- The document discusses the construction and management of fish ponds. It describes different types of ponds including earthen, concrete, tarpaulin, plastic, fiberglass, and cage/pen ponds.
- It outlines the steps for constructing a fish pond including preparing the site, building a clay core, digging the pond and constructing dikes, adding a water inlet and outlet, protecting the dikes, fertilizing the pond, and filling it with water.
- Pond management techniques are also summarized, including pre-stocking management like removing weeds and unwanted fish, and post-stocking monitoring of water quality and growth of stocked fish species.
Pond construction as a challenge for fish processing industrySantosh Kumar Sahoo
The document discusses the importance of efficient pond construction for the fish processing industry, as productive ponds will provide the raw materials. It outlines the various steps involved in pond construction, including site preparation, dyke construction, inlet and outlet installation, and covering dykes with soil and vegetation. Efficient pond design and proper construction methods are necessary to maximize fish productivity and support the downstream fish processing industry.
Pond Design And Construction System In An Aqua Farm.AsrafurTalha1
This document outlines the pond design and construction system for an aqua farm. It discusses selecting a suitable site based on soil type, water source, and topography. Different types of ponds are described for nursery, rearing, stocking, and treatment purposes. The construction process involves preparing the site, building dikes and clay cores, digging the pond, and installing inlets and outlets. Material used, fencing, and planting vegetation on dikes is also covered. Proper pond design and construction is essential for a successful fish farming operation.
1) The document discusses aquaculture (fish farming), including definitions, the importance of fish farming due to overfishing, and common fish farming techniques like extensive, intensive and semi-intensive farming.
2) It provides guidance on site selection, pond construction and design, including pond size and shape, depth, building dikes, and including water inlets and outlets.
3) The document outlines best practices for pond management, including fertilizing, liming, feeding fish, stocking, and monitoring and maintaining good water quality. It emphasizes the importance of record keeping for fish farm operations and profitability.
The document discusses the Million Ponds Project, which aims to create new clean water ponds to help freshwater wildlife by providing habitats. It explains that new pond creation has advantages over pond management, as new ponds allow a clean slate and avoiding existing pollution issues. It provides guidelines for creating clean water ponds, including choosing unpolluted water sources, avoiding adding plants or animals, and preventing long-term disturbances from people and pets. The overall goal is to establish a network of wildlife-friendly ponds across the country through new pond creation.
This document discusses crocodile farming practices. It begins by outlining the historical exploitation of crocodilians for their skins, which greatly reduced wild populations. It then describes three classes of crocodile farms in Cambodia based on scale. Next, it provides practical guidance on setting up crocodile farms, emphasizing the importance of reliable water supplies, suitable pond construction and maintenance, and humane capturing methods. The goal is to establish sustainable crocodile populations that can replenish depleted habitats.
This document discusses the importance of water and its various sources. It notes that water is essential for all life on Earth and that humans rely on it for drinking, washing, recreation, agriculture and more. It also outlines different sources of water including surface water from catchment areas, rivers and lakes, as well as groundwater from springs, rock holes, excavated dams, bores and artesian bores. The document emphasizes that water must be treated and made potable to ensure it is free from germs and pollution that could make people sick.
The integration of fish and ducks farmingfrancis mlay
The document discusses the integration of fish and duck farming. Ducks are raised on the surface of fish ponds. Their droppings fertilize the pond and help release nutrients. Ducks also control weeds, aerate the water, and consume food waste. This integrated system has advantages like increased fish production and yields. Optimal stocking densities are 200-300 ducks and 20,000 fish per hectare of pond area. The system can produce 450-500 kg of fish, 3000-3300 duck eggs, and 30-35 kg of duck meat annually from one hectare.
Pond construction as a challenge for fish processing industrySantosh Kumar Sahoo
The document discusses the importance of efficient pond construction for the fish processing industry, as productive ponds will provide the raw materials. It outlines the various steps involved in pond construction, including site preparation, dyke construction, inlet and outlet installation, and covering dykes with soil and vegetation. Efficient pond design and proper construction methods are necessary to maximize fish productivity and support the downstream fish processing industry.
Pond Design And Construction System In An Aqua Farm.AsrafurTalha1
This document outlines the pond design and construction system for an aqua farm. It discusses selecting a suitable site based on soil type, water source, and topography. Different types of ponds are described for nursery, rearing, stocking, and treatment purposes. The construction process involves preparing the site, building dikes and clay cores, digging the pond, and installing inlets and outlets. Material used, fencing, and planting vegetation on dikes is also covered. Proper pond design and construction is essential for a successful fish farming operation.
