Slide Presentation
Diabetes Melliuts Type 2 management basics are life style modifications followed by use of Metformin
What is the best and safest next pharmacologic choice
Slide Presentation
Diabetes Melliuts Type 2 management basics are life style modifications followed by use of Metformin
What is the best and safest next pharmacologic choice
Interested in learning more about Metformin, here's all you need to know!
Brought to you by the MedSimple Team.
MedSimple is a unified medication management platform designed to help patients two or more meds through the following features:
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SGLT2 Inhibitors v Sitagliptin (SITA) as Add-on Therapy to Metformin Chris Sevald, PhD
SGLT2 inhibitors are the latest class of FDA-approved oral therapies to lower blood glucose in type-2 diabetes.Systematic review and meta-analysis to compare glucose-lowering and weight-loss effects of SGLT2s vs. the most-prescribed DPP-4 inhibitor, SITA. Poster presented at the 21st annual meeting of ISPOR, May, 2016, in Washington DC.
The incidence of Chronic KidneyDisease[ CKD ] has reached epidemic proportions. Diabetes tops the list of causes of CKD.Both hypo and hyperglycemia can complicate advanced renal disease. The topic is discussed in this presentation
Interested in learning more about Metformin, here's all you need to know!
Brought to you by the MedSimple Team.
MedSimple is a unified medication management platform designed to help patients two or more meds through the following features:
• 1. A Med List to document prescribed and over-the-counter medications, dosage, frequency and strength
• 2. A customizable list of prescribers and pharmacies
• 3. Cost savings via coupons (Premium feature)
• 4. Generic Alternatives: Links to information about generic alternatives, fixed price (such as $4) lists
• 5. Long-term cost savings via Patient Assistance Programs and forms for requesting assistance (Premium feature)
• 6. Dosage reminders (such as alarms and notifications)
• 7. Refill reminders for picking up prescriptions prior to refill dates (Premium feature)
• 8. Drug information and complete look-up on drug side affects, interactions, warnings and more
• 9. Ready-to-use digital MedSimple Drug Discount Card
• 10. Access to and synchronized data with browser-based partner site, MedSimpleApp.com
SGLT2 Inhibitors v Sitagliptin (SITA) as Add-on Therapy to Metformin Chris Sevald, PhD
SGLT2 inhibitors are the latest class of FDA-approved oral therapies to lower blood glucose in type-2 diabetes.Systematic review and meta-analysis to compare glucose-lowering and weight-loss effects of SGLT2s vs. the most-prescribed DPP-4 inhibitor, SITA. Poster presented at the 21st annual meeting of ISPOR, May, 2016, in Washington DC.
The incidence of Chronic KidneyDisease[ CKD ] has reached epidemic proportions. Diabetes tops the list of causes of CKD.Both hypo and hyperglycemia can complicate advanced renal disease. The topic is discussed in this presentation
Effect of emulin on blood glucose in type 2 diabetics - https://emulincanada.comAj Martirano
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Chlorogenic acid (CGA): A potential Anti-obesity Phytochem...sudharani028
CHLOROGENIC ACID (CGA) belongs to the super family Caffeoylic Acid is gaining lot of media attention due to its anti-potential property. The word “Chloro" derived from Greek (light green) and Genic means "giving rise to”. You will get the information related to the anti-obesity phytochemical (CGA) and its mechanism in managing obesity
Effects of milk supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) on body composition and metabolic syndrome components
Transglucosidase improves the gut microbiota profile of type 2 diabetes melli...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Recently, the relationship between gut microbiota and obesity has been highlighted. The
present randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of
transglucosidase (TGD) in modulating blood glucose levels and body weight gain in patients
with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to clarify the underlying mechanism by analyzing
the gut microbiota of T2DM patients.
Androgens & Cardiovascular Diseases in Women: From Basic Research to Clinical...InsideScientific
Join Dr. Licy Yanes-Cardozo as she expands on her research exploring the role of androgens on cardiovascular physiology in cis and transgender patients.
Women have higher plasma concentrations of androgens than estrogens, yet the role of androgens in physiological processes and diseases is not completely understood. High levels of androgens in women are associated with a negative cardiometabolic profile, whereas in men, low levels of androgens are associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases.The biology behind androgens’ sex difference is not completely understood.
In this webinar, Dr. Yanes-Cardozo discusses two clinical situations that are associated with high levels of androgens. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder in reproductive-aged women, is associated with a modest elevation of plasma levels of androgens. In transmen individuals (female to male), plasma concentrations of androgens are elevated to achieve similar levels found in cisgender men and much higher than in PCOS women. The role that these two different plasma concentrations play in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology remains unclear. Gaps and opportunities in basic research and clinical practice are highlighted.
