts of a single product efficiently. It then categorizes and gives examples of microorganisms used to produce various acids, vitamins, enzymes, and other compounds. Specifically, it notes that citric acid is produced by Aspergillus niger, lactic acid by Lactobacillus, and lysine by Enterobacter aerogenes. Overall, the document outlines how microorganisms are useful in producing commercial products through fermentation.
Recent Advancement in science (India part)
This is the basic development in all fields of science which is very helpful to Humanwalfare. (Presented by Subham Preetam)
Nanotechnology the Advanced Science
This document discusses various aspects of nanotechnology including nanomachines, nanoparticles, nanoelectronics, nanobiometrics, nanomanipulators, nanorobots, nanoelasticity, and carbon nanotubes. It provides definitions and examples of each topic. The key applications of nanotechnology include use in medical technology for disease detection and treatment, detection of toxic chemicals in the environment, and improving areas like renewable energy, agriculture, and space development. The document concludes that nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize many industries by 2020 but continued research commitment is needed.
Chandryaan 2
Chandrayaan-2 mission is a highly complex mission, which represents a significant technological leap compared to the previous missions of ISRO, which brought together an Orbiter, Lander and Rover with the goal of exploring south pole of the Moon. (Presented by SUBHAM PREETAM)
Coronavirus
This document discusses coronaviruses, including their classification, structure, replication process, transmission, and diseases they cause. Coronaviruses are spherical or helical viruses 80-220nm in diameter that contain a positive-sense RNA genome. They have spike, envelope and membrane proteins and enter host cells by fusing with the cell membrane. The RNA is then translated and new viral proteins are assembled and released via exocytosis. Coronaviruses are transmitted through respiratory secretions and cause up to 15% of common colds as well as more severe diseases like MERS, SARS, pneumonia, and gastroenteritis.
Membrane structure
The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that forms the boundary of cells. It is selectively permeable, allowing some substances to pass through more easily than others. Early models proposed that proteins were sandwiched between phospholipid layers, but the fluid mosaic model established in 1972 described proteins as being dispersed within and moving laterally through the fluid phospholipid bilayer. Membrane proteins have important functions including transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, and attachment to intracellular and extracellular structures. Membranes are synthesized in the ER and Golgi apparatus and their structure results in the selective permeability that allows cells to exchange materials with their surroundings.
Silk moth and silk production
This document provides information about silk production from silkworms. It discusses the different types of silkworms used for silk production, including the most common domesticated silkworm Bombyx mori. It describes the life cycle of the silkworm from egg to adult moth and the process of silk production, where silkworm larvae spin cocoons made of silk fiber. It also gives an overview of the sericulture industry and management processes involved in commercial silk production.
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY ON SLEEPING SICKNESS:
DETECTION OF CYTOKINE mRNA IN THE BRAINS OF Trypanosoma brucei brucei -INFECTED MICE
Guided by Subham and Presented by Swati
Food Packing
This document discusses intelligent food packaging. It defines intelligent packaging as packaging that can sense, detect, trace, record and communicate information to extend shelf life and improve safety and quality. The document outlines different types of intelligent packaging indicators and sensors, including time/temperature indicators, oxygen indicators, RFID tags, and intelligent and gas sensors. It provides examples of how these systems work and concludes that intelligent packaging is an innovative technology aimed at extending shelf life and improving food quality and safety while warning of potential problems.
Golden rice technology
Golden rice is a genetically engineered rice variety developed to address vitamin A deficiency. It contains beta-carotene, which the body converts to vitamin A. It was created by introducing two genes - one for phytoene synthase from daffodils and one for lycopene cyclase from soil bacteria. These genes allow golden rice to produce beta-carotene in the endosperm. Golden rice breeding programs are working to introduce it into popular rice varieties in countries with widespread malnutrition. The goal is to help reduce symptoms of vitamin A deficiency like blindness and increased disease susceptibility. While golden rice could help address malnutrition issues more sustainably than supplements, some disadvantages include potential allergies, reduced biodiversity, and
Immunotherapy
This document discusses how CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress natural killer (NK) cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Specifically, it finds that Tregs directly inhibit NKG2D-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo through a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-dependent mechanism. This suppression of NK cell function by Tregs effectively inhibits NK cell-mediated tumor rejection. The document explores this finding through experiments isolating spleen NK cells, Tregs, and tumor cell lines and analyzing their interactions both in vitro and in vivo in mouse tumor models.
