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METHODS OF PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION PROCESS.pptx
- 1. METHODS OF PRIMARY DATACOLLECTION INTERVIEW- OBSERVATION –EXPERIMENTATION –PANEL METHOD – MAIL SURVEY –PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUE
- 2. OBSERVATION METHOD Observation isa technique that involves systematically selecting, watching, listening, reading, touching, and recording behavior and characteristics of living beings, objects, or phenomena without making and disturbances.
- 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF OBSERVATION METHOD •Both physical and mental activity • It is selective. Not entire element. • Purposive & not casual • Capture natural social context of participant • Grasp the significant event and occurrence • Use standard tools • Planned activity
- 4. CONDITIONS • When respondents’are not aware of the research concept. • Accurate information 150 cannot be elicited by questioning • Not cooperative.
- 5. Examples • Interaction ina group • Study the dietary patterns of a population • Ascertain the functions performed by a worker • Study the behaviour or personality traits of an individual.
- 6. TYPES OF OBSERVATIONMETHOD • Participant : Researcher becomes a member of the observed group. • Non-participant: Researcher remains stay away from the study group & observe from the distance. • Controlled: Observation performed in a controlled settings either in lab or under the control of researcher • Uncontrolled: Researcher has no control over the variables and observe the natural behavior • Direct: Researcher directly visit or participate the place • Indirect: Researcher hide himself & use electronic devices – CCTV, mic.
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- 13. EVALUATION OF OBSERVATION METHOD •Directness – Observe behavior • Avoid fake or artificial behavior like in the Interview method. • Suitable to the groups who are unable to articulate their feelings: children, animals, birds. • Opportunity to observe the participants background and other social variables. • Chance to capture the whole event • Not suitable to study past • Not for observe attitude & feelings • Representation sample is not possible • Need more patience to wait for the event to occur. Convenient of researcher is not fulfilled • Observer should present at the place (to predict the occurrence of the event) • Slow & Expensive MERITS DEMERITS
- 14. INTERVIEW • A twoway systematic conversation between an investigator and an informant, initiated for obtaining information relevant to a specific study. • It involves not only conversation, but also learning from the respondents’ gestures, facial expressions, pauses and the environment.
- 15. CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERVIEW •Both the interviewer and respondents are strangers • Relationship between both the parties are transitory/ temporary. • Interview is a specific purpose not a casual conversation • Verbal questions and answers/ responses • Time period is not regulated • Time is an interactional process • Flexible
- 16. TYPES OF INTERVIEWSBASED ON METHODOLOGY • Structured/ Directive - Same set of questions to all the candidates/ so formal • Unstructured/ Non-directive- Depends on the interviewees, questions can be varied. Useful for case studies. • Focused/ Semi-Structured- Very specific to a analyzing the experiences of particular case/ incident to which the respondents are exposed (e.g. Car accidents, thriller games, victim of kidnap/theft) • Clinical: To analyze the impact of specific situations and respondents’ feelings, attitude and broad underlying motivations. • Depth: Trained or professional interviewer can probe respondents’ to express about specific phenomenon.
- 17. TYPES OF INTERVIEWSBASED ON TECHNIQUES • Telephone Interview- Conduct interview over mobile calls. Non-directive method. • Group Interview: Group of interviewees will be interviewed simultaneously.
- 18. TELEPHONE INTERVIEW MERITS • Timeis less • Less Cost • Quality of data • Can avoid field work • Respondents who are geographically disbursed can be included DEMERITS • Contact only limited persons • Time Limit of interview create frustration • Personal matters can’t be asked • Complex questionnaire can’t be collected • Respondents’ background can’t be recorded • Not possible to show Visual aids • Identity can not be collected & ensured
- 19. GROUP INTERVIEW MERITS • Respondentscan comment freely • Flexible • Possible to show Visual aids • Time is saved • Additional expressions DEMERITS • Representative sample cannot be collected • Group can be dominated by one person • Artificial data can be given • Problems can be created
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- 21. TIPS TO HAVEEFFECTIVE TRAINER • Analyze the background of the interviewees • Greet them before start the interview • Give good introduction about you and the purpose of interview • Build good rapport before start the interview • Give freedom to talk/ express their opinion (Don’t Interrupt) • Maintain patience during interview • Avoid negative/ embarrassing/ personal questions • Have good ending by thank them and share feedback.
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- 23. • Study theeffect of dependent variable on independent variables (casual relationship). • E.g. • Impact of advertising on sales. • Effect of new teaching methodology on semester marks • EXPERIMENTATION
- 24. TYPES OF EXPERIMENTATION LABORATORY •Experiment conducted in a purposefully created artificial environment. • Science Lab • Agriculture field • Class room settings FIELD • Experiment conducted in a real-life situation. • Super market • Natural environment • Prison
- 25. EVALUATION OF LAB EXPERIMENTATION MERITS •Have complete control over the variables • Manipulate the variables • High degree of specificity • Precise results • Convenient of researchers DEMERITS • Costly • Less flexibility • Impossible to create natural settings. • Outcome can be differed in real-life • In real-life, several variables influence the dependent variables.
- 26. EVALUATION OF REAL-LIFE EXPERIMENTATION MERITS •Real life situation • Applicable for social science research • Suitable for studying complex situations. • Direct practical application DEMERITS • Practical difficulty • Permission can be denied • Lack of precision • Difficult process • Time-consuming
- 27. • Longitudinal study •Same set of respondents are studied for longer time period by using either by mail, or interview. • E.g. • Consumer preference • Medical study • Expenditure pattern • Economic condition PANEL METHOD
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- 29. EVALUATION OF PANELMETHOD MERITS • Collection of more accurate data for longitudinal study • Useful for before & after study • Useful to study the trends in preference, attitude & etc. • Create an evidence • Facilitate depth interview DEMERITS • Very expensive • Non-cooperation • Non- participation • Due to external factors, attitude can differed • Quality of data depends on panel- conditioning
- 30. • Ask therespondents to fill the questionnaire without having any oral conversation. MAIL SURVEY/ QUESTIONNAIRE
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- 32. PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES • Asubset of personality testing in which the examinee is given a simple unstructured task, with a goal of uncovering personality characteristics. • Indirect and unstructured methods of investigation which have been developed by the psychologists. • Use projection of respondents for inferring about underline motives, urges or intentions which cannot be secure through direct questioning as the respondent either resists to reveal them or is unable to figure out himself.
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- 41. DRAWBACKS • Highly trainedinterviewers and skilled interpreters are needed. • Interpreters bias can be there. • It is a costly method. • The respondent selected may not be representative of the entire population.
- 42. • The surveymethod is the practice of gathering data for a study by asking people questions related to your research. • Typically, researchers survey people who have particular knowledge, insights or experiences related to the study • SURVEY
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