This document discusses various methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides details on:
- Types of primary and secondary data collection
- Methods like observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules for collecting primary data
- Advantages and disadvantages of different data collection methods like observation, personal interviews, telephone interviews, and questionnaires
- Key aspects to consider when designing questionnaires like question wording, sequence, and structure
The document discusses the characteristics, functions, types, and construction of questionnaires. It provides details on:
- Questionnaires should be short, simple, objective and avoid embarrassing questions.
- Functions include description and measurement of variables like attitudes and opinions.
- Types include fixed-response and open-ended questionnaires, and mail-administered vs face-to-face.
- Constructing a questionnaire involves deciding what to measure, the type, writing drafts, pretesting, and specifying procedures.
Interview Method for Qualitative ResearchPun Yanut
Interview is the verbal conversation between two people with the objective of collecting relevant information for the purpose of research.
Interviewing, a method for conducting research, is a technique used to understand the experiences of others.
McNamra (1999), the interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic.
Interview may be useful as follow-up to certain respondent
The document provides guidance on conducting effective interviews for research purposes. It discusses preparing for an interview by developing questions and researching the interviewee. It also covers conducting the interview, including etiquette, note-taking, and flexibility. The document concludes by addressing following up with the interviewee and thanking them for their time.
This document discusses survey research methodology. It defines surveys as collecting data directly from a population or sample using a set of questions. The main types of surveys are described as cross-sectional, longitudinal, cohort, trend, and panel studies. The key steps in survey research are planning, sampling, constructing the instrument, conducting the survey, and processing the data. Validity and reliability are also addressed, along with limitations, ethics, and tools used in survey research.
This document discusses three common data collection methods: observation, interview, and questionnaire. Observation involves personally watching and interacting with research subjects and can be participatory or non-participatory. Interviews are verbal conversations with research participants that can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured. Questionnaires are paper surveys containing a list of questions for respondents to answer in writing.
This document discusses interview as a method for research. It defines interviews and describes three main types: structured, unstructured, and semi-structured. It outlines advantages like feedback and probing answers, and disadvantages like costs and lack of anonymity. Characteristics of interviewing covered include preparation, sampling techniques, structuring questions, and controlling the interview process. Qualities of a good interviewer and ensuring reliability and validity are also discussed. The document concludes with considerations for recording interviews like equipment and transcription, as well as record keeping.
It contains all the data collection methods like interview method,observation method, questionnaire method, schedule method and other methods of data collection.
Doing Qualitative Interview (updated jan 2011) Hora Tjitra
Introduction lecture to qualitative data collection. Doing interviewing, what are important, what to pay attention to, what different types of interviewing, critical discussion on doing qualitative interviewing.
The document discusses the characteristics, functions, types, and construction of questionnaires. It provides details on:
- Questionnaires should be short, simple, objective and avoid embarrassing questions.
- Functions include description and measurement of variables like attitudes and opinions.
- Types include fixed-response and open-ended questionnaires, and mail-administered vs face-to-face.
- Constructing a questionnaire involves deciding what to measure, the type, writing drafts, pretesting, and specifying procedures.
Interview Method for Qualitative ResearchPun Yanut
Interview is the verbal conversation between two people with the objective of collecting relevant information for the purpose of research.
Interviewing, a method for conducting research, is a technique used to understand the experiences of others.
McNamra (1999), the interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic.
Interview may be useful as follow-up to certain respondent
The document provides guidance on conducting effective interviews for research purposes. It discusses preparing for an interview by developing questions and researching the interviewee. It also covers conducting the interview, including etiquette, note-taking, and flexibility. The document concludes by addressing following up with the interviewee and thanking them for their time.
This document discusses survey research methodology. It defines surveys as collecting data directly from a population or sample using a set of questions. The main types of surveys are described as cross-sectional, longitudinal, cohort, trend, and panel studies. The key steps in survey research are planning, sampling, constructing the instrument, conducting the survey, and processing the data. Validity and reliability are also addressed, along with limitations, ethics, and tools used in survey research.
This document discusses three common data collection methods: observation, interview, and questionnaire. Observation involves personally watching and interacting with research subjects and can be participatory or non-participatory. Interviews are verbal conversations with research participants that can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured. Questionnaires are paper surveys containing a list of questions for respondents to answer in writing.
This document discusses interview as a method for research. It defines interviews and describes three main types: structured, unstructured, and semi-structured. It outlines advantages like feedback and probing answers, and disadvantages like costs and lack of anonymity. Characteristics of interviewing covered include preparation, sampling techniques, structuring questions, and controlling the interview process. Qualities of a good interviewer and ensuring reliability and validity are also discussed. The document concludes with considerations for recording interviews like equipment and transcription, as well as record keeping.
It contains all the data collection methods like interview method,observation method, questionnaire method, schedule method and other methods of data collection.
Doing Qualitative Interview (updated jan 2011) Hora Tjitra
Introduction lecture to qualitative data collection. Doing interviewing, what are important, what to pay attention to, what different types of interviewing, critical discussion on doing qualitative interviewing.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. It describes observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules as the main methods for collecting primary data. It provides details on the types, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. It also discusses other techniques like surveys, audits, and panels. For secondary data, it notes that this involves using already available data from sources like governments, organizations, and past research. The key methods are summarized in 3 sentences or less.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand social phenomena through natural settings and the meanings and experiences of participants. Qualitative research employs descriptive data from real-world contexts and inductive analysis to describe findings from the participants' perspectives. Some key methods are participant observation, interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research is flexible and asks open-ended questions to get complex responses. It can help interpret quantitative data by explaining real-world situations.