Biosurfect againt Cancer
This document summarizes a study that investigated the cytotoxic effects of two microbial biosurfactants (S9BS and CHBS) against human embryonic kidney cancerous cells (HEK-293). The biosurfactants were found to exhibit cytotoxic effects against the HEK-293 cells in a dose-dependent manner based on MTT assays. Morphological changes and apoptosis were observed in the biosurfactant-treated cells compared to untreated cells. FACS analysis further confirmed the role of apoptosis in the biosurfactant-induced cytotoxicity through increased sub-G1 cells. The study demonstrates the potential for these microbial biosurfactants as anticancer agents through membrane disruption and apoptosis induction in cancer cells.
Inhibition effect of Garlic and Onion
The data shows that onion and garlic extracts can be used as potential candidates for preparation of anti-dermatophytic by Sir Subham.
Blast subham
This is mostly used to be understand what should blast use in biotechnology ...This was explained by Subham Preetam
Biosurfectant production
- The document describes research on a biosurfactant produced by Lysinibacillus fusiformis S9 that is capable of inhibiting pathogenic bacterial biofilm formation.
- The biosurfactant was characterized as a glycolipid through techniques like TLC, FTIR and NMR analysis. It was shown to inhibit biofilm formation of E. coli and Streptococcus mutants at a concentration of 40 μg/ml.
- Significantly, the biosurfactant was able to prevent bacterial attachment and biofilm formation equally well on both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces like glass and catheter tubing, demonstrating its potential for preventing biofouling in medical applications.
Ebola virus
The document summarizes information about Ebola virus and the use of blood transfusion as a potential treatment. It discusses:
1) Ebola virus was first identified in 1976 and causes viral hemorrhagic fever. The 2013-2014 outbreak in West Africa was the largest in history.
2) With no vaccine or reliable drug treatment, symptomatic care including blood transfusion from recovered patients has been used.
3) For blood transfusion to be effective and safe as a treatment, donors must be properly screened and blood must be type-matched to the recipient to avoid complications.
More from Subham Preetam (20)
Recently uploaded
Choosing The Best AWS Service For Your Website + API.pptx
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Artificial Intelligence for XMLDevelopment
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providers
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
AWS Cloud Cost Optimization Presentation.pptx
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany
Consult the full report at https://www.oecd.org/digital/oecd-artificial-intelligence-review-of-germany-609808d6-en.htm
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up Slides
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and Milvus
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy Survey
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
June Patch Tuesday
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
System Design Case Study: Building a Scalable E-Commerce Platform - Hiike
This case study explores designing a scalable e-commerce platform, covering key requirements, system components, and best practices.
Letter and Document Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Sol...
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on automated letter generation for Bonterra Impact Management using Google Workspace or Microsoft 365.
Interested in deploying letter generation automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
dbms calicut university B. sc Cs 4th sem.pdf
Its a seminar ppt on database management system using sql
Finale of the Year: Apply for Next One!
Presentation for the event called "Finale of the Year: Apply for Next One!" organized by GDSC PJATK
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdf
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Recently uploaded (20)
Choosing The Best AWS Service For Your Website + API.pptx
Choosing The Best AWS Service For Your Website + API.pptx
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providers
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providers
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...
Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany
Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and Milvus
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and Milvus
Deep Dive: Getting Funded with Jason Jason Lemkin Founder & CEO @ SaaStr
Deep Dive: Getting Funded with Jason Jason Lemkin Founder & CEO @ SaaStr
System Design Case Study: Building a Scalable E-Commerce Platform - Hiike
System Design Case Study: Building a Scalable E-Commerce Platform - Hiike
Letter and Document Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Sol...
Letter and Document Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Sol...
