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Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Lippincott's
Illustrated
Reviews:
Biochemistry
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 7
Introduction to
Carbohydrates
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE
• Figure 7.1
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE
(continued)
• Figure 7.2
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE
(continued)
• Figure 7.3
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE
(continued)
• Figure 7.4
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE
(continued)
• Figure 7.5
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE
(continued)
• Figure 7.6
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The principal sites of dietary carbohydrate
digestion are the mouth and intestinal lumen
‫المواقع‬
‫الرئيسية‬
‫لهضم‬
‫الكربوهيدرات‬
‫الغذائية‬
‫هي‬
‫تجويف‬
‫الفم‬
‫واألمعاء‬
This digestion is catalyzed by enzymes known
(glycosidases) that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds
The final products of carbohydrate digestion are the
monosaccharides glucose, galactose, and
fructose that are absorbed by cells (enterocytes) of the
small intestine.
‫يتم‬
‫تحفيز‬
‫عملية‬
‫الهضم‬
‫هذه‬
‫بواسطة‬
‫إنزيمات‬
‫معروفة‬
(
‫جليكوسيداز‬
)
‫تعمل‬
‫على‬
‫تحلل‬
‫الروابط‬
‫الجليكوسيدية‬
.
‫المنتجات‬
‫النهائية‬
‫لهضم‬
‫الكربوهيدرات‬
‫هي‬
‫السكريات‬
‫األحادية‬
‫الجلوكوز‬
‫والجالكتوز‬
‫الفركتوز‬
‫الذي‬
‫تمتصه‬
‫الخاليا‬
(
‫الخاليا‬
‫المعوية‬
)
‫في‬
‫األمعاء‬
‫الدقيقة‬
.
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
DIGESTION OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES
• Figure 7.7
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
DIGESTION OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES
(continued)
• Figure 7.8
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
DIGESTION OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES
(continued) • Figure 7.9
A. Salivary α-amylase
The major dietary
polysaccharides consumed by
humans are of plant
(starch, composed of amylose
and amylopectin) and animal
(glycogen)
origin.
‫أ‬
.
‫اللعاب‬
‫األميليز‬
‫السكريات‬
‫الغذائية‬
‫الرئيسية‬
‫التي‬
‫يستهلكها‬
‫الب‬
‫شر‬
‫هي‬
‫من‬
‫النباتات‬
(
‫النشا‬
،
‫يتكون‬
‫من‬
‫األميلوز‬
‫واألميلوبكتين‬
)
‫والحيوان‬
(
‫الجليكوجين‬
)
‫أصل‬
.
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
salivary α-amylase acts on
dietary starch and glycogen, hydrolyzing
random α(1→4) bonds.
on glycogen
we are unable to digest cellulose, a
carbohydrate of plant origin containing β[1→4]
glycosidic bonds between glucose residues.)
Because human cannot produce the enzyme
‫اللعابية‬
α-
‫األميليز‬
‫يعمل‬
‫على‬
‫النشا‬
‫الغذائي‬
‫والجليكوجين‬
،
‫تحلل‬
‫عشوائي‬
α(1←4)
‫سندات‬
.
‫على‬
‫الجليكوجين‬
‫نحن‬
‫غير‬
‫قادرين‬
‫على‬
‫هضم‬
‫السليلوز‬
،
‫وهو‬
‫عبارة‬
‫عن‬
‫كربوهيدرات‬
‫من‬
‫أصل‬
‫نباتي‬
‫تحتوي‬
‫على‬
β[1→4]
‫الروابط‬
‫الجليكوسيدية‬
‫بين‬
‫بقايا‬
‫الجلوكوز‬
.)
‫ألن‬
‫اإلنسان‬
‫ال‬
‫يستطيع‬
‫إنتاج‬
‫هذا‬
‫اإلنزيم‬
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Disaccharides are resistant to amylase.) in the stomach,
no digestion for carbohydrates because the
high acidity inactivates salivary α-amylase
‫السكريات‬
‫الثنائية‬
‫مقاومة‬
‫لألميليز‬
.)
