The document summarizes events in Texas and Mexico between 1810 and 1825. It describes how Spain lost control of Mexico after Napoleon overthrew the Spanish king. This led to fighting between Spanish-born leaders and Criollos born in Mexico over control. It also discusses Father Hidalgo's call for equality and rebellion against Spain. Mexico gained independence in 1821 after Agustin de Iturbide announced the Plan de Iguala. However, Mexico then faced instability and frequent changes in leadership. To encourage settlement, the Mexican government implemented policies like granting land to Empresarios to bring settlers to Texas.

1. 1810-1825

2.  Equality – the same rights for all people.
 Rebellion – fighting against the government.
 Dictator – government leader with total authority.
 Grants – gifts of land.
 Empresario – a person given a grant by Mexican government
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to bring settlers to Texas.
Militia – a group of unpaid people that acts as an army
formed to keep order.
Tejanos – Mexican settlers in Texas.
Bilingual – able to speak two languages
Title – the ownership of land or property.
Anglos – people whose ancestors are from Britain; or white
people.

3.  In 1808 Napoleon Bonaparte took
over Spain and removed the king
of Spain from the throne. He
placed his own brother as the
ruler of Spain. Spain no longer
had a strong leader.
 Criollos (kree*OH*yohs), people
who were born in New Spain, but
had ancestors from Spain, and
Spanish-born (those from Spain)
began fighting each other for
control of Mexico.
 Neither group wanted the
Indians or the mestizos to have
power.

4.  Gave a speech, the
Grito de
Dolores, demanding
equality and same
rights for all people in
Mexico.
 He led the Indians
and mestizos against
the Spanish
Government.
 He was
captured, tried and
executed.

5.  Dr. James Long led a expeditions in
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September of 1821, from Mississippi into
Texas to help drive out Spanish.
His wife, Jane Long, vowed to wait for him to
return to Galveston.
The fort was deserted when supplies ran out
except for Jane, her 6 year old daughter and
a 12 year old servant.
She gave birth to her third child.
Dr. Long was killed during the expedition and
never returned and she left the area the
following March.
Because of her devotion to her family and
staying during the long winter, Jane Long is
known as the Mother of Texas.

6.  A French pirate that
attacked Spanish ships
in the Gulf of Mexico.
 He helped build and
had complete control
of Galveston Island for
a long period of time.

7.  Five years later in 1820
fighting began again.
 This time, Agustin de
Iturbide announced the Plan
de Iguala which sought to
make Mexico Independent.
 Many people, including some
Spanish soldiers agreed.
 Widespread rebellion
eventually forced Spain to
give up control of Mexico.
Flag of Spain

8.  In 1822 the Emperor
of Mexico, Agustin
I, ruled with complete
power as a dictator.
 Within a year, he was
removed from power by
another rebellion.
 In the following
years, Mexico had
several other leaders.

9.  Years of fighting in Mexico had destroyed
Spanish missions and presidio buildings in Texas.
 Farming and ranching nearly stopped.
 The city of Nacogdoches was turned into a ghost
town. Fewer people lived in Texas.
 Mexico feared it would lose Texas to the United
States because so few people lived there.

10.  The new Mexican
government began working
with Empresarios, giving
them land grants (gifts of
land) in order to bring
settlers to Texas.
 Empresarios were paid for
their expenses in addition
to receiving land.

11.  Under new Mexican law, Coahuila and
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Juan Seguin
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Texas were a single state.
Most people in Texas were natives of
Mexico.
When Spain was in charge, many Mexican
settlers moved into Texas.
These settlers, Tejanos, lived in San
Antonio de Bexar, La Bahia del Espiritu
Santo and Nacogdoches.
Some Tejanos began farms and ranches.
One of the well-known Tejano ranchers
was Erasmo Seguin. He and his son, Juan
Seguin, helped the “Texians”, as some
Americans that moved into Texas called
themselves.
Many Tejanos loyal to Spain left Texas.
The remaining Tejanos became loyal to the
new Mexican government.