1) The document discusses aquaculture (fish farming), including definitions, the importance of fish farming due to overfishing, and common fish farming techniques like extensive, intensive and semi-intensive farming.
2) It provides guidance on site selection, pond construction and design, including pond size and shape, depth, building dikes, and including water inlets and outlets.
3) The document outlines best practices for pond management, including fertilizing, liming, feeding fish, stocking, and monitoring and maintaining good water quality. It emphasizes the importance of record keeping for fish farm operations and profitability.
The document discusses the Million Ponds Project, which aims to create new clean water ponds to help freshwater wildlife by providing habitats. It explains that new pond creation has advantages over pond management, as new ponds allow a clean slate and avoiding existing pollution issues. It provides guidelines for creating clean water ponds, including choosing unpolluted water sources, avoiding adding plants or animals, and preventing long-term disturbances from people and pets. The overall goal is to establish a network of wildlife-friendly ponds across the country through new pond creation.
This document discusses crocodile farming practices. It begins by outlining the historical exploitation of crocodilians for their skins, which greatly reduced wild populations. It then describes three classes of crocodile farms in Cambodia based on scale. Next, it provides practical guidance on setting up crocodile farms, emphasizing the importance of reliable water supplies, suitable pond construction and maintenance, and humane capturing methods. The goal is to establish sustainable crocodile populations that can replenish depleted habitats.
This document discusses the importance of water and its various sources. It notes that water is essential for all life on Earth and that humans rely on it for drinking, washing, recreation, agriculture and more. It also outlines different sources of water including surface water from catchment areas, rivers and lakes, as well as groundwater from springs, rock holes, excavated dams, bores and artesian bores. The document emphasizes that water must be treated and made potable to ensure it is free from germs and pollution that could make people sick.
The integration of fish and ducks farmingfrancis mlay
The document discusses the integration of fish and duck farming. Ducks are raised on the surface of fish ponds. Their droppings fertilize the pond and help release nutrients. Ducks also control weeds, aerate the water, and consume food waste. This integrated system has advantages like increased fish production and yields. Optimal stocking densities are 200-300 ducks and 20,000 fish per hectare of pond area. The system can produce 450-500 kg of fish, 3000-3300 duck eggs, and 30-35 kg of duck meat annually from one hectare.
Selection of the pond site is one of the most important steps in construction. A good pond site contains (l) Level topography that provides for economical construction, (2) soil with sufficient clay to hold water and (3) an adequate water supply. Before making the final site selection, one should examine all potential sites considering economics, accessibility and safety. Economically speaking, construct a pond that provides the largest volume of water with the least amount of landfill. Liability is a final consideration. For example, what would happen if the dam failed causing loss of life or injury? The pond owner is normally held liable for downstream flooding and related damages caused by dam failure.
1. Site selection is important for fish farms, with ideal sites containing a mixture of sand and clay. Rocky, sandy, and limestone sites should be avoided.
2. When constructing ponds, the dyke, slope, water inlet, outlet, and spillway must be properly built. The pond bottom should be cleared and sloped towards the drainage area.
3. Different materials can be used for pond lining, including RCC, bricks, HDPE, and LDPE, to control weeds and ease cleaning. Proper water inlet is also important, such as using canals with sluice gates or cement pipes.
The wicking bed system captures carbon from the atmosphere in the soil through a wet and dry cycle during decomposition. This reduces carbon emissions. It also allows food production with minimal water loss through an underground water reservoir accessed by plants. Organic material decomposes anaerobically, embedding carbon in the soil long-term. The system improves soil quality and structure while efficiently using water resources through capillary action.
1. The document discusses the construction of fish ponds, including site selection, soil types, pond design, construction of drainage systems and dykes, and lining of ponds and dykes.
2. Key factors in site selection include soil composition and environmental conditions, while pond design depends on the culture system and species being farmed.
3. Proper construction of drainage systems and impervious dykes are essential to prevent water leakage and overtopping of dykes.
This document discusses different farming methods for aquaculture, including cage culture, pen culture, and sewage-fed culture. Cage culture involves rearing fish in an enclosed water volume using net cages suspended from floating frames. Pen culture uses barriers like nets or fences to partition off areas of water bodies for fish culture. Sewage-fed culture utilizes treated sewage as fertilizer to promote plankton growth and increase fish production. Primary and secondary treatment methods are used to process sewage before use in aquaculture.