‫في‬
‫المعدة‬
،
‫ال‬
‫يتم‬
‫هضم‬
‫الكربوهيدرات‬
‫ألن‬
‫الحموضة‬
‫العالية‬
‫تعطل‬
‫نشاط‬
‫ألفا‬
‫األميليز‬
‫اللعابي‬
branched amylopectin and
glycogen also contain α(1→6) bonds, which α-amylase
cannot hydrolyze,
the digest resulting from its action contains a mixture
of short, branched and unbranched oligosaccharides
known as dextrins (Fig. 7.9).
‫األميلوبكتين‬
‫المتفرعة‬
‫و‬
‫يحتوي‬
‫الجليكوجين‬
‫ًا‬‫ض‬‫أي‬
‫على‬
‫روابط‬
α(1→6)
،
‫والتي‬
‫ال‬
‫يستطيع‬
α-amylase
‫تحليلها‬
‫ا‬ً‫ي‬‫مائ‬
.
‫يحتوي‬
‫الخالصة‬
‫الناتجة‬
‫عن‬
‫تأثيره‬
‫على‬
‫خليط‬
‫من‬
‫السكريات‬
‫القصيرة‬
‫والمتفرعة‬
‫وغ‬
‫ير‬
‫المتفرعة‬
‫المعروفة‬
‫باسم‬
‫الدكسترين‬
(
‫الشكل‬
7.9).
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
B. Pancreatic α-amylase
When the acidic stomach contents reach
the small intestine, they are neutralized
by bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas,
and pancreatic αamylase continues the
process of starch digestion.
‫عندما‬
‫تصل‬
‫محتويات‬
‫المعدة‬
‫الحمضية‬
‫إلى‬
‫األمعاء‬
‫الدقيقة‬
،
‫يتم‬
‫تح‬
‫ييدها‬
‫بواسطة‬
‫البيكربونات‬
‫التي‬
‫يفرزها‬
‫البنكرياس‬
،
‫ويواصل‬
‫ألفا‬
‫أميل‬
‫يز‬
‫البنكرياس‬
‫عملية‬
‫هضم‬
‫النشا‬
.
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
C. Intestinal disaccharidases
The final digestive processes occur primarily at the
mucosal lining of the
duodenum and upper jejunum and include the
action of several
disaccharidases (see Fig. 7.9).
isomaltase cleaves the α(1→6) bond in isomaltose,
and maltase cleaves the α(1→4) bond in maltose
and maltotriose, each producing glucose.
‫تحدث‬
‫العمليات‬
‫الهضمية‬
‫النهائية‬
‫في‬
‫المقام‬
‫األول‬
‫في‬
‫البطانة‬
‫المخاطية‬
‫للبطن‬
‫االثني‬
‫عشر‬
‫والصائم‬
‫العلوي‬
‫وتشمل‬
‫عمل‬
‫عدة‬
‫السكاريداز‬
(
‫انظر‬
‫الشكل‬
7.9).
‫يشق‬
‫اإليزومالتيز‬
‫الرابطة‬
α(1→6)
‫في‬
‫األيزومالتوز‬
،
‫ويشق‬
‫المالتيز‬
‫الرابطة‬
α(1→4)
‫في‬
‫المالتوز‬
‫والمالتوتريوز‬
،
‫وينتج‬
‫كل‬
‫منهما‬
‫الجلوكوز‬
.
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Sucrase cleaves the α(1→2) bond in sucrose,
producing glucose
Fructose, and lactase (βgalactosidase) cleaves
the β(1→4) bond in lactose, producing
galactose and glucose.
Trehalose, an α(1→1) disaccharide of glucose
found in mushrooms and other fungi, is cleaved
by trehalase.
‫سوكريس‬
‫يشق‬
α (1 → 2)
‫السندات‬
‫في‬
‫السكروز‬
،
‫إنتاج‬
‫الجلوكوز‬
‫الفركتوز‬
‫والالكتاز‬
(
‫ب‬
‫غاالكتوزيداز‬
)
‫يشق‬
‫بيتا‬
(1 → 4)
‫السندات‬
‫في‬
‫الالكتوز‬
،
‫إنتاج‬
‫الجاالكتوز‬
‫والجلوكوز‬
.
‫تريهالوز‬
،
α(1→1)
‫ثنائي‬
‫السكاريد‬
‫من‬
‫الجلوكوز‬
‫الموجود‬
‫في‬
‫الفطر‬
‫والفطريات‬
‫األخرى‬
،
‫مشقوق‬
‫بواسطة‬
‫تريهاليز‬
.
