Mental Health Across Life Span
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This document discusses mental health across the lifespan in 4 sections: 1) Pregnancy and early parenthood - Postpartum depression affects 10-20% of mothers and risk factors include a family history of mental illness. 2) Childhood to adolescence - Significant mental health problems can emerge early and experiences like trauma can damage brain development. Risks include physical illness, family problems, and bullying. 3) Young adulthood to adulthood - Mental health issues affect 1 in 6 employed people and can impair work. Relationships are important for well-being but social networks tend to decrease with age. 4) Older adults - Up to 60% of older adults with medical conditions like strokes may
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Mental Health Across Life Span
- 1. Mental Health Across Lifespan Ma. Mycka Navarro
- 2. Mental Health and Mental Illness ▫ Our understanding of the development of mental health across lifespan is based largely on our knowledge of the development of mental illness. 2 ▫ Most mental health problems and mental disorders develop along a pathway, or trajectory, with gradually increasing frequency and severity of symptoms, and there are often no clear cut stages where a disorder is not present at one moment and present at the next (Coie et al. 1993).
- 3. Mental Health and Mental Illness ▫ “How mental health problems may present over the course of a lifetime” 3 ▫ A life-course approach calls for interventions and approaches across lifespan, including before birth, early family-formation years, adolescence, adulthood and working age, and older adulthood,
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- 6. 1. Pregnancy and Early Parenthood 2. Childhood-Adolescence 3. Adulthood 4. Old Age 6
- 8. 8 According to Perinatal Anxiety & Depression Australia (PANDA), more than one in seven women and one in ten men will develop postnatal depression or anxiety.
- 9. ‘Baby Blues’ Vs PostPartum Depression Baby Blues ▫ The blues last for a few days only ▫ Onset within the first 5 days after delivery ▫ Tearfulness ▫ Mood swings ▫ The Bably Blues are completely normal ▫ They disappear quickly PostNatal/Postpartum/Perinatal Depression: ▫ Low mood ▫ Feeling as though you aren't doing a good enough job ▫ Crying a lot ▫ Feeling easily irritated and snappy ▫ Being worried about your baby's wellbeing or your capacity to care for it 9
- 10. 10 Statistics ▫ Postpartum depression (PPD) is the most common disorder after childbirth, affecting 10% to 20% of mothers in Western Countries ▫ In studies done in Asia, the overall prevalence of postpartum depression is 21.8%. ▫ In the Philippines, it is estimated in that in 2008, 126,826 cases were reported to have this clinical disorder
- 12. ▫ Significant mental health problems can and do occur in young children. ▫ Children can show clear characteristics of anxiety disorders, attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and neurodevelopmental disabilities, such as autism, at a very early age. 12
- 13. “Experiences leave a chemical “signature” on the genes which determines whether and how the genes are expressed. 13
- 14. 14 Toxic stress can damage brain architecture and increase the likelihood that significant mental health problems will emerge either quickly or years later.
- 15. 15 “Most potential mental health problems will not become mental health problems if we respond to them early.”
- 16. 16 It is essential to treat young children’s mental health problems within the context of their families, homes, and communities. The emotional well-being of young children is directly tied to the functioning of their caregivers and the families in which they live.
- 17. Dealing with Change ▫ Changes often act as triggers: moving home or school or the birth of a new brother or sister, for example. Take Note: Risk Factors Having a long-term physical illness Having a parent who has had mental health problems, problems with alcohol or has been in trouble with the law Experiencing the death of someone close to them Having parents who separate or divorce Having been severely bullied or physically or sexually abused Living in poverty or being homeless Experiencing discrimination, perhaps because of their race, sexuality or religion Acting as a carer for a relative, taking on adult responsibilities Having long-standing educational difficulties. 17
- 18. Teenagers often experience emotional turmoil as their minds and bodies develop. Some young people find it hard to make this transition to adulthood and may experiment with alcohol, drugs or other substances that can affect mental health. 18
- 19. Some mental health problems commonly occuring in children and young people: 19 • Depression • Self-harm • Generalized Anxiety Disorder • PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) • Consistently Hyperactive • Eating disorders
- 20. Statistics 20
- 23. 23 Employment • A 2008 review commissioned for the Health, Work and Wellbeing Programme highlighted that symptoms associated with mental health problems (e.g. sleep problems, fatigue, irritability and worry) affect one sixth of the working-age population of Great Britain at any one time and can impair a person’s ability to function at work. • 64% of people with common mental health problems are employed; UK there is an estimated 4.6 million people in work who may have a common mental health problem. • That equates to 1 in 6.8 employed people experiencing mental health problems in the workplace.
- 24. 24 Relationships ▫ Being happily married or in a stable relationship is linked to both physical and mental health benefits, including lower morbidity and mortality.1
- 25. 25 • In 2015, more than 9 in 10 adults aged 16 and over in the UK reported that they had one or more close friends whom they could confide in (93%), who supported them (92%) or who they could escape or have fun with (90%) • Overall, social networks tend to decrease during adulthood; adults have been reported to spend as little as 10% of their time with friends.1 • Findings by Relate in 2014 show that more men report having no friends (11%) compared to women (7%), with men having lower satisfaction in their friends than women (73% of men rated their friendships as good or very good, compared to 81% of women).1
- 27. 27 • It is estimated that up to 60% of older adults who have had a stroke may experience depression, as well as up to 40% of those with coronary heart disease, cancer, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease.