1 construction, preparation of ponds, seed, feed & health management of i...B. BHASKAR
This document provides instructions for constructing fish ponds in multiple steps:
1. Site selection based on soil type to ensure proper water quality and permeability.
2. Preparation of the pond site through dewatering and removal of aquatic weeds and predatory fish.
3. Fertilization of the pond bottom with manure and chemicals to promote plankton growth as fish feed.
4. Stocking the pond with fish seed and providing regular feeding and health management until harvest.
The Wicking Worm Bed Revolution for Drought GardeningSeeds
The wicking bed system allows food to be produced with reduced and erratic rainfall by capturing water and nutrients below the surface. It improves soil quality over time by encouraging fungal decomposition that embeds carbon in the soil. Wicking beds regulate soil moisture for plant growth using a waterproof liner and drainage holes to retain an underground reservoir of water that wicks up through screening rocks and soil. This system produces higher yields with less water loss compared to conventional irrigation methods.
water garden is highly manipulated in the Horticulture techniques.
the history took more kings and mahals make with a large or small lakes , streams, rivers, fountains in the capable places they are kept it.
how ever they are highly important to maintain the water gardens.
later on they may be well exposure to all over the world, because everybody interesting in the water gardens. it seems highly attractive and keep some good vibes freshly.
how ever the cost capable gardening is creating with our won interests or some special horticulturalist suggestions they want to keep it.
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about water born diseases IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#borne,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#waterborne,#ICDS,#diseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
Observation of the fisheries lakes and identification of possible improvement...Md.Nazmul Islam
This document summarizes the current state of a fisheries lake located at Sylhet Agricultural University in Bangladesh. It notes that the lake was constructed in 2006 but currently faces several issues that impact fish production. These include a poorly developed dike system, irregular bottom conditions, lack of proper drainage/inlet/outlet, high organic loads, excessive weeds, and water quality issues. The document recommends improvements such as dike reconstruction, removal of bottom mud and weeds, controlling turbidity, and ensuring an alternative water source. It suggests the lake could be used for research, recreation, and beautification to increase faculty attractiveness while sustainably producing fish.
This document provides information about various sources of water. It discusses different types of surface water sources like lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. It also describes groundwater sources such as shallow wells, deep wells, dug wells, tube wells, and springs. The document explains the characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and potential impurities of each water source. It emphasizes the importance of sanitary wells and their construction criteria to ensure safe drinking water.
The document discusses the construction and maintenance of a fish farm. It describes selecting a suitable location based on topography, soil type, and water supply. The ideal layout includes hatchery pits, nursery ponds, rearing ponds, and stocking ponds of different sizes. Pond maintenance involves liming to control parasites, fertilizing to increase natural food sources, and harvesting fish when they reach maturity. Proper site selection and regular pond upkeep are essential for a productive and sustainable fish farming operation.
Water features can take many forms, including water gardens, ponds, fountains, streams, waterfalls, pools, and reflecting pools. They vary in size and purpose, from small decorative elements to larger habitats. Plantings also vary between submerged, floating, and marginal varieties suited to the water depth and purpose of the feature. Beyond aesthetics, water features can provide habitat and food for wildlife like fish, crustaceans, snails, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Proper design is needed to support any animals involved.
This document provides information about Earth's freshwater sources and distribution. It discusses that only 3% of Earth's water is freshwater, with 2% frozen in ice caps and glaciers and 1% available for human and animal use. The document outlines different types of surface water like rivers, lakes, and wetlands. It describes different wetland types including marshes, swamps, and bogs. The document also discusses groundwater, how it moves underground, and how wells and springs bring it to the surface. It analyzes major water uses in the US and types of water pollution from point and non-point sources. Finally, it considers factors that affect available water supply like pollution, overuse, and drought.
The document lists 10 of the deadliest earthquakes in history based on the number of people killed. It provides the location and date of each earthquake along with the number of people reported killed, ranging from over 242,000 deaths in the 1976 Tangshan earthquake down to over 40,000 deaths in the 1990 Iran earthquake. The earthquakes listed include several in China, as well as others in Italy, Japan, Peru, India, Armenia, and Iran between the years 1908 to 1990.
This document summarizes different types of water tables, wells, and springs. It discusses unconfined, confined, perched, and artesian water tables. It describes dug wells, bored wells, driven point wells, and drilled wells. It provides an introduction to springs, noting they are natural discharge points for underground water. The document outlines four types of springs: stratum springs, fault springs, artesian springs, and deep seated springs.