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
D. Intestinal absorption of
monosaccharides
The upper jejunum absorbs the bulk of the
monosaccharide products of
digestion.
galactose and glucose are taken
into enterocytes by secondary active transport
that requires a concurrent
uptake (symport) of sodium (Na+) ions.
‫يمتص‬
‫الصائم‬
‫العلوي‬
‫الجزء‬
‫األكبر‬
‫من‬
‫منتجات‬
‫السكريات‬
‫األحادية‬
‫الهضم‬
.
‫يؤخذ‬
‫الجاالكتوز‬
‫والجلوكوز‬
‫إلى‬
‫الخاليا‬
‫المعوية‬
‫عن‬
‫طريق‬
‫النقل‬
‫النشط‬
‫الثانوي‬
‫الذي‬
‫يتطلب‬
‫المتزامنة‬
‫امتصاص‬
(symport)
‫أليونات‬
‫الصوديوم‬
(Na+).
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
DIGESTION OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES
(continued) • Figure 7.10
The transport protein is the
sodium-dependent glucose
cotransporter 1 (SGLT-1).
Fructose absorption utilizes
an energy- and Na+-
independent
monosaccharide transporter
(GLUT-5).
‫بروتين‬
‫النقل‬
‫هو‬
‫ناقل‬
‫الجلوكوز‬
‫المعتمد‬
‫على‬
‫الصوديوم‬
1 (SGLT-1).
‫يستخدم‬
‫امتصاص‬
‫الفركتوز‬
‫مادة‬
‫مستقلة‬
‫عن‬
‫الطاقة‬
‫و‬
Na+
‫ناقل‬
‫السكاريد‬
‫األحادي‬
(GLUT-5).
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
E. Abnormal degradation of disaccharides
specific disaccharidase activity
of the intestinal mucosa causes the passage of
undigested carbohydrate
into the large intestine.
As a consequence of the presence of this osmotically
active material, water is drawn from the mucosa into
the
large intestine, causing osmotic diarrhea.
‫نشاط‬
‫ديسكاريديز‬
‫محدد‬
‫من‬
‫الغشاء‬
‫المخاطي‬
‫لألمعاء‬
‫يسبب‬
‫مرور‬
‫الكربوهيدرات‬
‫غير‬
‫المهضومة‬
‫في‬
‫األمعاء‬
‫الغليظة‬
.
‫ونتيجة‬
‫لوجود‬
‫هذه‬
‫المادة‬
‫النشطة‬
‫تناضحيا‬
،
‫يتم‬
‫سحب‬
‫الماء‬
‫من‬
‫الغشاء‬
‫المخاطي‬
‫إلى‬
‫داخ‬
‫ل‬
‫الجسم‬
‫األمعاء‬
‫الغليظة‬
،
‫مما‬
‫يسبب‬
‫اإلسهال‬
‫األسموزي‬
.
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
DIGESTION OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES
(continued)
• Figure 7.11
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Lactose intolerance:
Results form lactose malabsorption because they
lack the enzyme lactase
Treatment for this disorder is to reduce
consumption of milk; eat yogurt and some cheeses
(bacterial action
and aging process decrease lactose content) as well
as green
vegetables, such as broccoli, to ensure adequate
calcium intake;
‫تشكل‬
‫النتائج‬
‫سوء‬
‫امتصاص‬
‫الالكتوز‬
‫ألنها‬
‫تفتقر‬
‫إلى‬
‫إنزيم‬
‫الالكتاز‬
‫عالج‬
‫هذا‬
‫االضطراب‬
‫هو‬
‫التقليل‬
‫استهالك‬
‫الحليب‬
‫تناول‬
‫الزبادي‬
‫وبعض‬
‫األجبان‬
(
‫عمل‬
‫بكتيري‬
‫وعملية‬
‫الشيخوخة‬
‫تقلل‬
‫من‬
‫محتوى‬
‫الالكتوز‬
)
‫وكذلك‬
‫اللون‬
‫األخضر‬
‫الخضار‬
،
‫مثل‬
‫البروكلي‬
،
‫لضمان‬
‫تناول‬
‫كمية‬
‫كافية‬
‫من‬
‫الكالسيوم‬
‫؛‬
Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• Figure 7.12

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digestion of كطمكطك"طكطكarbohydrates.ppt

  • 1. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry
  • 2. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 7 Introduction to Carbohydrates
  • 3. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE • Figure 7.1
  • 4. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE (continued) • Figure 7.2
  • 5. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE (continued) • Figure 7.3
  • 6. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE (continued) • Figure 7.4
  • 7. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE (continued) • Figure 7.5
  • 8. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE (continued) • Figure 7.6