Different Methods of Collection of DataP. Veeresha
Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting data.
Data are the basic inputs to any decision making process in any fields like education, business, industries…. etc
The primary data are those which are collected afresh and for the first time, and thus happen to be original in character. It is real time data and which are collected by the researcher himself.
Secondary data means data that are already available i.e., they refer to the data which have already been collected and analyzed by someone else.
The document discusses different aspects of designing questionnaires for research. It defines what a questionnaire is, highlights qualities of a good questionnaire such as meeting research objectives and obtaining accurate information. It also outlines major points for an effective questionnaire including organization, wording and brevity. The document describes two types of questionnaires - open-ended and close-ended - and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses research surveys. It defines what a survey is, provides examples of group members conducting a survey, and describes the main purposes and types of surveys. The types of surveys discussed include personal interviews, telephone interviews, mail surveys, and internet surveys. The document also outlines the key steps in conducting survey research and lists the main advantages and disadvantages of using surveys.
An interview is generally a qualitative research technique which involves asking open-ended questions to converse with respondents and collect elicit data about a subject. ...
Structured interviews are excessively used in survey research with the intention of maintaining uniformity throughout all the interview sessions.
Qualitative research is a scientific method of investigation that seeks to understand and explain social phenomena through analysis of people's experiences. It involves collecting data in natural settings through methods like interviews, observations and focus groups. The data collected consists of words and images rather than numbers. Three common qualitative methods are participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research is characterized by its inductive approach, focus on meanings and experiences, flexible design, and interpretation of findings. It aims to gain an in-depth understanding of issues rather than generalizing to a population.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data, including primary and secondary data collection. It describes primary data collection methods such as experiments, surveys, observation, and interviews. Specifically, it outlines structured and unstructured observation, as well as participant and non-participant observation. It also discusses personal interviews, questionnaires/schedules, and their advantages and disadvantages. Secondary data collection involves using existing data from government publications, organizations, and other sources. When using secondary data, the researcher must evaluate its reliability, suitability, and adequacy for the research purpose.
This document discusses survey research and provides definitions and classifications of different types of research. It defines survey research as collecting data to test hypotheses or answer questions about people's opinions. There are two main types of survey designs: cross-sectional surveys, which collect data from individuals at a single point in time, and longitudinal surveys, which collect data over multiple times. Conducting a survey involves sampling from a population and collecting data through questionnaires or interviews. The document outlines best practices for designing and administering questionnaires and interviews for survey research.
This document discusses various tools for data collection, including questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. Questionnaires allow collection of subjective and objective data from a large sample through a structured set of questions. Interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or in-depth and open-ended to collect qualitative information. Focus groups stimulate discussion around a topic among 8-10 participants led by a facilitator. Each tool has advantages like completeness of data but also disadvantages like bias or difficulty in analysis.
This document discusses various aspects of conducting qualitative interviews for research purposes. It defines key terms, describes different types of interviews including informal, general guide, and standardized interviews. It covers telephone interviews, training interviewers to reduce bias, preparing for interviews, and procedures for conducting and analyzing interviews. The goal of qualitative interviews is to understand participants' meanings and experiences on a deeper level through open-ended questioning and probes.
Telephone survey method, its merits and demeritsSUMAN BISWAS
A telephone survey is a method of public opinion polling where researchers contact potential respondents by telephone to ask them questions. It has advantages like rapid data collection, quick processing, anonymity, flexibility, and accessibility in many countries. However, it also has drawbacks such as the inability to use visual materials, issues with call screening, limitations on open-ended questions, potential wariness or inattentiveness from respondents, and possible network problems.
Interview as a method for qualitative researchdianejanzen
The document discusses interview as a method for qualitative research. It defines qualitative research interviews as seeking to understand the meanings and themes in subjects' lives. There are several types of interviews described, including informal conversations, standardized questions, and closed questions. Proper training of interviewers is important to minimize bias and get quality responses. Questions should cover behaviors, opinions, feelings and be asked in a logical sequence. The interview process involves preparation, recording responses, and analysis.
A questionnaire is a research tool used to gather information from a specific demographic in order to achieve research objectives. It should be short, clear, objective and avoid embarrassing questions. Questionnaires provide factual, behavioral, and attitudinal information. They describe populations and measure variables like attitudes. Good questionnaire design involves determining question content, format, wording and sequence. Questionnaires standardize data collection but lack validity checks and insight into responses.