This document provides information on designing and constructing an aqua-farm system. It discusses considerations for land area, water supply, soil quality, and legal issues during planning. It also describes different pond types for fish culture including nursery, rearing, stocking, marketing, brood stock, and quarantine ponds. Methods of fish farming and types of pond systems are explained. Design elements for pond shape, bottom, dikes, inlets, outlets, and water control gates are outlined. Finally, culture in raceways and tanks using flow-through, recirculating, and aeration systems is briefly discussed.
Insects have a variety of mouthpart structures adapted for different feeding methods. The basic insect mouthparts include the labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx. These structures are used for biting and chewing food in primitive insects like cockroaches. In many insects, the mouthparts are modified for sucking liquid foods like nectar or piercing solids and sucking out liquids. Examples given include bees with a curved labium for sucking nectar, butterflies with an elongated coiled proboscis, diving beetle larvae that pierce prey with mandibles and suck out fluids, and true bugs that use stylets formed from the mandibles and maxillae
Insects communicate and interact through various means such as pheromones, sound, light, and organized social structures. Pheromones are chemicals released by animals that can influence the behavior of others of the same species. Ants use pheromone trails to mark paths and communicate information. Honeybees have a complex social structure with worker bees, a queen, and drones each playing distinct roles in the hive. They communicate through a "dance of the bees" where scouts indicate locations of food sources to other worker bees. Many insects also communicate using sound, like crickets and mosquitoes, or light, as fireflies do through flashing patterns unique to their species.
Selection of the pond site is one of the most important steps in construction. A good pond site contains (l) Level topography that provides for economical construction, (2) soil with sufficient clay to hold water and (3) an adequate water supply. Before making the final site selection, one should examine all potential sites considering economics, accessibility and safety. Economically speaking, construct a pond that provides the largest volume of water with the least amount of landfill. Liability is a final consideration. For example, what would happen if the dam failed causing loss of life or injury? The pond owner is normally held liable for downstream flooding and related damages caused by dam failure.
1. Site selection is important for fish farms, with ideal sites containing a mixture of sand and clay. Rocky, sandy, and limestone sites should be avoided.
2. When constructing ponds, the dyke, slope, water inlet, outlet, and spillway must be properly built. The pond bottom should be cleared and sloped towards the drainage area.
3. Different materials can be used for pond lining, including RCC, bricks, HDPE, and LDPE, to control weeds and ease cleaning. Proper water inlet is also important, such as using canals with sluice gates or cement pipes.
The wicking bed system captures carbon from the atmosphere in the soil through a wet and dry cycle during decomposition. This reduces carbon emissions. It also allows food production with minimal water loss through an underground water reservoir accessed by plants. Organic material decomposes anaerobically, embedding carbon in the soil long-term. The system improves soil quality and structure while efficiently using water resources through capillary action.
1. The document discusses the construction of fish ponds, including site selection, soil types, pond design, construction of drainage systems and dykes, and lining of ponds and dykes.
2. Key factors in site selection include soil composition and environmental conditions, while pond design depends on the culture system and species being farmed.
3. Proper construction of drainage systems and impervious dykes are essential to prevent water leakage and overtopping of dykes.
This document discusses different farming methods for aquaculture, including cage culture, pen culture, and sewage-fed culture. Cage culture involves rearing fish in an enclosed water volume using net cages suspended from floating frames. Pen culture uses barriers like nets or fences to partition off areas of water bodies for fish culture. Sewage-fed culture utilizes treated sewage as fertilizer to promote plankton growth and increase fish production. Primary and secondary treatment methods are used to process sewage before use in aquaculture.
1 construction, preparation of ponds, seed, feed & health management of i...B. BHASKAR
This document provides instructions for constructing fish ponds in multiple steps:
1. Site selection based on soil type to ensure proper water quality and permeability.
2. Preparation of the pond site through dewatering and removal of aquatic weeds and predatory fish.
3. Fertilization of the pond bottom with manure and chemicals to promote plankton growth as fish feed.
4. Stocking the pond with fish seed and providing regular feeding and health management until harvest.
The Wicking Worm Bed Revolution for Drought GardeningSeeds
The wicking bed system allows food to be produced with reduced and erratic rainfall by capturing water and nutrients below the surface. It improves soil quality over time by encouraging fungal decomposition that embeds carbon in the soil. Wicking beds regulate soil moisture for plant growth using a waterproof liner and drainage holes to retain an underground reservoir of water that wicks up through screening rocks and soil. This system produces higher yields with less water loss compared to conventional irrigation methods.
water garden is highly manipulated in the Horticulture techniques.
the history took more kings and mahals make with a large or small lakes , streams, rivers, fountains in the capable places they are kept it.
how ever they are highly important to maintain the water gardens.
later on they may be well exposure to all over the world, because everybody interesting in the water gardens. it seems highly attractive and keep some good vibes freshly.
how ever the cost capable gardening is creating with our won interests or some special horticulturalist suggestions they want to keep it.
