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Methods and Principle of sterilization (Filtration).pptx

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AbdallahAlasal1

طمخجحطك

Engineering
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Principles of Sterilization (ACST 232 )
Sterilization by Filtration  Filtration is the most popular method to sterilize heat sensitive liquid and gases, without exposure to denaturing temperatures.  Instead of killing microorganisms that cause contamination the process simply eliminates them.  It is the process of choice to sterilize chemical solutions for antibiotics radioisotopes, toxic chemicals or vaccines, as well as carbohydrates, all of which are sensitive to heat.  ‫الترشيح‬ ‫هو‬ ‫الطريقة‬ ‫األكثر‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫شيو‬ ‫لتعقيم‬ ‫السوائل‬ ‫والغازات‬ ‫الحساسة‬ ‫للحرار‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫دون‬ ‫التعرض‬ ‫لدرجات‬ ‫حرارة‬ ‫تغيير‬ ‫طبيعة‬ .  ً ً‫ل‬‫فبد‬ ‫من‬ ‫قتل‬ ‫الكائنات‬ ‫الحية‬ ‫الدقيقة‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تسبب‬ ‫التلوث‬ ، ‫تقوم‬ ‫العملية‬ ‫بب‬ ‫ساطة‬ ‫بالقضاء‬ ‫عليها‬ .  ‫هي‬ ‫العملية‬ ‫المفضلة‬ ‫لتعقيم‬ ‫المحاليل‬ ‫الكيميائية‬ ‫للنظائر‬ ‫المشعة‬ ‫للمضادات‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حيوية‬ ‫والمواد‬ ‫الكيميائية‬ ‫السامة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اللقاحات‬ ، ‫وكذلك‬ ‫الكربوهيدرات‬ ، ‫وجميعها‬ ‫حساسة‬ ‫للحرارة‬ .
 The gas or liquid is filtered through which has pores that are too small to allow passing through microorganisms however, large enough to permit the flow of gas or liquid. The filters are made from various substances;  ‫يتم‬ ‫ترشيح‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫أو‬ ‫السائل‬ ‫من‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫مسام‬ ‫صغيرة‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬‫ج‬ ‫بحيث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫تسمح‬ ‫بالمرور‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫الكائنات‬ ‫الحية‬ ‫الدقيقة‬ ، ‫ولكنها‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫بما‬ ‫يكفي‬ ‫للسماح‬ ‫بتدفق‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫أو‬ ‫السائل‬ . ‫المرشحات‬ ‫مصنوعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫مختلفة‬ . Materials Name of the filter Asbestos pad Seitz filter Diatomaceous earth Berkefeld filter Procelain Chamberland-Pasteur filter Sintered glass disks Sintered glass filter Cellulose Membrane filter Borosilicate glass fiber HEPA filter Clay, mud Candle filter
Selection of Filtration  The selection of the filters to be sterilized must consider the dimensions of the contaminants that need to be eliminated.  The most popular filter is made of nitrocellulose with a pore size of 0.22 µm.  The size of bacteria is between 0.3 to 0.5 µm, while the size of viruses ranges from 20 nm to 0.36 nm.  Therefore, a filter of 0.22 µm keeps all spores and bacteria however it does not contain all virus.  ‫عند‬ ‫اختيار‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫المراد‬ ‫تعقيمها‬ ، ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يأخذ‬ ‫في‬ ‫العتبار‬ ‫أبعاد‬ ‫الملوثات‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫التخلص‬ ‫م‬ ‫نها‬ .  ‫المرشح‬ ‫األكثر‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫شيو‬ ‫مصنوع‬ ‫من‬ ‫النيتروسليلوز‬ ‫بحجم‬ ‫مسام‬ ‫يبلغ‬ 0.22 μ ‫م‬ .  ‫يتراوح‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫البكتيريا‬ ‫بين‬ 0.3 ‫إلى‬ 0.5μ ‫م‬ ، ‫بينما‬ ‫يتراوح‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫الفيروسات‬ ‫من‬ 20 ‫نانومتر‬ ‫إلى‬ 0.36 ‫نانومتر‬ .  ‫ولذلك‬ ، ‫مرشح‬ 0.22μ ‫م‬ ‫يحتفظ‬ ‫بجميع‬ ‫الجراثيم‬ ‫والبكتيريا‬ ‫ولكنه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫يحتوي‬ ‫على‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫الفيروسات‬ .