The document provides an overview of survey research and questionnaire design. It discusses that surveys are used to collect data and facts from a target population about a certain situation or issue. The key steps in survey research include developing hypotheses, designing the survey questions and format, sampling, data collection, analysis, and reporting findings. It also describes different types of surveys, methods of data collection including mail, interview and telephone surveys, and considerations for question structure, format, and response options. The document emphasizes that carefully designing and testing the questionnaire is important for effective survey research.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. It describes primary data collection methods like observation, interviews (structured and unstructured), questionnaires, and surveys. It also discusses secondary data sources and factors to consider when using secondary data like reliability, suitability, and adequacy. The key methods covered include observation, personal interviews, telephone interviews, questionnaires, and surveys. It provides details on the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
This document discusses questionnaires as a tool for data collection in nursing research. It defines questionnaires as structured self-report instruments used to gather information from subjects through written or verbal responses. The document outlines the key features, types, questions, format, administration, advantages, and limitations of questionnaires. It emphasizes that questionnaires are commonly used in descriptive nursing studies to gather a broad spectrum of information from subjects about facts, beliefs, attitudes, opinions, and knowledge.
Grounded theory is a systematic qualitative research methodology that uses inductive reasoning to generate new theories about a phenomenon. Rather than starting with a hypothesis, grounded theory involves collecting data through methods like interviews and observations, then coding and analyzing the data to discover concepts and relationships that help explain the process or interaction being studied. The theory is "grounded" in the data. Grounded theory was developed in the 1960s by sociologists Glaser and Strauss and involves open, selective, and theoretical coding to iteratively build theories directly supported by the data. It is useful for exploring new domains and leveraging human tendencies to interpret and theorize.
Qualitative research uses words rather than numbers to understand phenomena through interviews, observations and documents. It is useful when little is known about a condition or environment. Some key characteristics of qualitative research include studying things in their natural settings, using the researcher as the instrument of data collection, collecting multiple sources of data, and analyzing data inductively to identify themes. Mixed-methods research combines qualitative and quantitative approaches by collecting and analyzing both types of data sequentially or concurrently.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. It describes observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules as the main methods for collecting primary data. It provides details on the types, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. It also discusses other techniques like surveys, audits, and panels. For secondary data, it notes that this involves using already available data from sources like governments, publications, and reports. The document emphasizes selecting the appropriate collection method based on the nature of the inquiry, available funds, time factors, and required precision.
This document discusses various methods of collecting primary and secondary data. It describes observation, interviews, questionnaires, schedules, and other methods for collecting primary data like content analysis. It provides details on structured vs unstructured observation and interviews. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of different primary data collection methods. Secondary data is described as already available data from government publications, reports, and other sources.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. It describes observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules as the main methods for collecting primary data. It provides details on the types, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. It also discusses other techniques like surveys, audits, and panels. For secondary data, it notes that this involves using already available data from sources like governments, organizations, and past research. The key methods are summarized in 3 sentences or less.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand social phenomena through natural settings and the meanings and experiences of participants. Qualitative research employs descriptive data from real-world contexts and inductive analysis to describe findings from the participants' perspectives. Some key methods are participant observation, interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research is flexible and asks open-ended questions to get complex responses. It can help interpret quantitative data by explaining real-world situations.
Different Methods of Collection of DataP. Veeresha
Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting data.
Data are the basic inputs to any decision making process in any fields like education, business, industries…. etc
The primary data are those which are collected afresh and for the first time, and thus happen to be original in character. It is real time data and which are collected by the researcher himself.
Secondary data means data that are already available i.e., they refer to the data which have already been collected and analyzed by someone else.
The document discusses different aspects of designing questionnaires for research. It defines what a questionnaire is, highlights qualities of a good questionnaire such as meeting research objectives and obtaining accurate information. It also outlines major points for an effective questionnaire including organization, wording and brevity. The document describes two types of questionnaires - open-ended and close-ended - and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses research surveys. It defines what a survey is, provides examples of group members conducting a survey, and describes the main purposes and types of surveys. The types of surveys discussed include personal interviews, telephone interviews, mail surveys, and internet surveys. The document also outlines the key steps in conducting survey research and lists the main advantages and disadvantages of using surveys.
An interview is generally a qualitative research technique which involves asking open-ended questions to converse with respondents and collect elicit data about a subject. ...
Structured interviews are excessively used in survey research with the intention of maintaining uniformity throughout all the interview sessions.
Qualitative research is a scientific method of investigation that seeks to understand and explain social phenomena through analysis of people's experiences. It involves collecting data in natural settings through methods like interviews, observations and focus groups. The data collected consists of words and images rather than numbers. Three common qualitative methods are participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research is characterized by its inductive approach, focus on meanings and experiences, flexible design, and interpretation of findings. It aims to gain an in-depth understanding of issues rather than generalizing to a population.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data, including primary and secondary data collection. It describes primary data collection methods such as experiments, surveys, observation, and interviews. Specifically, it outlines structured and unstructured observation, as well as participant and non-participant observation. It also discusses personal interviews, questionnaires/schedules, and their advantages and disadvantages. Secondary data collection involves using existing data from government publications, organizations, and other sources. When using secondary data, the researcher must evaluate its reliability, suitability, and adequacy for the research purpose.
This document discusses survey research and provides definitions and classifications of different types of research. It defines survey research as collecting data to test hypotheses or answer questions about people's opinions. There are two main types of survey designs: cross-sectional surveys, which collect data from individuals at a single point in time, and longitudinal surveys, which collect data over multiple times. Conducting a survey involves sampling from a population and collecting data through questionnaires or interviews. The document outlines best practices for designing and administering questionnaires and interviews for survey research.