Key Topics Include:
- Review the key role of androgens in cardiovascular pathophysiology
- Discuss potential mechanisms by which androgens mediate a deleterious cardiometabolic profile in females
- Interpret gaps and opportunities in basic and clinical practice in conditions of androgen excess
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and its occurrence is increasing fast in most of the countries. Herbal medicine derived from plant extracts have been utilized increasingly for the treatment of various disorders like diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti diabetic activity of ‘Herbamed’, a herbal formulation composed of Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats model.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Metformin presentation sigma xi
1. Ovarian Cancer and Diabetes:
Metformin’s Metabolic Effects
LACEY GIBSON, SOUTHERN ILLINOIS
UNIVERSITY, CLASS OF 2015
DR. BUCK HALES, DEPARTMENT CHAIR OF
PHYSIOLOGY, SOUTHERN ILLINOIS
UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
2. Introduction: Objectives
Objectives
Our study was undertaken to:
compare the ability of Metformin and flaxseed in reducing
hyperglycemic, pro-inflammatory environment
and to set the stage for a long term study of their direct
comparison in reducing ovarian cancer incidence and severity,
using a hen model.
3. Introduction: How are Ovarian Cancer & Diabetes Related?
Ovarian Cancer & Diabetes
Ovarian cancer & type II
diabetes are devastating
diseases that share a
variety of risk factors;
individuals diagnosed with
type II diabetes are more
likely than by chance to be
diagnosed with cancer
(Giovannuci et al 2010)
4. Introduction: How are Ovarian Cancer & Diabetes Related?
Warburg Effect describes ability of
fast-growing cancer cells to
metabolize glucose via glycolysis in
addition to oxidative phosphorylation;
More glucose needed for
proliferation (Ladley 2012).
Diabetes provides a nutrient-rich
metabolic environment for ovarian
cancer cells, where tumor formation
and growth is encouraged by free
radical-induced DNA damage.
(Kellenberger et al 2010).
5. Introduction: What are Metformin and Flaxseed?
Flaxseed and Metformin as Mediators of Proliferative Metabolic
Environment
Flaxseed and Metformin both may reduce incidence and severity of
cancer by reducing hyperglycemic, pro-inflammatory environment that
feeds cancer proliferation.
6. Introduction: What are Metformin and Flaxseed?
Metformin: Anti-diabetes drug Metformin (1carbamimidamido-N,N-dimethylmethanimidamide,
C4H11N5 ) activates fuel sensing enzyme AMPactivated protein kinase.
-> alters expression/location of
enzymes/transporters associated with glucose
metabolism: glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC2),
glucose family transporter-2 (GLUT-2), histone
deacetylase 7 (HDAC7), phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxykinase (PCK1), and pyruvate kinase
(PKM2) and…
-> glucose homeostasis is improved
(Fulgencio et al 2001; Ait-Omar et al 2011; Hardie
2013; Yuan et al 2002).
7. Introduction: What are Metformin and Flaxseed?
Flaxseed: Dietary supplement
flaxseed rich in ALA, which is
converted to EPA and DHA
->decreases expression of
inflammatory markers COX-1 and
COX-2
-> reduction in inflammatory
markers correlates to reduction in
severity of ovarian cancer in hens
(Eilati et al 2013).
ALA
EPA
DHA
COX
8. Introduction: What Endpoints Can We Use to Compare the
Metabolic Effects of Metformin & Flaxseed?
Diabetes, Ovarian Cancer, and Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic Syndrome: Clustering of risk factors for type II diabetes, cardiovascular
disease, hypertension, lipid problems, obesity, NAFLD, cancers, and ovarian
distress.
Metabolic distress indicated by the following measurements: low albumin; high
aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and
glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), triglycerides, cholesterol, blood glucose.
9. Methods
Metformin animal study: 3 week dose finding: Animal
management and procedures were reviewed and approved by IACUC at
Southern Illinois University Carbondale. 28 hens of 1.5 years were obtained
and housed at SIUC vivarium in Life Science II. 7 hens per group were treated
daily with either capsules containing 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg of Metformin or a
control rice bran pill. On day 21 of treatment, hens were sacrificed.