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about water born diseases IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#borne,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#waterborne,#ICDS,#diseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
Observation of the fisheries lakes and identification of possible improvement...Md.Nazmul Islam
This document summarizes the current state of a fisheries lake located at Sylhet Agricultural University in Bangladesh. It notes that the lake was constructed in 2006 but currently faces several issues that impact fish production. These include a poorly developed dike system, irregular bottom conditions, lack of proper drainage/inlet/outlet, high organic loads, excessive weeds, and water quality issues. The document recommends improvements such as dike reconstruction, removal of bottom mud and weeds, controlling turbidity, and ensuring an alternative water source. It suggests the lake could be used for research, recreation, and beautification to increase faculty attractiveness while sustainably producing fish.
This document provides information about various sources of water. It discusses different types of surface water sources like lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. It also describes groundwater sources such as shallow wells, deep wells, dug wells, tube wells, and springs. The document explains the characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and potential impurities of each water source. It emphasizes the importance of sanitary wells and their construction criteria to ensure safe drinking water.
The document discusses the construction and maintenance of a fish farm. It describes selecting a suitable location based on topography, soil type, and water supply. The ideal layout includes hatchery pits, nursery ponds, rearing ponds, and stocking ponds of different sizes. Pond maintenance involves liming to control parasites, fertilizing to increase natural food sources, and harvesting fish when they reach maturity. Proper site selection and regular pond upkeep are essential for a productive and sustainable fish farming operation.
Water features can take many forms, including water gardens, ponds, fountains, streams, waterfalls, pools, and reflecting pools. They vary in size and purpose, from small decorative elements to larger habitats. Plantings also vary between submerged, floating, and marginal varieties suited to the water depth and purpose of the feature. Beyond aesthetics, water features can provide habitat and food for wildlife like fish, crustaceans, snails, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Proper design is needed to support any animals involved.
This document provides information about Earth's freshwater sources and distribution. It discusses that only 3% of Earth's water is freshwater, with 2% frozen in ice caps and glaciers and 1% available for human and animal use. The document outlines different types of surface water like rivers, lakes, and wetlands. It describes different wetland types including marshes, swamps, and bogs. The document also discusses groundwater, how it moves underground, and how wells and springs bring it to the surface. It analyzes major water uses in the US and types of water pollution from point and non-point sources. Finally, it considers factors that affect available water supply like pollution, overuse, and drought.
The document lists 10 of the deadliest earthquakes in history based on the number of people killed. It provides the location and date of each earthquake along with the number of people reported killed, ranging from over 242,000 deaths in the 1976 Tangshan earthquake down to over 40,000 deaths in the 1990 Iran earthquake. The earthquakes listed include several in China, as well as others in Italy, Japan, Peru, India, Armenia, and Iran between the years 1908 to 1990.
This document summarizes different types of water tables, wells, and springs. It discusses unconfined, confined, perched, and artesian water tables. It describes dug wells, bored wells, driven point wells, and drilled wells. It provides an introduction to springs, noting they are natural discharge points for underground water. The document outlines four types of springs: stratum springs, fault springs, artesian springs, and deep seated springs.
This document provides information on designing and constructing an aqua-farm system. It discusses considerations for land area, water supply, soil quality, and legal issues during planning. It also describes different pond types for fish culture including nursery, rearing, stocking, marketing, brood stock, and quarantine ponds. Methods of fish farming and types of pond systems are explained. Design elements for pond shape, bottom, dikes, inlets, outlets, and water control gates are outlined. Finally, culture in raceways and tanks using flow-through, recirculating, and aeration systems is briefly discussed.