Principle of Filtration  Filters function by physically trapping particles that are larger than the size of the pore and retaining smaller particles by electrostatic attraction of particles to the filter.  Apart from porosity, various other aspects influence the effectiveness of filtration.  These include: 1. The filter is charged with electricity. 2. the electric charge carried by organisms 3. nature of the filtering fluid  ‫تعمل‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫محاصرة‬ ‫الجسيمات‬ ‫األكبر‬ ‫ا‬ً‫م‬‫حج‬ ‫من‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫المسام‬ ‫والحتفاظ‬ ‫بالجزيئات‬ ‫األصغ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫عن‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫الجذب‬ ‫الكهروستاتيكي‬ ‫للجسيمات‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫المرشح‬ .  ‫وبصرف‬ ‫النظر‬ ‫عن‬ ‫المسامية‬ ، ‫هناك‬ ‫جوانب‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ‫تؤثر‬ ‫على‬ ‫فعالية‬ ‫الترشيح‬ .  ‫وتشمل‬ ‫هذه‬ : .1 ‫يتم‬ ‫شحن‬ ‫الفلتر‬ ‫بالكهرباء‬ . .2 ‫الشحنة‬ ‫الكهربائية‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تحملها‬ ‫الكائنات‬ ‫الحية‬ .3 ‫طبيعة‬ ‫سائل‬ ‫الترشيح‬
 The liquids are filtered through either pushing the solution through a cellulose acetate membrane using the aid of a vacuum (i.e applying negative pressure on the membrane filter) or by pushing the solution into the filter paper by applying pressure over the liquid.  The air filtering process is carried out by using high-efficiency particulate (HEPA) filters that are designed to eliminate organisms greater than 0.3 µm from operating rooms and biological safe cabinets.  ‫يتم‬ ‫ترشيح‬ ‫السوائل‬ ‫إما‬ ‫عن‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫دفع‬ ‫المحلول‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫خالت‬ ‫السليلوز‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫فراغ‬ ( ‫أيتطبيق‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫سلبي‬ ‫على‬ ‫مرشح‬ ‫الغشاء‬ ) ‫أو‬ ‫عن‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫دفع‬ ‫المحلول‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ورق‬ ‫الترشيح‬ ‫عن‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫على‬ ‫السائل‬ .  ‫تتم‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫ترشيح‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫مرشحات‬ ‫جسيمات‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫الكفاءة‬ (HEPA) ‫مصممة‬ ‫للتخلص‬ ‫من‬ ‫الكائنات‬ ‫الحية‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يزيد‬ ‫حجمها‬ ‫عن‬ 0.3μ ‫م‬ ‫من‬ ‫غرف‬ ‫العمليات‬ ‫والخزائن‬ ‫البيولوجية‬ ‫اآلمنة‬ .
Depth Filters  It is an elongated layer or mat that is made of an array of random overlapping sheets of paper, or even the borosilicate (glass) fibrous material. The depth filter collects particles inside the web of fibers within the structure.  ‫إنها‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫حصيرة‬ ‫ممدودة‬ ‫مصنوعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫األوراق‬ ‫العشوائية‬ ‫المتداخلة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الورق‬ ، ‫أو‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫مادة‬ ‫لي‬ ‫فية‬ ‫البورسليكات‬ ( ‫الزجاج‬ ). ‫يقوم‬ ‫مرشح‬ ‫العمق‬ ‫بتجميع‬ ‫الجزيئات‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫شبكة‬ ‫األلياف‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫الهيكل‬ .
 Sterilization of air filters in industrial processes  Forced air cooling and heating systems that are used in homes have a simple filter that traps dust, spores and allergens  Utilization in biosafety-related applications, like biosafety cabinets. The cabinets for biological safety contain the HEPA, or high-efficiency particle air (HEPA) filter it is a form of depth filter.  ‫تعقيم‬ ‫مرشحات‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫في‬ ‫العمليات‬ ‫الصناعية‬  ‫تحتوي‬ ‫أنظمة‬ ‫تبريد‬ ‫وتدفئة‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫القسري‬ ‫المستخدمة‬ ‫في‬ ‫المنازل‬ ‫على‬ ‫مرشح‬ ‫بسيط‬ ‫يحبس‬ ‫الغبار‬ ‫والجراثيم‬ ‫والمواد‬ ‫المسببة‬ ‫للحساسية‬  ‫الستخدام‬ ‫في‬ ‫التطبيقات‬ ‫المتعلقة‬ ‫بالسالمة‬ ‫الحيوية‬ ، ‫مثل‬ ‫خزانات‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫الحيوية‬ . ‫تحتوي‬ ‫خزانات‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫البيولوجية‬ ‫على‬ ‫مرشح‬ HEPA ، ‫أو‬ ‫مرشح‬ ‫هواء‬ ‫الجسيمات‬ ‫عالي‬ ‫الكفاءة‬ (HEPA) ، ‫وهو‬ ‫أحد‬ ‫أشكال‬ ‫مرشح‬ ‫العمق‬ . Applications of Depth Filters
High-Efficiency Particle Air (HEPA filter)  An average HEPA filter is one piece of borosilicate glass that is treated with water- repellent binding agent.  The filter, which has been pleated to increase the surface area, is encased in an unbreakable, sturdy frame.  HEPA filters are available in different sizes and shapes, ranging from a few square centimeters for vacuum cleaners up to many square meters for biological containment hoods, as well as rooms air system.  ‫يتكون‬ ‫مرشح‬ HEPA ‫المتوسط‬ ‫من‬ ‫قطعة‬ ‫واحدة‬ ‫من‬ ‫زجاج‬ ‫البورسليكات‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫معالجتها‬ ‫بعامل‬ ‫ربط‬ ‫طارد‬ ‫للماء‬ .  ‫تم‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫الفلتر‬ ، ‫الذي‬ ‫تم‬ ‫طيه‬ ‫لزيادة‬ ‫مساحة‬ ‫السطح‬ ، ‫في‬ ‫إطار‬ ‫قوي‬ ‫غير‬ ‫قابل‬ ‫للكسر‬ .  ‫تتوفر‬ ‫فالتر‬ HEPA ‫بأحجام‬ ‫وأشكال‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ، ‫تتراوح‬ ‫من‬ ‫بضعة‬ ‫سنتيمترات‬ ‫مربعة‬ ‫للمكانس‬ ‫الكهربائية‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫أمتار‬ ‫مربعة‬ ‫ألغطية‬ ‫الحتواء‬ ‫البيولوجي‬ ، ‫باإلضافة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظام‬ ‫هواء‬ ‫الغرف‬ .