Biochemical serum analysis: 12 hens were bled on day zero,
and all hens were bled on day 21 of the study. Blood was spun at 20º C for 10
minutes at 1200 rpm. Serum was collected and shipped on dry ice to University
of Illinois Veterinarian Diagnostic Laboratory for analysis of cholesterol,
triglycerides, glucose, AST, albumin, GGT, and GLDH. Statistical analysis of
data was performed using ANOVA using standard parametric methods to
identify significant differences (p<.05). A principal components analysis (PCA)
test was then performed to compare variables.
10. Methods
Analysis of gene expression: Liver and ovary tissue were
collected from all hens during necropsy and stored at -80º C. RNA was isolated
from the tissue samples followed by cDNA synthesis. PCR primers were
identified by literature review and obtained through a commercial vendor
(Eurofins). Fold differences in gene expression were validated through
semiquantitative RT-PCR using the BioRad CFX96 PCR system. mRNA levels
were normalized to GAPDH and relative expression was calculated using the
comparative Ct method. Statistical analysis of data was performed using
ANOVA using standard parametric methods to identify significant differences
(p<.05).
Comparison of data to previous flaxseed
findings: Results were compared to biochemical analysis and gene
expression of hens fed control or flaxseed diets during a series of long term
studies
11. Results: General Health: Metformin
General health:
Hens treated with 30 mg/kg Metformin lost weight during the trial (Figure 1). Hens of all
treatments maintained egg-laying ability, and hens treated with 30 mg/kg Metformin were
the most fertile on day 21 compared to hens of other treatments (Figure 2).
12. Results: Serum Analysis: Metformin
Biochemical serum analysis:
Significant increases in serum glucose and GGT were seen in post-treated
hens compared to pre-treated hens (Figures 3, 4). No significant changes in
cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin, or GLDH were seen (Table 1).
250
GGT (U/L)
Glucose (mg/dL)
200
150
100
50
0
Baseline (n=14)
Metformin (n=14)
Treatment
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Baseline (n=14)
Metformin (n=14)
Treatment
Figure 3(left) Mean values for glucose in serum of hens with and without Metformin treatment. Mean values connected with an
asterisk are significantly different (P<0.05, ANOVA).
Figure 4(right) Mean values for GGT in serum of hens with and without Metformin treatment. Mean values connected with an
asterisk are significantly different (P<0.05, ANOVA).
13. Results: Serum Analysis: Metformin
Variability in glucose and GGT caused by living conditions, not by
Metformin treatment; Variability in cholesterol, triglycerides, and albumin
unrelated to treatment or conditions (Figure 5).
Figure 5
PCA analysis
of
biochemical
serum
variables in
hens of all
treatments
on day 0
(blue points)
and day 21
(yellow
points) of
treatment.
Increasing
glucose,
GGT
Increasing Cholesterol,
Triglycerides, Albumin
14. Results: Serum Analysis: Flaxseed
300
A
250
Avg AST (U/L)
In long-term flaxseed studies,
cholesterol, triglycerides, and AST
were decreased in hens fed a
flaxseed-based diet compared to
hens fed a control diet (Figures 6, 7,
8). No significant changes in GGT,
albumin, or GLDH were seen (Table
1)
200
150
B
B
B
C
100
50
C
C
C
0
Control Flax D Contol Flax E Control Flax F Contol Flax G
D
(n=16)
E
(n=11)
F
(n=16)
G
(n=17)
(n=16)
(n=12)
(n=15)
(n=17)
Figure 6 Mean AST levels of serum from hens fed flaxseed or
control diets of age groups D (youngest, 2.5 years) through G
(oldest, 4 years) in a long term study. Mean values sharing the same
letter are not significantly different (P<0.05, Tukey’s test).
15. 4000
3500
3000 AB
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
250
A
AB
AB
BC
BC
C
C
Average
Cholesterol (mg/dL)
Average Triglyceride Level
(mg/dL)
Results: Serum Analysis: Flaxseed
A
AB
200
AB
AB
150
B
AB
AB
AB
100
50
0
Group
Control Flax D Contol Flax E Control Flax F Contol Flax G
D
(n=16)
E
(n=11)
F
(n=16)
G
(n=17)
(n=16)
(n=12)
(n=15)
(n=17)
Group
Figure 7 (left) Mean triglyceride levels of serum from hens fed flaxseed or control diets of age groups D (youngest, 2.5 years)
through G (oldest, 4 years). Mean values sharing the same letter are not significantly different (P<0.05, Tukey’s test).
Figure 8 (right) Mean cholesterol levels of serum from hens fed flaxseed or control diets of age groups D (youngest, 2.5 years)
through G (oldest, 4 years). Mean values sharing the same letter are not significantly different (P<0.05, Tukey’s test).