Insects have a variety of mouthpart structures adapted for different feeding methods. The basic insect mouthparts include the labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx. These structures are used for biting and chewing food in primitive insects like cockroaches. In many insects, the mouthparts are modified for sucking liquid foods like nectar or piercing solids and sucking out liquids. Examples given include bees with a curved labium for sucking nectar, butterflies with an elongated coiled proboscis, diving beetle larvae that pierce prey with mandibles and suck out fluids, and true bugs that use stylets formed from the mandibles and maxillae
Insects communicate and interact through various means such as pheromones, sound, light, and organized social structures. Pheromones are chemicals released by animals that can influence the behavior of others of the same species. Ants use pheromone trails to mark paths and communicate information. Honeybees have a complex social structure with worker bees, a queen, and drones each playing distinct roles in the hive. They communicate through a "dance of the bees" where scouts indicate locations of food sources to other worker bees. Many insects also communicate using sound, like crickets and mosquitoes, or light, as fireflies do through flashing patterns unique to their species.
This document provides an overview of essential epidemiology concepts. It defines communicable diseases as those caused by transmission of an infectious agent from person to person, either directly or indirectly through vectors or vehicles. Epidemiology studies the interaction between infectious agents, hosts, and the environment in disease outbreaks. It has helped increase ability to control spread of diseases through surveillance, prevention and treatment. Emerging and reemerging diseases continue to burden health systems, particularly in low-income countries. Epidemics are defined as excess disease cases in a community, while endemic diseases have relatively stable high prevalence in a geographic area or population group.
This document discusses different types of ponds used in aquaculture, including nursery ponds, fattening ponds, and stocking ponds. Nursery ponds are used to rear fish from spawn to fry stage. Fattening ponds allow for feeding and harvesting of larger fish. Stocking ponds involve rearing fingerlings to table size through polyculture of carp species. Proper management of these ponds includes controlling weeds, unwanted fish, and aquatic insects.
Honey bees are exposed to toxic chemicals through various routes when foraging. These include consuming contaminated pollen and nectar from plants treated with pesticides like neonicotinoids. Symptoms of pesticide poisoning include dead or dying bees at the hive entrance. Studies show bee declines are caused by multiple stress factors interacting, including pathogens, mites, lack of habitat, poor nutrition, and pesticide exposure. Pesticides can harm bees through oral, respiratory, or dermal exposure and have sublethal and indirect effects on bee health.
Honey bees live in well-organized colonies and produce honey from collecting pollen and nectar. They are social insects with different roles, including a queen, workers, and male drones. Honey bees display defensive behaviors to protect their nests but can only sting once. Their behavior and social structure allow them to survive harsh winter conditions through food storage and clustering for warmth.
1. There are five main types of honey bees - the rock bee, eastern bee, European bee, garden bee, and dammer bee. Each type varies in size, habitat, aggressiveness, and annual honey production.
2. Honey bees live in highly organized colonies consisting of a queen, several hundred drones, and thousands of sterile female workers. The queen lays eggs while workers carry out most colony tasks like foraging, building, and defense.
3. Honey bees progress through four life stages - egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The queen lays thousands of eggs per day while workers care for the larvae and pupae, which develop into either workers, drones, or a new queen over 3
Causation in epidemiology involves determining the causes of disease and injury in order to prevent and control illness and promote health. A cause is either sufficient to inevitably produce an outcome or necessary for an outcome to develop. Causes are often multi-factorial rather than single factors, and can involve predisposing, enabling, precipitating, and reinforcing factors interacting together through a causal pathway to ultimately result in disease. Establishing causation requires considering whether a factor is consistently present with a disease and if removing the factor reduces disease occurrence.
This document provides an introduction to fisheries and aquaculture. It discusses capture fisheries, which involves catching fish from natural water bodies for various purposes. Aquaculture involves rearing aquatic animals and plants in controlled water environments. Common types of aquaculture systems and species cultured are described. The purposes of aquaculture include as a food source and for ornamental and employment purposes. Important factors for establishing aquaculture are species selection, site selection, and water quality management.
The document discusses different types of ponds used for fish farming, including earthen ponds, concrete ponds, tarpaulin ponds, plastic/rubber ponds, fiberglass tanks, and cage/pen ponds. It provides details on the construction and materials used for each pond type. The document also compares various parameters of earthen ponds versus concrete ponds and plastic ponds, such as nutrient concentrations, pH, alkalinity, hardness, and dissolved oxygen levels. Finally, it briefly discusses cage/pen pond aquaculture and its environmental benefits compared to other pond systems.
This document discusses commercial freshwater fishes. It provides information on different types of freshwater and saltwater fishes, including examples of anadromous and catadromous fish. It notes that over 150 million tonnes of fish are caught annually for human consumption globally. It also discusses important commercial freshwater fish species in Pakistan, as well as the economic significance of fisheries. The author is Asif Khan, an MPhil scholar in the department of zoology at KUST.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
meshkat fishrii presentation.pptx
1. Department of Zoology Kohat University of Science and Technology,
Kohat-26000 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
By: Meshkat Ullah
M.Phil.Scholar
Department of Zoology
KUST,Kohat
Course instructor
Dr Farman Dawar
Assit Prof
Department of Zoology
Kust Kohat.