 Control of airborne particles by using HEPA filters can allow the building of “clean rooms” and isolation rooms to prevent quarantine, and also specific diagnostic and research labs.  HEPA filters are typically used to eliminate 0.3 µm of test particles with an efficiency of 99.97 percent, including the majority of microorganisms from the airstream  ‫إن‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫في‬ ‫الجسيمات‬ ‫المحمولة‬ ً ً‫ا‬‫جو‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫مرشحات‬ HEPA ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يسمح‬ ‫ببناء‬ " ‫غرف‬ ‫نظيفة‬ " ‫وغرف‬ ‫عزل‬ ‫لمنع‬ ‫الحجر‬ ‫الصحي‬ ، ‫وكذلك‬ ‫مختبرات‬ ‫تشخيصية‬ ‫وأبحاث‬ ‫محددة‬ .  ‫ستخدم‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫مرشحات‬ HEPA ً ً‫ة‬‫عاد‬ ‫إلزالة‬ 0.3μ ‫م‬ ‫من‬ ‫جزيئات‬ ‫الختبار‬ ‫بكفاءة‬ ‫تبلغ‬ 99.97 ‫بالمائة‬ ، ‫بما‬ ‫في‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫غالبية‬ ‫الكائنات‬ ‫الحية‬ ‫الدقيقة‬ ‫من‬ ‫تيار‬ ‫الهواء‬
Membrane Filters  Membrane filters comprise the commonly used kind of filter employed for liquid sterilization in microbiology labs.  Membrane filters are made of high-tensile strength polymers like cellulose acetate, polysulfone or cellulose nitrate.  Membrane filters are made in the form of circular membranes that measure around 150 mm in thickness.  They contain millions of tiny pores of uniform diameters. The size of which is adapted according to the requirements in the process of polymerization.  ‫تشتمل‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫الغشائية‬ ‫على‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫المرشح‬ ‫شائع‬ ‫الستخدام‬ ‫المستخدم‬ ‫لتعقيم‬ ‫السوائل‬ ‫في‬ ‫مختبرات‬ ‫علم‬ ‫األحياء‬ ‫الدقيقة‬ .  ‫تصنع‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫الغشائية‬ ‫من‬ ‫بوليمرات‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫قوة‬ ‫شد‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫أسيتات‬ ،‫السليلوز‬ ‫بولي‬ ‫سلفونأو‬ ‫نترات‬ ‫السليلوز‬ .  ‫تصنع‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫الغشائية‬ ‫على‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫أغشية‬ ‫دائرية‬ ‫يبلغ‬ ‫سمكها‬ ‫حوالي‬ 150 ‫ملم‬ .  ‫أنها‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫على‬ ‫الماليين‬ ‫من‬ ‫المسام‬ ‫الصغيرة‬ ‫بأقطار‬ ‫موحدة‬ . ‫يتم‬ ‫تكييف‬ ‫حجمها‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ق‬‫وف‬ ‫لمتطلبات‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫البلمرة‬ .
Membrane Filters  The pores of membrane filters vary between 0.1 µm to 10 µm.  The most popular membrane filter comes with a pores that is between 0.22 µm or 0.45 µm  The membranes are stored in special holders , and usually preceded by depth filters comprised from glass fibers, which remove larger particles that could block the filter.  The solution is pushed or pulled through the filter, and then stored in sterilized containers.  ‫تتراوح‬ ‫مسام‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫الغشائية‬ ‫بين‬ 0.1μ ‫م‬ ‫إلى‬ 10μ ‫م‬ .  ‫يأتي‬ ‫مرشح‬ ‫الغشاء‬ ‫األكثر‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫شيو‬ ‫بمسام‬ ‫تتراوح‬ ‫بين‬ 0.22μ ‫م‬ ‫أو‬ 0.45μ ‫م‬  ‫يتم‬ ‫تخزين‬ ‫األغشية‬ ‫في‬ ‫حوامل‬ ‫خاصة‬ ، ً ً‫ة‬‫وعاد‬ ‫ما‬ ‫يسبقها‬ ‫مرشحات‬ ‫عمق‬ ‫مكونة‬ ‫من‬ ‫ألياف‬ ‫زجاجية‬ ، ‫والتي‬ ‫تزيل‬ ‫الجزيئات‬ ‫األكبر‬ ‫حج‬ ‫ا‬ً‫م‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تسد‬ ‫المرشح‬ .  ‫يتم‬ ‫دفع‬ ‫المحلول‬ ‫أو‬ ‫سحبه‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫الفلتر‬ ، ‫ثم‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫تخزينه‬ ‫في‬ ‫حاويات‬ ‫معقمة‬ .