- 28. Factors contributing to older people’s mental health 28 Community and Environment Physical health Relationships: Social isolation and loneliness Participation in Meaningful Activities
- 29. 29 References A whole life span approach to mental health and mental illness. Retrieved from http://www.mentalhealthpromotion.net/resources/a-whole-of-lifespan- approach- to-mental-health-and-mental-illness.pdf O’Haver, H. (2015, April). Why mental health disorders emerge in your early 20s. Retrieved from https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/xd7g44/why-mental-health-disorders- emerge-in-your-early-20s-58477fa6e17bea0210307264 Pleming, J. Mental health during pregnancy and early adulthood. Retrieved from https://thepsychologyofit.com.au/analyse-this/perinataldepression.html (2016). Fundamental facts about mental health. Retrieved from https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/sites/default/files/fundamental-facts-about- mental- health-2016.pdf
- 30. Thank you! 30
Editor's Notes
- A whole lifespan approach informs our understanding of the development of mental health problems and disorders and therefore informs our understanding of appropriate interventions.
- "Mental health conditions during pregnancy and early parenthood can affect anyone, and occur in every culture. Like depression or anxiety that occur at any other time, these mental health conditions don't have one definite cause - rather, they are likely to result from a combination of factors."
- Depression in mothers and/or fathers has been shown through research to be associated with poorer emotional and behavioural outcomes in children years later. Women are predisposed to depression due to several biological processes including genetically determined vulnerability and hormonal fluctuations related to reproductive function. Pregnancy is a major life stressor that can precipitate or exacerbate depressive tendencies. Hormonal changes and life stressors can markedly influence mental illness.
- Having the 'Baby Blues' is a very common and normal experience for women to have in the days after giving birth. This is not a mental health disorder and is a very natural process. Here are some of the signs of the 'Baby Blues':\ The symptoms of depression are the same regardless of whether someone is pregnant or not, it's just that they might be harder to identify following the birth of a child, because many of the symptoms of depression might also be caused by the changes that come with early parenthood. For example, changes in sleep patterns, exhaustion, changes in appetite, worries and adjustments to a new lifestyle can all provide a reasonable context to the symptoms of depression, making it harder to detect.
- As early experiences shape the architecture of the developing brain, they also lay the foundations of sound mental health.
- That said, young children respond to and process emotional experiences and traumatic events in ways that are very different from adults and older children. Consequently, diagnosis in early childhood can be much more difficult than it is in adults.
- The interaction of genes and experience affects childhood mental health. Genes are not destiny. Our genes contain instructions that tell our bodies how to work, but the chemical “signature” of our environment can authorize or prevent those instructions from being carried out.
- Because of its enduring effects on brain development and other organ systems, toxic stress can impair school readiness, academic achievement, and both physical and mental health throughout the lifespan. Circumstances associated with family stress, such as persistent poverty, may elevate the risk of serious mental health problems. Young children who experience recurrent abuse or chronic neglect, domestic violence, or parental mental health or substance abuse problems are particularly vulnerable.
- Mental health problems affect about 1 in 10 children and young people. They include depression, anxiety and conduct disorder, and are often a direct response to what is happening in their lives.
- When these relationships are abusive, threatening, chronically neglectful, or otherwise psychologically harmful, they are a potent risk factor for the development of early mental health problems. In contrast, when relationships are reliably responsive and supportive, they can actually buffer young children from the adverse effects of other stressors. Therefore, reducing the stressors affecting children requires addressing the stresses on their families.
- Mostly things that happen to children don’t lead to mental health problems on their own, but traumatic events can trigger problems for children and young people who are already vulnerable. Some children who start school feel excited about making new friends and doing new activities, but there may also be some who feel anxious about entering a new environment. There are certain risk factors that make some children and young people more likely to experience problems than other children, but they don’t necessarily mean difficulties are bound to come up or are even probable.
- An important part of growing up is working out and accepting who you are.
- Throughout our adult life, the majority of us will be in work and will experience a range of changing mental health states, from poor to good mental health across our working life.
- Throughout our adult life, the majority of us will be in work and will experience a range of changing mental health states, from poor to good mental health across our working life.
- People in a stable relationship have greater life satisfaction, lower stress levels, lower blood pressure and better heart health than individuals who are single.
- Depression and anxiety In a 2010–11 UK survey measuring national wellbeing across people aged 16 and older, the average percentage of all respondents feeling anxious or depressed was 19%. Depression or anxiety was noted to be highest among those aged 50–59 and those of 80 years and older:
- 1.Meaningful activities can include employment, volunteering, education and learning, personal interests, hobbies and everyday activities. Participation in meaningful activities helps older adults retain their sense of purpose and promotes engagement and stimulation 2. Social isolation and loneliness can affect many people, but it has been suggested that older adults can be vulnerable, especially given the higher numbers of them living alone. 3. Older people can suffer from poor physical health. The International Longevity Centre reported that 50.8% of men and 56.7% of women aged 80 and over report having a long-standing physical health problem. 4. ommunity and environment • In a global systematic review conducted in 2009 using 33 studies, it was found that neighbourhood environment was an important factor in the health and functioning of older adults. In particular, neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage was found to be associated with poor health, e.g. poorer physical functioning, poorer self-rated health status and poorer cognitive ability