Topic
“Types of pond and construction
and management of fishpond”
2. Fish Pond:
A fish pond is a place where fish are kept and raised
for personal consumption or commercial purpose.
Fish pond is stocked with fish and is used in
aquaculture for fish farming or is used for
recreational fishing or ornamental purposes.
3. Types of ponds
Earthen Pond
Concrete Pond
Tarpaulin Pond
Plastic Or Rubber Pond
Fiberglass Tanks
Cage Or Pen Ponds
4. Earthen Pond:
Ponds that are entirely constructed from soil
materials.
An earthen pond is constructed by digging a hole
that should be at least 1.5 meters deep.
Concrete Pond:
Concrete pond is constructed by using block, sand
and cement
These ponds can be constructed anywhere.
Tarpaulin Pond:
These types of ponds are made of polyethylene
sheets which are water proof.
5. Plastic Or Rubber Pond: These are made of plastic.
Fiberglass Tanks: These ponds have concrete base
and wall are made up of concrete block and is
laminated with fiberglass.
Cage Or Pen Ponds: These are ponds where fish are
held in floating net pens
7. Pond management
The pond management steps followed in different stages by
the farmer of the selected pond was observed.
management
Stocking man
1. Pre-stocking agement
2. Post-stocking management
Pre-stocking management
The selected pond was in good condition where
communication access, water supply and other aquaculture
facilities were available.
In the study pond, the dyke was found in good condition.
8. Conti…
There are fewer aquatic weeds are found; generally, three
types of aquatic weeds were found in the study pond.
1. Colocasia esculenta,
2. Enhydras species
3. Marsileaquadri folia
The farmer removed the aquatic weeds manually.
The farmer removed predatory and unwanted fish species by
frequent netting and used plant origin chemical origin poison
i.e. Rotenon and Phostoxin tablet respectively.
9. • Conti…
The farmer used both organic (cow dung) and inorganic
(Urea and T.S.P.) fertilizers.
The application method of fertilizer;
Inorganic fertilizer (in diluted form) is applied by throwing.
Organic fertilizer is transferred into sacks and placed them
under the pond water with the help of bamboo poles or in
diluted form.
Stocking management
Poly culture system was practiced in the study pond.
10. • Conti…
The farmer selected those fish species, which have faster growth,
good market demand and more social acceptability.
The selected fish species and namely; Rahu (Lebeo rohita),Catla
(Catla catla), Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), as native species and
Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Common carp (Cyprinus
carpio var. communis), Grass carp (Ctenopharynogodon idella),
Rajputi (Puntius gonionotus) and Monosex telapia (Oreochromis
mossambicus) as exotic species.
The farmer collected fish seeds from two major sources for culture.
These are government and private hatchery.
11. • Conti…
Size of the stocked species found to be varied form 50g to
100g.
During the release of fry, the farmer did not consider the
quality of fry, proper technique of fry release.
Post-stocking management
The farmer in the study pond monitored his pond regularly.
He monitored his pond to observe the watercolor, abundance
of food, growth performance of the fry and to prevent
pouching.
12. Conti…
The farmer did not applied lime at the time of post-
stocking management but applied both organic and
inorganic fertilizers into his pond to increase the
primary productivity.
The farmer practiced regular feeding for his
cultured species and used mainly high-cost fish feeds
and low-cost feeds also used as supplementary feeds
like
13. construction of the fish pond
Building a pond can be the most difficult and most expensive part of
fish farming.
The steps in building a fish pond are:
1. Prepare the site
First remove the unwanted trees, bush and rocks and cut the grass in
the area planned to build the pond.
Then measure and stake out the length and width of the pond.
(Cache et al., 1996).
2. Build a clay core
A clay core is the foundation for the pond dike which makes it strong
and prevents water leaks.
A clay core is needed in contours ponds and is built under those parts
of the dike where the water will be above the original ground level.
14. • Conti…
A clay core is not needed in dugout ponds because there
the water level is below the original ground level.
Remove all the topsoil in the area of the pond dikes and
dig a 'core trench' in the same way as you would dig the
foundation for a house.
Fill the trench with good clay soil. Add several inches of
clay at a time and then compact it well.