Application of Membrane Filter  Sterilization of fluids (pharmaceuticals Ophthalmic solutions as well as antibiotics and other substances that are sensitive to heat in labs and in industries  Enumeration and identification of microorganisms.  ‫تعقيم‬ ‫السوائل‬ ( ‫األدوية‬ ‫والمحاليل‬ ‫العينية‬ ‫وكذلك‬ ‫المضادات‬ ‫الحيوية‬ ‫وغيرها‬ ‫من‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫الحساسة‬ ‫للحرارة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الم‬ ‫ختبرات‬ ‫وفي‬ ‫الصناعات‬ )  ‫تعداد‬ ‫وتحديد‬ ‫الكائنات‬ ‫الحية‬ ‫الدقيقة‬ .
Air Filtration Method  Air can also be cleaned through filtering.  The air is cleared of disease by passing it through the High Efficiency Particle Arrester (HEPA) filter.  Laminar flow biological safety cabinets are among the most crucial air filters.  They use HEPA filters that eliminate 99.97 percent of 0.33 µm particles with 0.33 in size.  ‫يمكن‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ض‬‫أي‬ ‫تنظيف‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫من‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫التصفية‬ .  ‫يتم‬ ‫تطهير‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫من‬ ‫األمراض‬ ‫عن‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫تمريره‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫مرشح‬ ‫مانع‬ ‫الجزيئات‬ ‫عالي‬ ‫الكفاءة‬ (HEPA).  ‫تعتبر‬ ‫خزانات‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫البيولوجية‬ ‫للتدفق‬ ‫الصفحي‬ ‫من‬ ‫بين‬ ‫مرشحات‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫األكثر‬ ‫أهمية‬ .  ‫يستخدمون‬ ‫مرشحات‬ HEPA ‫التي‬ ‫تزيل‬ 99.97 ‫بالمائة‬ ‫من‬ 0.33μ ‫م‬ ‫جسيمات‬ ‫بحجم‬ 0.33.
 Certain operating theaters and rooms that are occupied by patients with burns are filtered to reduce the number of microbes that are a part of the air.  HEPA filters can eliminate almost all microorganisms that are greater than 0.3 µm within diameter.  ‫تتم‬ ‫تصفية‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫غرف‬ ‫العمليات‬ ‫والغرف‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يشغلها‬ ‫مرضى‬ ‫الحروق‬ ‫لتقليل‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫الميكروبات‬ ‫الت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تشكل‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ء‬‫جز‬ ‫من‬ ‫الهواء‬ .  ‫يمكن‬ ‫لمرشحات‬ HEPA ‫القضاء‬ ‫على‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫الكائنات‬ ‫الحية‬ ‫الدقيقة‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يزيد‬ ‫حجمها‬ ‫عن‬ 0.3 ‫ا‬ً‫ب‬‫تقري‬ μ ‫م‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫القطر‬ . Air Filtration Method
Advantages of Filtration Sterilization  It is suitable for liquids sensitive to heat (infusions and vaccines, hormones and more).  Large volumes of liquids can be easily filtered  ‫إنها‬ ‫مناسبة‬ ‫للسوائل‬ ‫الحساسة‬ ‫للحرارة‬ ( ‫الحقن‬ ‫واللقاحات‬ ‫والهرمونات‬ ‫وغيرها‬ ).  ‫يمكن‬ ‫تصفية‬ ‫كميات‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫من‬ ‫السوائل‬ ‫بسهولة‬
Limitations of Filtration Sterilization  Only gases and liquids can be sterilized through this method.  Filters can be expensive to replace, particularly nano-filters.  The inherent limitations of the filters’ materials impact the efficiency of this method i.e breakage of glass filters breakage of membrane filter, and absorption of filtrate through a Sietz filter  The process of clogging can occur.  ‫يمكن‬ ‫تعقيم‬ ‫الغازات‬ ‫والسوائل‬ ‫فقط‬ ‫من‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الطريقة‬ .  ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫استبدال‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ف‬‫مكل‬ ، ‫خاصة‬ ‫مرشحات‬ ‫النانو‬ .  ‫تؤثر‬ ‫القيود‬ ‫المتأصلة‬ ‫في‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫على‬ ‫كفاءة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الطريقةأيكسر‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫الزجاجية‬ ‫كسر‬ ‫المرشح‬ ‫الغشائي‬ ‫وامتصاص‬ ‫المرشح‬ ‫من‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫أسيتزمنقي‬  ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تحدث‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫النسداد‬ .

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Methods and Principle of sterilization (Filtration).pptx

  • 2. Sterilization by Filtration  Filtration is the most popular method to sterilize heat sensitive liquid and gases, without exposure to denaturing temperatures.  Instead of killing microorganisms that cause contamination the process simply eliminates them.  It is the process of choice to sterilize chemical solutions for antibiotics radioisotopes, toxic chemicals or vaccines, as well as carbohydrates, all of which are sensitive to heat.  ‫الترشيح‬ ‫هو‬ ‫الطريقة‬ ‫األكثر‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫شيو‬ ‫لتعقيم‬ ‫السوائل‬ ‫والغازات‬ ‫الحساسة‬ ‫للحرار‬ ‫ة‬ ، ‫دون‬ ‫التعرض‬ ‫لدرجات‬ ‫حرارة‬ ‫تغيير‬ ‫طبيعة‬ .  ً ً‫ل‬‫فبد‬ ‫من‬ ‫قتل‬ ‫الكائنات‬ ‫الحية‬ ‫الدقيقة‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تسبب‬ ‫التلوث‬ ، ‫تقوم‬ ‫العملية‬ ‫بب‬ ‫ساطة‬ ‫بالقضاء‬ ‫عليها‬ .  ‫هي‬ ‫العملية‬ ‫المفضلة‬ ‫لتعقيم‬ ‫المحاليل‬ ‫الكيميائية‬ ‫للنظائر‬ ‫المشعة‬ ‫للمضادات‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حيوية‬ ‫والمواد‬ ‫الكيميائية‬ ‫السامة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اللقاحات‬ ، ‫وكذلك‬ ‫الكربوهيدرات‬ ، ‫وجميعها‬ ‫حساسة‬ ‫للحرارة‬ .
  • 3.  The gas or liquid is filtered through which has pores that are too small to allow passing through microorganisms however, large enough to permit the flow of gas or liquid. The filters are made from various substances;  ‫يتم‬ ‫ترشيح‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫أو‬ ‫السائل‬ ‫من‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫مسام‬ ‫صغيرة‬ ‫ًا‬‫د‬‫ج‬ ‫بحيث‬ ‫ل‬ ‫تسمح‬ ‫بالمرور‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫الكائنات‬ ‫الحية‬ ‫الدقيقة‬ ، ‫ولكنها‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫بما‬ ‫يكفي‬ ‫للسماح‬ ‫بتدفق‬ ‫الغاز‬ ‫أو‬ ‫السائل‬ . ‫المرشحات‬ ‫مصنوعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫مختلفة‬ . Materials Name of the filter Asbestos pad Seitz filter Diatomaceous earth Berkefeld filter Procelain Chamberland-Pasteur filter Sintered glass disks Sintered glass filter Cellulose Membrane filter Borosilicate glass fiber HEPA filter Clay, mud Candle filter
  • 4. Selection of Filtration  The selection of the filters to be sterilized must consider the dimensions of the contaminants that need to be eliminated.  The most popular filter is made of nitrocellulose with a pore size of 0.22 µm.  The size of bacteria is between 0.3 to 0.5 µm, while the size of viruses ranges from 20 nm to 0.36 nm.  Therefore, a filter of 0.22 µm keeps all spores and bacteria however it does not contain all virus.  ‫عند‬ ‫اختيار‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫المراد‬ ‫تعقيمها‬ ، ‫يجب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يأخذ‬ ‫في‬ ‫العتبار‬ ‫أبعاد‬ ‫الملوثات‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫التخلص‬ ‫م‬ ‫نها‬ .  ‫المرشح‬ ‫األكثر‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫شيو‬ ‫مصنوع‬ ‫من‬ ‫النيتروسليلوز‬ ‫بحجم‬ ‫مسام‬ ‫يبلغ‬ 0.22 μ ‫م‬ .  ‫يتراوح‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫البكتيريا‬ ‫بين‬ 0.3 ‫إلى‬ 0.5μ ‫م‬ ، ‫بينما‬ ‫يتراوح‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫الفيروسات‬ ‫من‬ 20 ‫نانومتر‬ ‫إلى‬ 0.36 ‫نانومتر‬ .  ‫ولذلك‬ ، ‫مرشح‬ 0.22μ ‫م‬ ‫يحتفظ‬ ‫بجميع‬ ‫الجراثيم‬ ‫والبكتيريا‬ ‫ولكنه‬ ‫ل‬ ‫يحتوي‬ ‫على‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫الفيروسات‬ .