16. Results: Serum Analysis: Summary
Flax
Metformin
Glucose
?
-*
Cholesterol
+*
NC
Triglycerides
+*
NC
Albumin
NC
NC
AST
+*
NC
GGT
NC
-*
GLDH
NC
NC
Table 2 Summary of the effects of a long-term flaxseed diet or short-term Metformin treatment in hens on biochemical metabolic
markers in serum analysis. (- = negative effect, + = positive effect, NC = no change; * = statistical significance: p<.05)
17. Results: Gene Expression: Metformin
Gene expression: Liver:
Expression of GLUT-2 was significantly increased in hens treated with
30 mg/kg Metformin. No significant changes in expression of COX-2,
G6PC2, HDAC7, PCK1, or PKM2 were seen (Figure 9).
Figure 9 (left) Relative
normalized expression of
metaboolic genes in liver
tissue of control or Metfromintreated hens. Mean values
connected with an asterisk
are significantly different
(P<0.05, Tukey’s test).
18. Results: Gene Expression: Metformin
Gene expression: Ovary:
No significant changes in expression of COX-2, HDAC7, or PKM2 were
seen in ovary tissue (Figure 10).
Figure 10 (left) Relative
normalized expression of
metaboolic genes in ovary tissue
of control or Metfromin-treated
hens. Mean values connected
with an asterisk are significantly
different (P<0.05, Tukey’s test).
19. Results: Gene Expression: Flaxseed
Gene expression: Liver:
In long-term flaxseed studies, expression of PCK1 was significantly
decreased in hens treated with 15 g/kg flaxseed. No changes in
expression of COX-2, G6PC2, GLUT-2, HDAC7, or PKM2 were seen
(Figure 11, Table 3).
Figure 11 (left) Relative normalized
expression of metaboolic genes in
liver tissue of control or flaxseed-fed
hens. Mean values connected with
an asterisk are significantly different
(P<0.05, Tukey’s test).
20. Results: Gene Expression: Summary
Flax
Metformin
COX-2
NC
NC
G6PC2
NC
NC
GLUT-2
NC
+*
PCK1
+*
NC
PKM2
NC
NC
Table 3 Summary of the effects of a long-term flaxseed diet or short-term Metformin treatment in hens on expression of metabolic
genes. (- = negative effect, + = positive effect, NC = no change; * = statistical significance: p<.05)
21. Conclusions: Metformin
Flax and Metformin differentially effect biochemical and genetic
markers of metabolic syndrome, liver disease, and insulin
resistance.
Our short-term Metformin study has shown that Meformin is related
to:
up-regulation in GLUT-2. Previous studies have found that Metformin may
alter the location and functioning of this transporter (Ait-Omar et al 2011);
Increase in GGT and glucose due to conditions rather than treatment. 3 weeks
was not long enough for Metformin to change biochemical serum markers.
22. Conclusion: Metformin
Literature has shown that a single oral dose of 300 mg/kg Metformin can
reduce blood glucose and feed intake (Ashwell and McMurty 2003).
However, consistent with our findings, another study has shown that daily
diets of Metformin of 250-10,000 mg/kg reduce feed intake and increase
lactate in highest doses without reducing plasma glucose (Rosebrough
and Ashwell 2005).
Thus, in the hen, Metformin may reduce symptoms of Metabolic
Syndrome, thereby reducing cancer risk through an undefined form of
feedback inhibition that increases satiety without altering long-term
plasma glucose levels
23. Conclusions: Flaxseed
Our long-term flaxseed studies have shown that flax is related to:
reduction in cholesterol, triglycerides, AST.
decreased expression of PCK1, consistent with previous studies
that have found SDG from flaxseed to reduce expression of this gene
(Prasad 2002).
.
24. Conclusions: Future Directions
Despite lack of change in blood glucose levels, our short term study has
shown that most positive metabolic health effects (up-regulation of
GLUT-2, decrease in body weight, egg laying ability) occur in hens
treated with 30 mg/kg. This is therefore our optimal dose for future
studies for which this study has laid a foundation.
Future long-term studies must be performed to directly compare the
benefits of flaxseed and Metformin in reducing incidence and severity of
ovarian cancer as well as its associated pro-inflammatory,
hyperglycemic environment.
25. Acknowledgements
I would like to graciously thank the following:
All members of my lab for aiding in data collection and interpretation
The REACH program at SIUC for financial support
My family for moral support
The selected sources below for providing background and discussion
information
And YOU for your time and attention! Thanks!!
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