•
This will provide a strong foundation upon which the
pond dikes can be built.
15. How a core trench helps to strengthen the pond dike and keep it from
leaking.
There is a tendency for water to seep away where the new soil joins the
original ground layer.
There is no clay core, and water seeps out under the new dike.
This leaking may eventually cause the entire dike to break down.
The clay core stops the water from seeping under the newly built dike.
3. Dig the pond and build the dikes
Use the soil which you dug out when making the trench for the clay
core to build up the dike on top of the core trench.
16. Conti…
Try not to use sandy/rocky soil or soil that contains any roots, grass,
sticks or leaves.
These will decay later and leave a weak spot in the dike through
which the water can leak out. Compact the soil often while you are
building the dike.
After adding each 30cm of loose soil trample it down by foot while
spraying water on the dike.
If catfish will be farmed in the pond, build the dike to 50cm higher
than the water level to prevent the catfish from jumping out.
17. Conti…
Once you have reached this height, add a little more soil to allow for
setting. Then do not add any more soil on top of the dikes.
The pond dikes should have a gentle slope.
This makes them strong and prevents them from undercutting and
collapsing into the pond.
The best slope for the pond dike is one that rises 1 meter in height
for every 2 meters in length.
It is easy to make a triangle to help obtain this slope.
18. Conti…
The pond bottom should also slope.
Smooth out the pond bottom after reaching the required
pond depth.
This makes it easy to use nets when harvesting the fish and
they will slide easily over the pond bottom.
19. 4. Build the water inlet and outlet
The water inlet consists of a canal to bring in the water, and a pipe to
carry water into the pond.
It should be about 15cm above the water level so the incoming water
splashes down into the pond.
This will prevent fish from escaping by swimming into the inlet pipe.
It also helps to mix air (and thus oxygen) into the water.
The water outlet is an overflow pipe which is used only in
emergencies.
20. Conti…
Water should NOT flow out of the pond on a daily basis. During heavy rains the
overflow pipe takes excess rainwater and run-of water out of the pond.
The inlet and outlet pipes can be made of metal, plastic, bamboo, wood or other
material, install the pipes through the pond dike near the water surface.
Pipes should have screens to stop fish from entering or leaving the pond.
The INLET pipe is screened at the edge which is outside the pond to stop wild
fish and things like branches and leaves from entering.
The OUTLET is screened inside the pond to stop fish from escaping.
22. 5. Protect the pond dikes
When the pond dikes are finished, cover with the topsoil that was saved
when digging the pond. Plant , grass on the dikes.
Do not use plants with long roots or trees because these will weaken the
dikes and may cause leaks.
The fertile topsoil will help the new grass to grow and the grass will
help to protect the dike from erosion.
In heavy rains the pond dikes can be destroyed by flooding if too much
rainwater and run-off water flows directly into the pond.
23. Conti…
This problem is most common in contour ponds built on hill sides.
To prevent this, divert the run-off water around the sides of the pond.
You can do this by digging a ditch along the upper side of the pond.
Using the dirt from this ditch, build a small ridge below it.
The ditch will carry run-off water away from the pond.
This will prevent flooding and protect the pond dikes
24. 6. Fertilizing the pond
The natural fish food production in the pond can be increased by
applying fertilizer to the pond.
Fertilizers which can be used include animal manures, chemical
fertilizers etc.
Before filling the pond with water, spread fertilizer on the dry pond
bottom.
When the pond is filled with water, adding fertilizer to the pond water
should take place at regular time intervals (e.g. each day).
25. This continuous adding of fertilizer will ensure a continuous production
of natural fish food.
If the soil is acidic, add lime or wood ashes to the pond bottom in
addition to fertilizer before filling the pond, Use 10-20kg of lime OR
20-40kg of wood ashes for each 100m of pond bottom.
7. Fill the pond with water
Before filling the pond, put rocks on the pond bottom where the water
will splash on when coming from the inlet pipe.
This will keep the water from making a hole and eroding the pond
bottom. Then open the inlet canal and fill the pond.
26. Conti…
Fill the pond slowly so that the dikes do not subside due to uneven
wetting.
While the pond is filling, the water depth can be measured with a stick.
Stop filling the pond when the required depth is reached.
8. Check for problems before stocking the fish
Wait 47 days before stocking the pond with fish so the natural food
production has enough time to reach a sufficient level for the fish.
From this point onwards it is important to maintain the pond in a good
state and monitor water quality (Sneyers & Ingawa et al., 2005).
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