  • 5. Principle of Filtration  Filters function by physically trapping particles that are larger than the size of the pore and retaining smaller particles by electrostatic attraction of particles to the filter.  Apart from porosity, various other aspects influence the effectiveness of filtration.  These include: 1. The filter is charged with electricity. 2. the electric charge carried by organisms 3. nature of the filtering fluid  ‫تعمل‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫محاصرة‬ ‫الجسيمات‬ ‫األكبر‬ ‫ا‬ً‫م‬‫حج‬ ‫من‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫المسام‬ ‫والحتفاظ‬ ‫بالجزيئات‬ ‫األصغ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫عن‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫الجذب‬ ‫الكهروستاتيكي‬ ‫للجسيمات‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫المرشح‬ .  ‫وبصرف‬ ‫النظر‬ ‫عن‬ ‫المسامية‬ ، ‫هناك‬ ‫جوانب‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ‫تؤثر‬ ‫على‬ ‫فعالية‬ ‫الترشيح‬ .  ‫وتشمل‬ ‫هذه‬ : .1 ‫يتم‬ ‫شحن‬ ‫الفلتر‬ ‫بالكهرباء‬ . .2 ‫الشحنة‬ ‫الكهربائية‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تحملها‬ ‫الكائنات‬ ‫الحية‬ .3 ‫طبيعة‬ ‫سائل‬ ‫الترشيح‬
  • 6.  The liquids are filtered through either pushing the solution through a cellulose acetate membrane using the aid of a vacuum (i.e applying negative pressure on the membrane filter) or by pushing the solution into the filter paper by applying pressure over the liquid.  The air filtering process is carried out by using high-efficiency particulate (HEPA) filters that are designed to eliminate organisms greater than 0.3 µm from operating rooms and biological safe cabinets.  ‫يتم‬ ‫ترشيح‬ ‫السوائل‬ ‫إما‬ ‫عن‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫دفع‬ ‫المحلول‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫غشاء‬ ‫خالت‬ ‫السليلوز‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫فراغ‬ ( ‫أيتطبيق‬ ‫ضغط‬ ‫سلبي‬ ‫على‬ ‫مرشح‬ ‫الغشاء‬ ) ‫أو‬ ‫عن‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫دفع‬ ‫المحلول‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ورق‬ ‫الترشيح‬ ‫عن‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫الضغط‬ ‫على‬ ‫السائل‬ .  ‫تتم‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫ترشيح‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫مرشحات‬ ‫جسيمات‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫الكفاءة‬ (HEPA) ‫مصممة‬ ‫للتخلص‬ ‫من‬ ‫الكائنات‬ ‫الحية‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يزيد‬ ‫حجمها‬ ‫عن‬ 0.3μ ‫م‬ ‫من‬ ‫غرف‬ ‫العمليات‬ ‫والخزائن‬ ‫البيولوجية‬ ‫اآلمنة‬ .
  • 7. Depth Filters  It is an elongated layer or mat that is made of an array of random overlapping sheets of paper, or even the borosilicate (glass) fibrous material. The depth filter collects particles inside the web of fibers within the structure.  ‫إنها‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫حصيرة‬ ‫ممدودة‬ ‫مصنوعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫األوراق‬ ‫العشوائية‬ ‫المتداخلة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الورق‬ ، ‫أو‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫مادة‬ ‫لي‬ ‫فية‬ ‫البورسليكات‬ ( ‫الزجاج‬ ). ‫يقوم‬ ‫مرشح‬ ‫العمق‬ ‫بتجميع‬ ‫الجزيئات‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫شبكة‬ ‫األلياف‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫الهيكل‬ .
  • 8.  Sterilization of air filters in industrial processes  Forced air cooling and heating systems that are used in homes have a simple filter that traps dust, spores and allergens  Utilization in biosafety-related applications, like biosafety cabinets. The cabinets for biological safety contain the HEPA, or high-efficiency particle air (HEPA) filter it is a form of depth filter.  ‫تعقيم‬ ‫مرشحات‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫في‬ ‫العمليات‬ ‫الصناعية‬  ‫تحتوي‬ ‫أنظمة‬ ‫تبريد‬ ‫وتدفئة‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫القسري‬ ‫المستخدمة‬ ‫في‬ ‫المنازل‬ ‫على‬ ‫مرشح‬ ‫بسيط‬ ‫يحبس‬ ‫الغبار‬ ‫والجراثيم‬ ‫والمواد‬ ‫المسببة‬ ‫للحساسية‬  ‫الستخدام‬ ‫في‬ ‫التطبيقات‬ ‫المتعلقة‬ ‫بالسالمة‬ ‫الحيوية‬ ، ‫مثل‬ ‫خزانات‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫الحيوية‬ . ‫تحتوي‬ ‫خزانات‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫البيولوجية‬ ‫على‬ ‫مرشح‬ HEPA ، ‫أو‬ ‫مرشح‬ ‫هواء‬ ‫الجسيمات‬ ‫عالي‬ ‫الكفاءة‬ (HEPA) ، ‫وهو‬ ‫أحد‬ ‫أشكال‬ ‫مرشح‬ ‫العمق‬ . Applications of Depth Filters
  • 9. High-Efficiency Particle Air (HEPA filter)  An average HEPA filter is one piece of borosilicate glass that is treated with water- repellent binding agent.  The filter, which has been pleated to increase the surface area, is encased in an unbreakable, sturdy frame.  HEPA filters are available in different sizes and shapes, ranging from a few square centimeters for vacuum cleaners up to many square meters for biological containment hoods, as well as rooms air system.  ‫يتكون‬ ‫مرشح‬ HEPA ‫المتوسط‬ ‫من‬ ‫قطعة‬ ‫واحدة‬ ‫من‬ ‫زجاج‬ ‫البورسليكات‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫معالجتها‬ ‫بعامل‬ ‫ربط‬ ‫طارد‬ ‫للماء‬ .  ‫تم‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫الفلتر‬ ، ‫الذي‬ ‫تم‬ ‫طيه‬ ‫لزيادة‬ ‫مساحة‬ ‫السطح‬ ، ‫في‬ ‫إطار‬ ‫قوي‬ ‫غير‬ ‫قابل‬ ‫للكسر‬ .  ‫تتوفر‬ ‫فالتر‬ HEPA ‫بأحجام‬ ‫وأشكال‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ، ‫تتراوح‬ ‫من‬ ‫بضعة‬ ‫سنتيمترات‬ ‫مربعة‬ ‫للمكانس‬ ‫الكهربائية‬ ‫إل‬ ‫ى‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫أمتار‬ ‫مربعة‬ ‫ألغطية‬ ‫الحتواء‬ ‫البيولوجي‬ ، ‫باإلضافة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظام‬ ‫هواء‬ ‫الغرف‬ .