Nordic Marketo Engage User Group_June 13_ 2024.pptx
Nordic Marketo Engage User Group_June 13_ 2024.pptx
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdf
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdf
MHC description
- 1. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and T cell receptors Subham Preetam, Master in biotechnology Bhubaneswar, India, sspritamrath93@gmail.com
- 2. Teaching objectives • To give an overview of role of MHC in immune response • To describe structure & function of MHC • To describe structure & function of TCR • To discuss the genetic basis for generation of diversity in TCR • To describe the nature of immunological synapse and requirements for T cell activation
- 3. Role of MHC in immune response • TCR recognizes Ag presented in MHC – Context is important – Binding of Ag peptides in non-covalent • Two types of MHC (class I and class II) are recognized by different subsets of T cells – CTL recognizes Ag peptide in MHC class I – T-helper recognizes Ag peptide in MHC class II
- 4. Structure of MHC class I • Two polypeptide chains – Long α chain and short β
- 5. Structure of MHC class I • Four regions – Cytoplasmic contains sites for phosphorylation and binding to cytoskeleton – Transmembrane contains hydrophobic AAs – Highly conserved α3 domain binds CD8 – Highly polymorphic peptide binding region formed by α1 and α2
- 6. Structure of MHC class I Ag-binding groove • Groove composed of – α helix on 2 opposite walls – Eight β sheets as floor • Residues lining floor are most polymorphic • Groove binds peptides 8-10 AA long
- 7. Structure of MHC class I Ag-binding groove • Specific amino acids on peptide are required for “anchor site” in the groove – Many peptides can bind – Interactions at N and C-terminus are critical and “lock” peptide in grove – Center of peptide bulges out for presentation – Consideration in vaccine development
- 8. Structure of MHC class II • Two polypeptide chains – α and β – approx equal length
- 9. Structure of MHC class II • Four regions – Cytoplasmic contains sites for phosphorylation and binding to cytoskeleton – Transmembrane contains hydrophobic AAs – Highly conserved α2 and β2 domains binds CD4 – Highly polymorphic peptide binding region formed by α1 and β1
- 10. Structure of MHC class II Ag-binding groove • Groove composed of – α helix on 2 opposite walls – Eight β sheets as floor – Both α1 and β1 make up groove • Residues lining floor are most polymorphic • Groove binds peptides 13-25 AA long (some outside groove)
- 11. Important aspects of MHC • Individuals have a limited number of MHC alleles for each class • High polymorphism in MHC for a species • Alleles for MHC genes are co-dominant – Each MHC gene product is expressed on surface of individual cell
- 12. Important aspects of MHC • Each MHC has ONE peptide binding site – But each MHC can bind many different peptides – Only one at a time – Peptide binding is “degenerate” • MHC polymorphism is determined in germline – NO recombination mechanisms for creating diversity in MHC • Peptide must bind with individual’s MHC to induce immune response
- 13. Important aspects of MHC • How do peptides get into MHC groove? – Class I: peptides in cytosol associate with MHC – Class II: peptides from within vesicles associate with MHC golgi ER Class I Class II Ii chain Peptide in vesicle Displaces Ii chain
- 14. Important aspects of MHC • MHC molecules are membrane-bound – Recognition by Ts requires cell-cell contact • Mature Ts must have TCR that recognizes particular MHC • Cytokines (especially IFN-γ) increase expression of MHC
- 15. T cell receptor (TCR)
- 16. Role of TCR in immune response • Surface molecule on Ts • Recognize Ag presented in MHC context • Similar to Immunoglobulin • Two types of TCR – α β: predominant in lymphoid tissues – γ δ: enriched at mucosal surfaces
- 17. Structure of the TCR (αβ) • Heterodimer – α and β chains – approx equal length
- 18. Structure of the TCR (αβ) • Regions – Short cytoplasmic tail- cannot transduce activation signal – Transmembrane with hydrophobic AAs – Both α and β have a variable (V) and constant (C) region – V region is hypervariable, determines Ag specificity
- 19. Important aspects of TCR • Each T cell has TCR of only ONE specificity – Allelic exclusion • αβ TCR recognizes Ag only in the context of cell-cell interaction and in correct MHC context • γδ TCR recognizes Ag in MHC-independent manner – Response to certain viral and bacterial Ag
- 20. Genetic basis for receptor generation • Accomplished by recombination of V, D and J gene segments – TCR β chain genes have V, D, and J – TCR α chain genes have V and J
- 21. TCR and CD3 complex • TCR is closely associated with CD3 complex – Group of 5 proteins – Commonly called “invariant” chains of TCR • Role of CD3 complex – CD3 necessary for cell surface expression of TCR – transduces signal after Ag interaction with TCR
- 22. The “immunological synapse” • TCR-MHC interaction is not strong • Accessory molecules stabilize interaction – CD4/MHC class II or CD8/MHC class I – CD2/LFA-3 – LFA-1/ICAM-1
- 23. The “immunological synapse” • Specificity for Ag is solely in TCR • Accessory molecules are invariant • Cytokines change expression levels
- 24. The “immunological synapse” • Co-stimulation is also necessary for activation of T cells – CD28/CD80 or CD86 • CTLA-4 on T cells can also ligate CD80/CD86 – Inhibitory signal – downregulation
- 25. Key steps in T cell activation • APC must process and present peptides to Ts • Ts must receive co-stimulatory signal • Accessory adhesion molecules stabilize binding of TCR and MHC • Signal from cell surface is transmitted to nucleus • Cytokines produced help drive cell proliferation