This document discusses various tools for data collection, including questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. Questionnaires allow collection of subjective and objective data from a large sample through a structured set of questions. Interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or in-depth and open-ended to collect qualitative information. Focus groups stimulate discussion around a topic among 8-10 participants led by a facilitator. Each tool has advantages like completeness of data but also disadvantages like bias or difficulty in analysis.
This document discusses various aspects of conducting qualitative interviews for research purposes. It defines key terms, describes different types of interviews including informal, general guide, and standardized interviews. It covers telephone interviews, training interviewers to reduce bias, preparing for interviews, and procedures for conducting and analyzing interviews. The goal of qualitative interviews is to understand participants' meanings and experiences on a deeper level through open-ended questioning and probes.
Telephone survey method, its merits and demeritsSUMAN BISWAS
A telephone survey is a method of public opinion polling where researchers contact potential respondents by telephone to ask them questions. It has advantages like rapid data collection, quick processing, anonymity, flexibility, and accessibility in many countries. However, it also has drawbacks such as the inability to use visual materials, issues with call screening, limitations on open-ended questions, potential wariness or inattentiveness from respondents, and possible network problems.
Interview as a method for qualitative researchdianejanzen
The document discusses interview as a method for qualitative research. It defines qualitative research interviews as seeking to understand the meanings and themes in subjects' lives. There are several types of interviews described, including informal conversations, standardized questions, and closed questions. Proper training of interviewers is important to minimize bias and get quality responses. Questions should cover behaviors, opinions, feelings and be asked in a logical sequence. The interview process involves preparation, recording responses, and analysis.
A questionnaire is a research tool used to gather information from a specific demographic in order to achieve research objectives. It should be short, clear, objective and avoid embarrassing questions. Questionnaires provide factual, behavioral, and attitudinal information. They describe populations and measure variables like attitudes. Good questionnaire design involves determining question content, format, wording and sequence. Questionnaires standardize data collection but lack validity checks and insight into responses.
The document provides an overview of survey research and questionnaire design. It discusses that surveys are used to collect data and facts from a target population about a certain situation or issue. The key steps in survey research include developing hypotheses, designing the survey questions and format, sampling, data collection, analysis, and reporting findings. It also describes different types of surveys, methods of data collection including mail, interview and telephone surveys, and considerations for question structure, format, and response options. The document emphasizes that carefully designing and testing the questionnaire is important for effective survey research.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. It describes primary data collection methods like observation, interviews (structured and unstructured), questionnaires, and surveys. It also discusses secondary data sources and factors to consider when using secondary data like reliability, suitability, and adequacy. The key methods covered include observation, personal interviews, telephone interviews, questionnaires, and surveys. It provides details on the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
This document discusses questionnaires as a tool for data collection in nursing research. It defines questionnaires as structured self-report instruments used to gather information from subjects through written or verbal responses. The document outlines the key features, types, questions, format, administration, advantages, and limitations of questionnaires. It emphasizes that questionnaires are commonly used in descriptive nursing studies to gather a broad spectrum of information from subjects about facts, beliefs, attitudes, opinions, and knowledge.
Grounded theory is a systematic qualitative research methodology that uses inductive reasoning to generate new theories about a phenomenon. Rather than starting with a hypothesis, grounded theory involves collecting data through methods like interviews and observations, then coding and analyzing the data to discover concepts and relationships that help explain the process or interaction being studied. The theory is "grounded" in the data. Grounded theory was developed in the 1960s by sociologists Glaser and Strauss and involves open, selective, and theoretical coding to iteratively build theories directly supported by the data. It is useful for exploring new domains and leveraging human tendencies to interpret and theorize.
Qualitative research uses words rather than numbers to understand phenomena through interviews, observations and documents. It is useful when little is known about a condition or environment. Some key characteristics of qualitative research include studying things in their natural settings, using the researcher as the instrument of data collection, collecting multiple sources of data, and analyzing data inductively to identify themes. Mixed-methods research combines qualitative and quantitative approaches by collecting and analyzing both types of data sequentially or concurrently.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. It describes observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules as the main methods for collecting primary data. It provides details on the types, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. It also discusses other techniques like surveys, audits, and panels. For secondary data, it notes that this involves using already available data from sources like governments, publications, and reports. The document emphasizes selecting the appropriate collection method based on the nature of the inquiry, available funds, time factors, and required precision.
This document discusses various methods of collecting primary and secondary data. It describes observation, interviews, questionnaires, schedules, and other methods for collecting primary data like content analysis. It provides details on structured vs unstructured observation and interviews. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of different primary data collection methods. Secondary data is described as already available data from government publications, reports, and other sources.
There are various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. Primary data collection methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. Secondary data refers to previously collected data that is analyzed and available for use in other studies. Factors to consider when selecting a data collection method include the nature, scope, and objective of the research, available funds and time, and required precision.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data in research studies. It describes primary methods like observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It also discusses secondary data collection. For each method, it provides details on their types, merits, demerits and essential aspects to consider. Focus group discussions and depth interviews are also covered as additional qualitative data collection tools.
Questionnaires, interviews, observation, and existing data are common methods for collecting data in research. Questionnaires involve paper or online surveys to collect self-reported information from participants. Interviews are conducted face-to-face, by phone, or online and allow researchers to ask participants questions and get more in-depth responses than questionnaires. Observation research involves watching and recording behaviors directly. Existing data sources include medical records, organizational records, journals, and other documents that contain relevant pre-collected information.
This document discusses various tools and methods for data collection. It defines data collection as the process of gathering information from relevant sources to answer research questions and test hypotheses. There are two main sources of data - primary sources where data is directly collected, and secondary sources where data is collected by someone else. Common tools for collecting data include interviews, questionnaires, observations, and various bio-physiological methods. The appropriate method depends on factors like the type of research, sample size, and available resources. Interview and questionnaire-based tools are described in more detail.
This document discusses various methods of primary and secondary data collection. It describes key advantages and disadvantages of primary data collection methods like surveys and interviews which involve collecting data directly from subjects. Secondary data collection involves using existing data collected for other purposes which is often easier but relies on the accuracy of the original data collection. The document also outlines different types of interviews like unstructured, semi-structured, and structured interviews and the steps involved in conducting structured interviews.
1. Fieldwork involves learning activities conducted outside the classroom to gather new information. Various methods are used to collect primary and secondary data, including observation, questionnaires, interviews, records analysis, sampling, and measurement.
2. The key steps in fieldwork include pre-field preparation, pilot study, data collection, and follow-up. Data collection methods have advantages and disadvantages that researchers must consider for their specific studies.
3. Presenting findings involves organizing, analyzing, and communicating the data through written reports, displays, presentations and other methods. Careful planning is needed to address challenges that may arise during fieldwork.
The document discusses various research instruments used in research, including questionnaires, interviews, and observations. It focuses on questionnaires, describing the different types of questions used (structured/closed-ended, unstructured/open-ended, contingency, and matrix questions). Guidelines are provided for constructing questionnaires, including ordering questions, presentation, pretesting, and administration. Response rates and the importance of cover letters are also discussed. Interviews are described as well, with types being informal/conversational, general guide, and standardized/open-ended.
Interviews involve collecting data through talking to respondents and recording their responses, which can be structured or unstructured and conducted face-to-face or by telephone. In-depth interviews delve below surface responses to gain insights into meanings and complex attitudes, but are time consuming and difficult to analyze. Sample sizes for in-depth interviews are small to provide rich insights rather than statistics, and the interview process involves informing respondents, asking open-ended questions, and recording responses.
Tools and techniques for data collection.pptxJuruJackline
These the tools and techniques used for data collection when carrying out community diagnosis in public health setting.
The slides looked into details the various tools and how they can be used in the data collection depending on the type of data you would like to collect.
This document discusses various methods of collecting data for research purposes. It describes primary and secondary data, as well as qualitative and quantitative data. Some key methods of primary data collection that are covered include experiments, surveys, interviews, observation, questionnaires, and schedules. Specific types of interviews like health interviews and health examination surveys are also mentioned. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of different data collection methods like personal interviews, telephone interviews, questionnaires, and observation. Factors to consider when selecting a data collection method include the nature, scope and objectives of the study, availability of funds and time constraints.
Overall, the document provides an overview of different approaches to collecting both primary and secondary data to inform research.
This document discusses various techniques and tools for collecting data in research. It describes commonly used techniques like document review, observation, interviews, questionnaires, and focus group discussions. For each technique, it provides details on how to implement it, advantages and disadvantages. It also distinguishes between data collection techniques, which are methods for gathering information, and data collection tools, which are instruments used to apply the techniques.
UNIT - III - Data Collection - PPT.pptxJeyasunitha
This document discusses various methods of primary data collection. It describes surveys, observation, experiments, and interviews as common methods. It provides details on constructing questionnaires and validating them through pilot studies. The document also covers sampling techniques, including determining optimal sample size and different sampling methods like probability and non-probability sampling.
Data collection methods 3.pptx community health nursing 2akoeljames8543
The document discusses various methods for collecting data, including direct observation, experiments, surveys, questionnaires, interviews, participant observation, focus groups, and laboratory analysis. It provides details on questionnaire design and administration, types of interview questions, steps in participant observation and focus group research, and advantages and disadvantages of each method.
The document discusses qualitative research methods, specifically interviews. It explains that qualitative research aims to understand people's experiences in natural settings through open-ended questions. Interviews are a common way to collect qualitative data and can vary from highly structured to unstructured. Structured interviews are easy to replicate but lack detail, while unstructured interviews provide more flexible, in-depth responses but are more difficult to analyze. The document also provides examples of interview strengths and limitations.
The document discusses different types of interviews that can be used for data collection, including structured interviews, unstructured interviews, and semi-structured interviews. It also describes different approaches to conducting interviews, such as personal interviews, focus group interviews, and mediated interviews using technology. Finally, it outlines the typical steps involved in conducting an interview, including preparation, starting the interview, asking questions, and closing the interview.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary data, including individual interviews, focus groups, and projective techniques. It provides details on how to conduct effective interviews and focus groups, including developing discussion guides, selecting and incentivizing participants, and the roles of the moderator. It also compares primary and secondary data and discusses how to minimize bias in interviews.
Primary data is collected directly by the researcher through methods like observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. Observation can be structured, unstructured, participant, non-participant, controlled, or uncontrolled. Interviews can be personal, telephone-based, structured, unstructured, focused, clinical, or non-directive. Questionnaires are effective when respondents are educated and cooperative but have a low response rate. Schedules require enumerators to ask respondents questions from a form and record their answers.