  • 10.
  • 11.  Control of airborne particles by using HEPA filters can allow the building of “clean rooms” and isolation rooms to prevent quarantine, and also specific diagnostic and research labs.  HEPA filters are typically used to eliminate 0.3 µm of test particles with an efficiency of 99.97 percent, including the majority of microorganisms from the airstream  ‫إن‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫في‬ ‫الجسيمات‬ ‫المحمولة‬ ً ً‫ا‬‫جو‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫مرشحات‬ HEPA ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يسمح‬ ‫ببناء‬ " ‫غرف‬ ‫نظيفة‬ " ‫وغرف‬ ‫عزل‬ ‫لمنع‬ ‫الحجر‬ ‫الصحي‬ ، ‫وكذلك‬ ‫مختبرات‬ ‫تشخيصية‬ ‫وأبحاث‬ ‫محددة‬ .  ‫ستخدم‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫مرشحات‬ HEPA ً ً‫ة‬‫عاد‬ ‫إلزالة‬ 0.3μ ‫م‬ ‫من‬ ‫جزيئات‬ ‫الختبار‬ ‫بكفاءة‬ ‫تبلغ‬ 99.97 ‫بالمائة‬ ، ‫بما‬ ‫في‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫غالبية‬ ‫الكائنات‬ ‫الحية‬ ‫الدقيقة‬ ‫من‬ ‫تيار‬ ‫الهواء‬
  • 12. Membrane Filters  Membrane filters comprise the commonly used kind of filter employed for liquid sterilization in microbiology labs.  Membrane filters are made of high-tensile strength polymers like cellulose acetate, polysulfone or cellulose nitrate.  Membrane filters are made in the form of circular membranes that measure around 150 mm in thickness.  They contain millions of tiny pores of uniform diameters. The size of which is adapted according to the requirements in the process of polymerization.  ‫تشتمل‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫الغشائية‬ ‫على‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫المرشح‬ ‫شائع‬ ‫الستخدام‬ ‫المستخدم‬ ‫لتعقيم‬ ‫السوائل‬ ‫في‬ ‫مختبرات‬ ‫علم‬ ‫األحياء‬ ‫الدقيقة‬ .  ‫تصنع‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫الغشائية‬ ‫من‬ ‫بوليمرات‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫قوة‬ ‫شد‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫أسيتات‬ ،‫السليلوز‬ ‫بولي‬ ‫سلفونأو‬ ‫نترات‬ ‫السليلوز‬ .  ‫تصنع‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫الغشائية‬ ‫على‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫أغشية‬ ‫دائرية‬ ‫يبلغ‬ ‫سمكها‬ ‫حوالي‬ 150 ‫ملم‬ .  ‫أنها‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫على‬ ‫الماليين‬ ‫من‬ ‫المسام‬ ‫الصغيرة‬ ‫بأقطار‬ ‫موحدة‬ . ‫يتم‬ ‫تكييف‬ ‫حجمها‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ق‬‫وف‬ ‫لمتطلبات‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫البلمرة‬ .
  • 13. Membrane Filters  The pores of membrane filters vary between 0.1 µm to 10 µm.  The most popular membrane filter comes with a pores that is between 0.22 µm or 0.45 µm  The membranes are stored in special holders , and usually preceded by depth filters comprised from glass fibers, which remove larger particles that could block the filter.  The solution is pushed or pulled through the filter, and then stored in sterilized containers.  ‫تتراوح‬ ‫مسام‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫الغشائية‬ ‫بين‬ 0.1μ ‫م‬ ‫إلى‬ 10μ ‫م‬ .  ‫يأتي‬ ‫مرشح‬ ‫الغشاء‬ ‫األكثر‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ع‬‫شيو‬ ‫بمسام‬ ‫تتراوح‬ ‫بين‬ 0.22μ ‫م‬ ‫أو‬ 0.45μ ‫م‬  ‫يتم‬ ‫تخزين‬ ‫األغشية‬ ‫في‬ ‫حوامل‬ ‫خاصة‬ ، ً ً‫ة‬‫وعاد‬ ‫ما‬ ‫يسبقها‬ ‫مرشحات‬ ‫عمق‬ ‫مكونة‬ ‫من‬ ‫ألياف‬ ‫زجاجية‬ ، ‫والتي‬ ‫تزيل‬ ‫الجزيئات‬ ‫األكبر‬ ‫حج‬ ‫ا‬ً‫م‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تسد‬ ‫المرشح‬ .  ‫يتم‬ ‫دفع‬ ‫المحلول‬ ‫أو‬ ‫سحبه‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫الفلتر‬ ، ‫ثم‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫تخزينه‬ ‫في‬ ‫حاويات‬ ‫معقمة‬ .