  • 9. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The principal sites of dietary carbohydrate digestion are the mouth and intestinal lumen ‫المواقع‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫لهضم‬ ‫الكربوهيدرات‬ ‫الغذائية‬ ‫هي‬ ‫تجويف‬ ‫الفم‬ ‫واألمعاء‬ This digestion is catalyzed by enzymes known (glycosidases) that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds The final products of carbohydrate digestion are the monosaccharides glucose, galactose, and fructose that are absorbed by cells (enterocytes) of the small intestine. ‫يتم‬ ‫تحفيز‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫الهضم‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫بواسطة‬ ‫إنزيمات‬ ‫معروفة‬ ( ‫جليكوسيداز‬ ) ‫تعمل‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحلل‬ ‫الروابط‬ ‫الجليكوسيدية‬ . ‫المنتجات‬ ‫النهائية‬ ‫لهضم‬ ‫الكربوهيدرات‬ ‫هي‬ ‫السكريات‬ ‫األحادية‬ ‫الجلوكوز‬ ‫والجالكتوز‬ ‫الفركتوز‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫تمتصه‬ ‫الخاليا‬ ( ‫الخاليا‬ ‫المعوية‬ ) ‫في‬ ‫األمعاء‬ ‫الدقيقة‬ .
  • 10. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins DIGESTION OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES • Figure 7.7
  • 11. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins DIGESTION OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES (continued) • Figure 7.8
  • 12. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins DIGESTION OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES (continued) • Figure 7.9 A. Salivary α-amylase The major dietary polysaccharides consumed by humans are of plant (starch, composed of amylose and amylopectin) and animal (glycogen) origin. ‫أ‬ . ‫اللعاب‬ ‫األميليز‬ ‫السكريات‬ ‫الغذائية‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يستهلكها‬ ‫الب‬ ‫شر‬ ‫هي‬ ‫من‬ ‫النباتات‬ ( ‫النشا‬ ، ‫يتكون‬ ‫من‬ ‫األميلوز‬ ‫واألميلوبكتين‬ ) ‫والحيوان‬ ( ‫الجليكوجين‬ ) ‫أصل‬ .
  • 13. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins salivary α-amylase acts on dietary starch and glycogen, hydrolyzing random α(1→4) bonds. on glycogen we are unable to digest cellulose, a carbohydrate of plant origin containing β[1→4] glycosidic bonds between glucose residues.) Because human cannot produce the enzyme ‫اللعابية‬ α- ‫األميليز‬ ‫يعمل‬ ‫على‬ ‫النشا‬ ‫الغذائي‬ ‫والجليكوجين‬ ، ‫تحلل‬ ‫عشوائي‬ α(1←4) ‫سندات‬ . ‫على‬ ‫الجليكوجين‬ ‫نحن‬ ‫غير‬ ‫قادرين‬ ‫على‬ ‫هضم‬ ‫السليلوز‬ ، ‫وهو‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫كربوهيدرات‬ ‫من‬ ‫أصل‬ ‫نباتي‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫على‬ β[1→4] ‫الروابط‬ ‫الجليكوسيدية‬ ‫بين‬ ‫بقايا‬ ‫الجلوكوز‬ .) ‫ألن‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫ال‬ ‫يستطيع‬ ‫إنتاج‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫اإلنزيم‬
  • 14. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Disaccharides are resistant to amylase.) in the stomach, no digestion for carbohydrates because the high acidity inactivates salivary α-amylase ‫السكريات‬ ‫الثنائية‬ ‫مقاومة‬ ‫لألميليز‬ .) ‫في‬ ‫المعدة‬ ، ‫ال‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫هضم‬ ‫الكربوهيدرات‬ ‫ألن‬ ‫الحموضة‬ ‫العالية‬ ‫تعطل‬ ‫نشاط‬ ‫ألفا‬ ‫األميليز‬ ‫اللعابي‬ branched amylopectin and glycogen also contain α(1→6) bonds, which α-amylase cannot hydrolyze, the digest resulting from its action contains a mixture of short, branched and unbranched oligosaccharides known as dextrins (Fig. 7.9). ‫األميلوبكتين‬ ‫المتفرعة‬ ‫و‬ ‫يحتوي‬ ‫الجليكوجين‬ ‫ًا‬‫ض‬‫أي‬ ‫على‬ ‫روابط‬ α(1→6) ، ‫والتي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫يستطيع‬ α-amylase ‫تحليلها‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ي‬‫مائ‬ . ‫يحتوي‬ ‫الخالصة‬ ‫الناتجة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫تأثيره‬ ‫على‬ ‫خليط‬ ‫من‬ ‫السكريات‬ ‫القصيرة‬ ‫والمتفرعة‬ ‫وغ‬ ‫ير‬ ‫المتفرعة‬ ‫المعروفة‬ ‫باسم‬ ‫الدكسترين‬ ( ‫الشكل‬ 7.9).
  • 15. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins B. Pancreatic α-amylase When the acidic stomach contents reach the small intestine, they are neutralized by bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas, and pancreatic αamylase continues the process of starch digestion. ‫عندما‬ ‫تصل‬ ‫محتويات‬ ‫المعدة‬ ‫الحمضية‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫األمعاء‬ ‫الدقيقة‬ ، ‫يتم‬ ‫تح‬ ‫ييدها‬ ‫بواسطة‬ ‫البيكربونات‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يفرزها‬ ‫البنكرياس‬ ، ‫ويواصل‬ ‫ألفا‬ ‫أميل‬ ‫يز‬ ‫البنكرياس‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫هضم‬ ‫النشا‬ .
  • 16. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins C. Intestinal disaccharidases The final digestive processes occur primarily at the mucosal lining of the duodenum and upper jejunum and include the action of several disaccharidases (see Fig. 7.9). isomaltase cleaves the α(1→6) bond in isomaltose, and maltase cleaves the α(1→4) bond in maltose and maltotriose, each producing glucose. ‫تحدث‬ ‫العمليات‬ ‫الهضمية‬ ‫النهائية‬ ‫في‬ ‫المقام‬ ‫األول‬ ‫في‬ ‫البطانة‬ ‫المخاطية‬ ‫للبطن‬ ‫االثني‬ ‫عشر‬ ‫والصائم‬ ‫العلوي‬ ‫وتشمل‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫السكاريداز‬ ( ‫انظر‬ ‫الشكل‬ 7.9). ‫يشق‬ ‫اإليزومالتيز‬ ‫الرابطة‬ α(1→6) ‫في‬ ‫األيزومالتوز‬ ، ‫ويشق‬ ‫المالتيز‬ ‫الرابطة‬ α(1→4) ‫في‬ ‫المالتوز‬ ‫والمالتوتريوز‬ ، ‫وينتج‬ ‫كل‬ ‫منهما‬ ‫الجلوكوز‬ .
  • 17. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Sucrase cleaves the α(1→2) bond in sucrose, producing glucose Fructose, and lactase (βgalactosidase) cleaves the β(1→4) bond in lactose, producing galactose and glucose. Trehalose, an α(1→1) disaccharide of glucose found in mushrooms and other fungi, is cleaved by trehalase. ‫سوكريس‬ ‫يشق‬ α (1 → 2) ‫السندات‬ ‫في‬ ‫السكروز‬ ، ‫إنتاج‬ ‫الجلوكوز‬ ‫الفركتوز‬ ‫والالكتاز‬ ( ‫ب‬ ‫غاالكتوزيداز‬ ) ‫يشق‬ ‫بيتا‬ (1 → 4) ‫السندات‬ ‫في‬ ‫الالكتوز‬ ، ‫إنتاج‬ ‫الجاالكتوز‬ ‫والجلوكوز‬ . ‫تريهالوز‬ ، α(1→1) ‫ثنائي‬ ‫السكاريد‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجلوكوز‬ ‫الموجود‬ ‫في‬ ‫الفطر‬ ‫والفطريات‬ ‫األخرى‬ ، ‫مشقوق‬ ‫بواسطة‬ ‫تريهاليز‬ .
  • 18. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins D. Intestinal absorption of monosaccharides The upper jejunum absorbs the bulk of the monosaccharide products of digestion. galactose and glucose are taken into enterocytes by secondary active transport that requires a concurrent uptake (symport) of sodium (Na+) ions. ‫يمتص‬ ‫الصائم‬ ‫العلوي‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫األكبر‬ ‫من‬ ‫منتجات‬ ‫السكريات‬ ‫األحادية‬ ‫الهضم‬ . ‫يؤخذ‬ ‫الجاالكتوز‬ ‫والجلوكوز‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الخاليا‬ ‫المعوية‬ ‫عن‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫النشط‬ ‫الثانوي‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫يتطلب‬ ‫المتزامنة‬ ‫امتصاص‬ (symport) ‫أليونات‬ ‫الصوديوم‬ (Na+).
  • 19. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins DIGESTION OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES (continued) • Figure 7.10 The transport protein is the sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT-1). Fructose absorption utilizes an energy- and Na+- independent monosaccharide transporter (GLUT-5). ‫بروتين‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫هو‬ ‫ناقل‬ ‫الجلوكوز‬ ‫المعتمد‬ ‫على‬ ‫الصوديوم‬ 1 (SGLT-1). ‫يستخدم‬ ‫امتصاص‬ ‫الفركتوز‬ ‫مادة‬ ‫مستقلة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الطاقة‬ ‫و‬ Na+ ‫ناقل‬ ‫السكاريد‬ ‫األحادي‬ (GLUT-5).
  • 20. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins E. Abnormal degradation of disaccharides specific disaccharidase activity of the intestinal mucosa causes the passage of undigested carbohydrate into the large intestine. As a consequence of the presence of this osmotically active material, water is drawn from the mucosa into the large intestine, causing osmotic diarrhea. ‫نشاط‬ ‫ديسكاريديز‬ ‫محدد‬ ‫من‬ ‫الغشاء‬ ‫المخاطي‬ ‫لألمعاء‬ ‫يسبب‬ ‫مرور‬ ‫الكربوهيدرات‬ ‫غير‬ ‫المهضومة‬ ‫في‬ ‫األمعاء‬ ‫الغليظة‬ . ‫ونتيجة‬ ‫لوجود‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫المادة‬ ‫النشطة‬ ‫تناضحيا‬ ، ‫يتم‬ ‫سحب‬ ‫الماء‬ ‫من‬ ‫الغشاء‬ ‫المخاطي‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫داخ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫الجسم‬ ‫األمعاء‬ ‫الغليظة‬ ، ‫مما‬ ‫يسبب‬ ‫اإلسهال‬ ‫األسموزي‬ .
  • 21. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins DIGESTION OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES (continued) • Figure 7.11
  • 22. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Lactose intolerance: Results form lactose malabsorption because they lack the enzyme lactase Treatment for this disorder is to reduce consumption of milk; eat yogurt and some cheeses (bacterial action and aging process decrease lactose content) as well as green vegetables, such as broccoli, to ensure adequate calcium intake; ‫تشكل‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫سوء‬ ‫امتصاص‬ ‫الالكتوز‬ ‫ألنها‬ ‫تفتقر‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫إنزيم‬ ‫الالكتاز‬ ‫عالج‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫االضطراب‬ ‫هو‬ ‫التقليل‬ ‫استهالك‬ ‫الحليب‬ ‫تناول‬ ‫الزبادي‬ ‫وبعض‬ ‫األجبان‬ ( ‫عمل‬ ‫بكتيري‬ ‫وعملية‬ ‫الشيخوخة‬ ‫تقلل‬ ‫من‬ ‫محتوى‬ ‫الالكتوز‬ ) ‫وكذلك‬ ‫اللون‬ ‫األخضر‬ ‫الخضار‬ ، ‫مثل‬ ‫البروكلي‬ ، ‫لضمان‬ ‫تناول‬ ‫كمية‬ ‫كافية‬ ‫من‬ ‫الكالسيوم‬ ‫؛‬
  • 23. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CHAPTER SUMMARY • Figure 7.12