06-04-2024 - NYC Tech Week - Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
Discussion on Vector Databases, Unstructured Data and AI
https://www.meetup.com/unstructured-data-meetup-new-york/
This meetup is for people working in unstructured data. Speakers will come present about related topics such as vector databases, LLMs, and managing data at scale. The intended audience of this group includes roles like machine learning engineers, data scientists, data engineers, software engineers, and PMs.This meetup was formerly Milvus Meetup, and is sponsored by Zilliz maintainers of Milvus.
State of Artificial intelligence Report 2023kuntobimo2016
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a multidisciplinary field of science and engineering whose goal is to create intelligent machines.
We believe that AI will be a force multiplier on technological progress in our increasingly digital, data-driven world. This is because everything around us today, ranging from culture to consumer products, is a product of intelligence.
The State of AI Report is now in its sixth year. Consider this report as a compilation of the most interesting things we’ve seen with a goal of triggering an informed conversation about the state of AI and its implication for the future.
We consider the following key dimensions in our report:
Research: Technology breakthroughs and their capabilities.
Industry: Areas of commercial application for AI and its business impact.
Politics: Regulation of AI, its economic implications and the evolving geopolitics of AI.
Safety: Identifying and mitigating catastrophic risks that highly-capable future AI systems could pose to us.
Predictions: What we believe will happen in the next 12 months and a 2022 performance review to keep us honest.
Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headedvikram sood
You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
Beyond the Basics of A/B Tests: Highly Innovative Experimentation Tactics You...Aggregage
This webinar will explore cutting-edge, less familiar but powerful experimentation methodologies which address well-known limitations of standard A/B Testing. Designed for data and product leaders, this session aims to inspire the embrace of innovative approaches and provide insights into the frontiers of experimentation!
4th Modern Marketing Reckoner by MMA Global India & Group M: 60+ experts on W...Social Samosa
The Modern Marketing Reckoner (MMR) is a comprehensive resource packed with POVs from 60+ industry leaders on how AI is transforming the 4 key pillars of marketing – product, place, price and promotions.
STATATHON: Unleashing the Power of Statistics in a 48-Hour Knowledge Extravag...sameer shah
"Join us for STATATHON, a dynamic 2-day event dedicated to exploring statistical knowledge and its real-world applications. From theory to practice, participants engage in intensive learning sessions, workshops, and challenges, fostering a deeper understanding of statistical methodologies and their significance in various fields."
ViewShift: Hassle-free Dynamic Policy Enforcement for Every Data LakeWalaa Eldin Moustafa
Dynamic policy enforcement is becoming an increasingly important topic in today’s world where data privacy and compliance is a top priority for companies, individuals, and regulators alike. In these slides, we discuss how LinkedIn implements a powerful dynamic policy enforcement engine, called ViewShift, and integrates it within its data lake. We show the query engine architecture and how catalog implementations can automatically route table resolutions to compliance-enforcing SQL views. Such views have a set of very interesting properties: (1) They are auto-generated from declarative data annotations. (2) They respect user-level consent and preferences (3) They are context-aware, encoding a different set of transformations for different use cases (4) They are portable; while the SQL logic is only implemented in one SQL dialect, it is accessible in all engines.
#SQL #Views #Privacy #Compliance #DataLake
Predictably Improve Your B2B Tech Company's Performance by Leveraging DataKiwi Creative
Harness the power of AI-backed reports, benchmarking and data analysis to predict trends and detect anomalies in your marketing efforts.
Peter Caputa, CEO at Databox, reveals how you can discover the strategies and tools to increase your growth rate (and margins!).
From metrics to track to data habits to pick up, enhance your reporting for powerful insights to improve your B2B tech company's marketing.
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This is the webinar recording from the June 2024 HubSpot User Group (HUG) for B2B Technology USA.
Watch the video recording at https://youtu.be/5vjwGfPN9lw
Sign up for future HUG events at https://events.hubspot.com/b2b-technology-usa/
End-to-end pipeline agility - Berlin Buzzwords 2024Lars Albertsson
We describe how we achieve high change agility in data engineering by eliminating the fear of breaking downstream data pipelines through end-to-end pipeline testing, and by using schema metaprogramming to safely eliminate boilerplate involved in changes that affect whole pipelines.
A quick poll on agility in changing pipelines from end to end indicated a huge span in capabilities. For the question "How long time does it take for all downstream pipelines to be adapted to an upstream change," the median response was 6 months, but some respondents could do it in less than a day. When quantitative data engineering differences between the best and worst are measured, the span is often 100x-1000x, sometimes even more.
A long time ago, we suffered at Spotify from fear of changing pipelines due to not knowing what the impact might be downstream. We made plans for a technical solution to test pipelines end-to-end to mitigate that fear, but the effort failed for cultural reasons. We eventually solved this challenge, but in a different context. In this presentation we will describe how we test full pipelines effectively by manipulating workflow orchestration, which enables us to make changes in pipelines without fear of breaking downstream.
Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
2. TYPES OF DATA
• PRIMARY DATA
• Are those which are collected a fresh and for the first time and thus
happen to be original in character and known as Primary data.
• SECONDARY DATA
• Are those which have been collected by someone else and which
have already been passed through the statistical process are known
as Secondary data.
3. COLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATA
• There are several methods of collecting primary data, particularly in
surveys and descriptive researches.
• In descriptive research, we obtain primary data either through
observation or through direct communication with respondents in
one form or another or through personal interviews.
4. Methods of data Collecting Primary Data
• OBSERVATION METHOD :
• Observation method is a method under which data from the field is collected
with the help of observation by the observer or by personally going to the
field.
• ADVANTAGES
• Subjective bias eliminated
• Researcher gets Current information
• Independent to respondent’s variable
• DISADVANTAGES
5. • It is expensive method
• Time consuming
• Limited information
• Unforeseen factors may interfere with observational task
• Respondents opinion can not be recorded on certain subject
6. TYPES OF OBSERVATION
• Structured Observation
• When observation is done by characterizing style of recording the observed
information, standardized conditions of observation , definition of the units to be
observed , selection of pertinent data of observation then it is structured
observation
• Unstructured Observation
• When observation is done without any thought before observation then it is
unstructured observation
• Participant & Non Participant Observation
7. TYPES OF OBSERVATION
• When the Observer is member of the group which he is observing
then it is Participant Observation. In participant observation
Researcher can record natural behavior of group , Researcher can
verify the truth of statements given by informants in the context of
questionnaire , Difficult to collect information can obtain through this
method but in this researcher may loose objectivity of research due
emotional feelings. Prob. of control in observation isn’t solved.
8. TYPES OF OBSERVATION
• Non Participant Observation• When observer is observing people
without giving any information to them then it is non participant
observation
• Controlled & Uncontrolled Observation
• When the observation takes place in natural condition i.e.
uncontrolled observation. It is done to get spontaneous picture of life
and persons
9. TYPES OF OBSERVATION
• When observation takes place according to definite pre arranged
plans , with experimental procedure then it is controlled observation
generally done in laboratory under controlled condition.
10. INTERVIEW METHOD
• This method of collecting data involves presentation or oral-verbal
stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses.
• Interview Method This is Oral Verbal communication . Where
interviewer asks questions( which are aimed to get information
required for study ) to respondent
• There are different type of interviews:
• PERSONAL INTERVIEWS : The interviewer asks questions generally in
a face to face contact to the other person or persons.
11. Types of Personal Interview
• Structured Interview
• Predetermined questions
• Standardized techniques of recorded
• Interviewer follows rigid procedure
• Time required for such interview is less than non structured manner
interview
• Not necessary of skill or specific knowledge
• Analysis of data becomes easier
• Unstructured Interview
• No Predetermined questions
12. • No Standardized techniques
• Interviewer has freedom to ask, omit, add any questions
• Ask questions without following sequence
• Deep knowledge & skill required
• Analysis of data is difficult prescribed manner
Merits of Personal Interview
• Information at greater depth
• Flexibility of restructuring the Questionnaire
• Interviewer by his skill can over come resistance
• Non Response generally low
13. • Samples can controlled more effectively
• Personal information can be obtained
• Interviewer can collect supplementary information about
respondent’s personal characteristics and environment which has
value in interpreting results
De Merits Of Interview
• Expensive method
• Respondent may give bias information
14. • Some Executive people are not approachable so data collected may
be inadequate
• Takes more time when samples are more
• Systematic errors may be occurred
• Supervisors has to do complex work of selecting ,training and
supervising the field staff.
TELEPHONIC INTERVIEWS
• Contacting samples on telephone
• Uncommon method may be used in developed regions
15. TELEPHONIC INTERVIEWS -MERITS
• Flexible compare to mailing method
• Faster than other methods
• Cheaper than personal interview method • Call-backs are simple and
economical also
• High response than mailing method.
• When it is not possible to contact the respondent directly, then interview is
conducted through – Telephone
• Replies can be recorded without embarrassment to respondents
• Interviewer can explain requirements more easily
• No field staff is required
16. • Wider distribution of sample is possible
TELEPHONIC INTERVIEWS -DEMERITS
• Little time is given to respondents
• Survey is restricted to respondents who have telephones
• Not suitable for intensive survey where comprehensive answers are
required
• Bias information may be more
• Very difficult to make questionnaire because it should short and to
the point
17. Other Types
• Focused interviews : attention is focused on the given experience of the
respondent and its possible effects.
• Clinical interviews : concerned with broad underlying feelings or motivations or
with the course of individual’s life experience, rather than with the effects of the
specific experience, as in the case of focused interview.
• Group interviews : a group of 6 to 8 individuals is interviewed.
• Qualitative and quantitative interviews : divided on the basis of subject matter
i.e. whether qualitative or quantitative.
• Individual interviews : interviewer meets a single person and interviews him.
• Selection interviews : done for the selection of people for certain jobs.
18. • Depth interviews : it deliberately aims to elicit unconscious as well as other types
of material relating especially to personality dynamics and motivations.
QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD
• This method of data collection is quite popular, particularly in case of
big enquiries. The questionnaire is mailed to respondents who are
expected to read and understand the questions and write down the
reply in the space meant for the purpose in the questionnaire itself.
The respondents have to answer the questions on their own.
• Questionnaire Method Questionnaire is sent to persons with request
to answer the questions and return the questionnaire Questions are
19. printed in definite order , mailed to samples who are expected to
read that questions understand the questions and write the answers
in provided space .
Merits of Questionnaire
• Low cost even the geographical area is large to cover
• Answers are in respondents word so free from bias
• Adequate time to think for answers
• Non approachable respondents may be conveniently contacted
• Large samples can be used so results are more reliable
20. Demerits of Questionnaire
• Low rate of return of duly filled questionnaire
• Can be used when respondent is educated and co operative
• It is inflexible
• Omission of some questions
• Difficult to know the expected respondent have filled the form or it is
filled by some one else
• Slowest method of data collection
21. Main aspects of a Questionnaire
1. General Form
• Structured questionnaire – All questions and answers are specified
and comments in the respondents own words are held to the
minimum.
• Unstructured questionnaire- Interviewer is provided with general
guide on the type pf information to be collected. He can form his
own questions.
22. Main aspects of a Questionnaire
• Answers are taken down in respondents own words, at time
recorded on tape.
2. Question sequence
• Question sequence should be clear and smoothly moving (relation of
one question to another should readily apparent
• First few questions are important for creating interest in respondents
mind
23. Main aspects of a Questionnaire
• Question which gives stress on memory or of a personal character
and wealth should be avoided as opening questions
• Easier question should be at the start of the questionnaire
• General to specific questions should be the sequence of questions
3. Question formation and wording
• Question should easily understood Question should be simple and
concrete.
24. Main aspects of a Questionnaire
• Closed questions are easy to handle but this is like fixing the answers
in people’s mouth. So depending upon problem for which survey is
going on both close ended and open ended question may be asked in
Questionnaire.
• Words having ambiguous meaning should be avoided
• Catch words, words with emotional connotations , danger words
should be avoided.
25. Essentials of Good Questionnaire
• Good Questionnaire Should Short & simple Questions
• Should arranged in logical sequence (From Easy to difficult one)
• Technical terms should avoided
• Some control questions which indicate reliability of the respondent ( To
Know consumption first expenditure and then weight or qty of that
material)
• Questions affecting the sentiments of the respondents should avoided
• Adequate space for answers should be provided in questionnaire
• Provision for uncertainty (do not know, No preference)
26. • Directions regarding the filling of questionnaire should be given
• Physical Appearance - Quality of paper, color
SCHEDULE METHOD
• It is one of the important methods for the study of social problems.
• Schedules Like Questionnaires but it filled by enumerator.
• Enumerators are specially appointed for filling questionnaire
• Enumerators explain the aim and objective to respondent and fill
the answers in provided space.
27. • In the words of Thomas Carson Macormic, “The schedule is nothing
more than a list of questions which it seems necessary to test the
hypothesis .”
Questionnaire V/S Schedule
• Generally send through mail
• No further assistance from sender
• It is a Cheaper method
• Non response is high
• It is not always clear who replies
• Very slow process
• No Personal Contact
• Can be used only when respondent
is educated and cooperative
• Wider distribution of sample
• Success depend on the quality of
questionnaire
• Schedule is filled by the enumerator
28. • More expensive- Hier and train
enumerators
• Non response is high
• Identity of the responder is known
• Information is collected well in time
• Direct personal contact
• Info can be collected form illiterates
also
• No wide distribution of sample
• Success depends on the honesty and
competence of questionnaire
29. Other Methods Of Data Collection
• Warranty Cards - Post card size cards sent to customers and feedback
collected through asking questions on that card
• Distributor or Store Audits - Audits are done by distributor or
manufacturer’s salesperson. Observation or copying information about
inventory in retail shops. Useful method for knowing market share, market
size, effect of in store promotion.
• Pantry Audits - From the observation of pantry of customer to know
purchase habit of the people (which product , of what brand etc.)
Questions may be asked at the time of audit
30. Other Methods Of Data Collection
• Consumer Panels - When pantry audit is done at regular basis, Daily record
of consumption of certain customers. Or repeatedly interviewed at the
specific periods to know their consumption.
• Transitory consumer panels – for limited time
• Continuing Consumer panel - For indefinite period
• Use of Mechanical Device - Eye Cameras to record eyes focus on
certain sketch
• Psycho galvanometer to measure body excitement to visual stimulus
31. Other Methods Of Data Collection
• Motion Picture camera to record movement of body at the time of
purchase
• Audiometer concerned to TV. Useful to know Channel, program
preference of people
• Depth Interview - To discover the underlying motives or desires of
samples . To explore needs , feelings of respondents. Skill is required ,
indirect question or projective techniques are used to know behavior
of the respondent.
32. Other Methods Of Data Collection
• Content Analysis - Analysing contents of documentary material as
news paper, books magazines about certain characteristics to identify
and count
33. Collection of secondary data
• Data that are already avaliable
• Publications of Central, state , local government• Technical and
trade journals
• Books, Magazines, Newspaper
• Reports & publications of industry ,bank, stock exchange
• Reports by research scholars, Universities, economist
34. • Public Records
Collection of secondary data
• Before using Secondary data researcher must check
• Reliability od the data
• Suitability of data
• Adequacy of data
35. Selection of appropriate method of data
collection
• Nature and scope of the enquiry
• Availability of funds
• Time factor
• Precision required