  • 14. Application of Membrane Filter  Sterilization of fluids (pharmaceuticals Ophthalmic solutions as well as antibiotics and other substances that are sensitive to heat in labs and in industries  Enumeration and identification of microorganisms.  ‫تعقيم‬ ‫السوائل‬ ( ‫األدوية‬ ‫والمحاليل‬ ‫العينية‬ ‫وكذلك‬ ‫المضادات‬ ‫الحيوية‬ ‫وغيرها‬ ‫من‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫الحساسة‬ ‫للحرارة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الم‬ ‫ختبرات‬ ‫وفي‬ ‫الصناعات‬ )  ‫تعداد‬ ‫وتحديد‬ ‫الكائنات‬ ‫الحية‬ ‫الدقيقة‬ .
  • 15. Air Filtration Method  Air can also be cleaned through filtering.  The air is cleared of disease by passing it through the High Efficiency Particle Arrester (HEPA) filter.  Laminar flow biological safety cabinets are among the most crucial air filters.  They use HEPA filters that eliminate 99.97 percent of 0.33 µm particles with 0.33 in size.  ‫يمكن‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ض‬‫أي‬ ‫تنظيف‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫من‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫التصفية‬ .  ‫يتم‬ ‫تطهير‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫من‬ ‫األمراض‬ ‫عن‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫تمريره‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫مرشح‬ ‫مانع‬ ‫الجزيئات‬ ‫عالي‬ ‫الكفاءة‬ (HEPA).  ‫تعتبر‬ ‫خزانات‬ ‫السالمة‬ ‫البيولوجية‬ ‫للتدفق‬ ‫الصفحي‬ ‫من‬ ‫بين‬ ‫مرشحات‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫األكثر‬ ‫أهمية‬ .  ‫يستخدمون‬ ‫مرشحات‬ HEPA ‫التي‬ ‫تزيل‬ 99.97 ‫بالمائة‬ ‫من‬ 0.33μ ‫م‬ ‫جسيمات‬ ‫بحجم‬ 0.33.
  • 16.  Certain operating theaters and rooms that are occupied by patients with burns are filtered to reduce the number of microbes that are a part of the air.  HEPA filters can eliminate almost all microorganisms that are greater than 0.3 µm within diameter.  ‫تتم‬ ‫تصفية‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫غرف‬ ‫العمليات‬ ‫والغرف‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يشغلها‬ ‫مرضى‬ ‫الحروق‬ ‫لتقليل‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫الميكروبات‬ ‫الت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تشكل‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ء‬‫جز‬ ‫من‬ ‫الهواء‬ .  ‫يمكن‬ ‫لمرشحات‬ HEPA ‫القضاء‬ ‫على‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫الكائنات‬ ‫الحية‬ ‫الدقيقة‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يزيد‬ ‫حجمها‬ ‫عن‬ 0.3 ‫ا‬ً‫ب‬‫تقري‬ μ ‫م‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫القطر‬ . Air Filtration Method
  • 17.
  • 18. Advantages of Filtration Sterilization  It is suitable for liquids sensitive to heat (infusions and vaccines, hormones and more).  Large volumes of liquids can be easily filtered  ‫إنها‬ ‫مناسبة‬ ‫للسوائل‬ ‫الحساسة‬ ‫للحرارة‬ ( ‫الحقن‬ ‫واللقاحات‬ ‫والهرمونات‬ ‫وغيرها‬ ).  ‫يمكن‬ ‫تصفية‬ ‫كميات‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫من‬ ‫السوائل‬ ‫بسهولة‬
  • 19. Limitations of Filtration Sterilization  Only gases and liquids can be sterilized through this method.  Filters can be expensive to replace, particularly nano-filters.  The inherent limitations of the filters’ materials impact the efficiency of this method i.e breakage of glass filters breakage of membrane filter, and absorption of filtrate through a Sietz filter  The process of clogging can occur.  ‫يمكن‬ ‫تعقيم‬ ‫الغازات‬ ‫والسوائل‬ ‫فقط‬ ‫من‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الطريقة‬ .  ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫استبدال‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ف‬‫مكل‬ ، ‫خاصة‬ ‫مرشحات‬ ‫النانو‬ .  ‫تؤثر‬ ‫القيود‬ ‫المتأصلة‬ ‫في‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫على‬ ‫كفاءة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الطريقةأيكسر‬ ‫المرشحات‬ ‫الزجاجية‬ ‫كسر‬ ‫المرشح‬ ‫الغشائي‬ ‫وامتصاص‬ ‫المرشح‬ ‫من‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫أسيتزمنقي‬  ‫يمكن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تحدث‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫النسداد‬ .