Operators in C allow operations to be performed on operands. Common operators include arithmetic, relational, logical, and bitwise operators. Operators have precedence and associativity that determine the order of operations. The conditional operator (?:) evaluates a condition and returns one of two expressions. Operators are used to perform calculations, comparisons, assignments, and logical tests in C programs.

1. Operators and Expressions
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2. Introduction
• An operator indicates an operation to be
performed on data that yields a new value.
• An operand is a data items on which operators
perform operations.
• C provides rich set of “Operators”
– Arithmetic
– Relational
– Logical
– Bitwise
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3. Introduction
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4. Properties of Operators
• Precedence
– Precedence means priority.
– When an expressions contains many operators,
the operations are carried out according to the
priority of the operators.
– The higher priority operations are solved first.
– Example
• 10 * 5 + 4 / 2
• 10 + 5 – 8 * 2 / 2
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5. Properties of Operators
• Associativity
– Associativity means the direction of execution.
– When an expression has operators with same precedence, the associativity
property decides which operation to be carried out first.
a) Left to Right : The expression evaluation starts from the left to right direction
Example : 12 * 4 / 8 % 2
48 / 8 % 2
6%2
0
b) Right to Left : The expression evaluation starts from right to left direction
Example : X = 8 + 5 % 2
X=8+1
X=9
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6. Priority of Operators and their clubbing
• Each and every operator in C having its
priority and precedence fixed on the basis of
these property expression is solved.
• Operators from the same group may have
different precedence and associativity.
• If arithmetic expression contains more
operators, the execution will be performed
according to their priorities.
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7. Priority of Operators and their clubbing
• When two operators of the same priority are
found in the expression, the precedence is
given from the left most operators.
x=5*4+8/2 (8 / ( 2 * ( 2 * 2 ) ) )
2 1
1
2
3
3
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8. Comma and Conditional Operator
• It is used to separate two void main()
or more expressions. {
• It has lowest precedence
clrscr();
among all the operators
• It is not essential to printf(“%d %d”, 2+3, 3-2);
enclose the expressions }
with comma operators
within the parenthesis.
OUTPUT :
• Following statements are
valid 5 1
 a = 2, b = 4, c = a + b;
 ( a=2, b = 4, c = a + b );
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9. Conditional Operator (?:)
• This operator contains condition followed by
two statements and values.
• It is also called as ternary operator.
• Syntax :
Condition ? (expression1) : (expression2);
• If the condition is true, than expression1 is
executed, otherwise expression2 is executed
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10. Conditional Operator (?:)
• Example :
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf(“Maximum : %d”, 5>3 ? 5 : 3)
}
OUTPUT :
Maximum : 5
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11. Conditional Operator (?:)
• Example :
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf(“Maximum : %d”, 5>3 ? 5 : 3)
}
OUTPUT :
Maximum : 5
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12. Conditional Operator (?:)
• Example :
void main()
{
clrscr();
5 > 3 ? printf(“True”) : printf(“False”);
printf(“%d is ”, 5>3 ? : 3)
}
OUTPUT :
Maximum : 5
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13. Arithmetic Operator
• Two types of arithmetic operators
– Binary Operator
– Unary Operator
Operators
Unary Binary Ternary
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14. Arithmetic Operator
• Binary Operator
– An operator which requires two operator is know
as binary operator
– List of Binary Operators
Arithmetic Operator Operator Explanation Examples
+ Addition 2+2=4
- Subtraction 5–3=2
* Multiplication 2 * 5 = 10
/ Division 10 / 2 = 5
% Modular Division 11 % 3 = 2 (Remainder 2)
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15. Arithmetic Operator
• Unary Operator
– The operator which requires only one operand is
called unary operator
– List of unary operator are
Operator Description or Action
- Minus
++ Increment
-- Decrement
& Address Operator
Sizeof Gives the size of the operator
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16. Unary Operator - Minus
• Unary minus is used for indicating or changing
the algebraic sign of a value
• Example
int x = -50;
int y = -x;
• There is no unary plus (+) in C. Even though a
value assigned with plus sign is valid.
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17. Increment (++) and Decrement (--)
Operator
• The ++ operator adds value one to its
operand.
• X = X + 1 can be written as X++;
• There are two types ++ increment operator
base on the position are used with the
operand.
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18. Pre-increment (i.e. ++x)
int x =5, y;
y = ++x;
printf(“x = %dn y = %d”, ++x, y);
OUTPUT : x = x + 1;
x=7 y = ++x;
y=6 y = x;
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19. Post-increment (i.e. ++x)
int x =5, y;
y = x++;
printf(“x = %dn y = %d”, x++, y);
OUTPUT : y = x;
x=7 y = x++;
y=6 x = x + 1;
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20. Pre-decrement (i.e. --x)
int x =5, y;
y = --x;
printf(“x = %dn y = %d”, --x, y);
OUTPUT : x = x - 1;
x=3 y = --x;
y=4 y = x;
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21. Post-decrement (i.e. ++x)
int x =5, y;
y = x--;
printf(“x = %dn y = %d”, x--, y);
OUTPUT : y = x;
x=7 y = x--;
y=6 x = x - 1;
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22. sizeof operator
• The sizeof operator void main()
gives the bytes {
occupied by a variable. int x = 12;
• i.e. the size in terms of float y = 2;
bytes required in printf(“size of x : %d”, sizeof(x));
printf(“nsize of y :%d”, sizeof(y));
memory to store the
value. }
• The number of bytes OUTPUT :
occupied varies from sizeof x : 2
variable to variable sizeof y : 4
depending upon its
data type.
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23. ‘&’ Operator
• The ‘&’ returns the address of the variable in a
memory.
Address
int x = 15
2040
printf(“%d”,x);
Value
15
Variable X
printf(“n%u”,&x);
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24. Relational Operator
• These operators are used to distinguish
two values depending on their relations.
• These operators provide the relationship
between two expressions.
• If the relation is true it returns a value 1
otherwise 0 for false.
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25. Relational Operator
Operator Description or Action Example Return Value
> Greater than 5>4 1
< Less than 10 < 9 0
<= Less than or equal to 10 <= 10 1
>= Greater than or equal to 11 >= 5 1
== Equal to 2 == 3 0
!= Not Equal to 3 != 3 0
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26. Assignment Operator
• Assigning a value to a variable is very sample.
int x = 5
Assignment Operator
= *= /= %=
+= -= <<= >>=
>>>= &= ^= !=
int x = 10;
printf(“x = %dn”,x += 5); // x = x + 5; O/P x = 15
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27. Logical Operators
• The logical operator between the two
expressions is tested with logical operators.
• Using these operators, two expressions can be
joined.
• After checking the conditions, it provides
logical true(1) or false(0) status.
• The operands could be constants, variables
and expressions.
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28. Logical Operators
Operator Description or Action Example Return Value
&& Logical AND 5 > 3 && 5 < 10 1
|| Logical OR 8 > 5 || 8 < 2 1
! Logical NOT 8 != 8 0
i. The logical AND (&&) operator provides true result
when both expressions are true otherwise 0.
ii. The logical OR (||) operator true result when one of
the expressions is true otherwise 0.
iii. The logical NOT (!) provides 0 if the condition is true
otherwise 1.
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29. Bitwise Operator
• C supports a set of bitwise operators for bit
manipulation
Operators Meaning
>> Right Shift
<< Left Shift
^ Bitwise XOR (exclusive OR)
~ One’s Complement
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise |
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30. void main() two bits means the inputted number is to be divided by 2 s where
Shifting of
{ s is the number of shifts i.e. in short y = n/2s
int x, y;
Where n = number and s = the number of position to be shift.
clrscr();
For example as Thethe program keyword (x) ;
print(“Read per Integer from
scanf(“%d”, &x); // input value for x = 8
Y = 8 / 22 = 2
2
x>>2;
y=x;
printf(“The Right shifted data is = %d”, y);
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}

31. void main() three bits left means the number is multiplied by 8; in short
Shifting of
{ y = n * 2s
where n = number
int x, y;
s = the number of position to be shifted
clrscr();
Asprint(“Read The Integer from keyword (x) ;
per the program
scanf(“%d”, &x); // input value for x = 2
Y=2*2 3
x<<=3;
y=x;
printf(“The Right shifted data is = %d”, y);
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}

32. void main()
{
int a, b, c;
clrscr();
printf(“Read the integers from keyboard ( a & b ) :”);
scanf(“%d %d”, &a, &b);
c = a & b;
printf(“The answer after ANDing is (C) = %d”, c);
}
OUTPUT :
Read the Integers from keyboard (a & b) : 8 4
The Answer after ANDing is (C) = 0
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33. Table of exclusive AND
X Y Outputs
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
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34. Binary equivalent of 8
Binary equivalent of 4
After execution
C=0
Binary equivalent of 0
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35. void main()
{
int a, b, c;
clrscr();
printf(“Read the integers from keyboard ( a & b ) :”);
scanf(“%d %d”, &a, &b);
c = a | b;
printf(“The answer after ORing is (C) = %d”, c);
}
OUTPUT :
Read the Integers from keyboard (a & b) : 8 4
The Answer after ORing is (C) = 12
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36. Table of exclusive OR
X Y Outputs
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
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37. Binary equivalent of 8
Binary equivalent of 4
After execution
C = 12
Binary equivalent of 0
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